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Renaissance Art Characteristics of Renaissance Art • Vivid bright colours. • Perspective (Depth/realism) • Balance • Classical themes (Greek, Roman and biblical themes dominate) Renaissance Art • Artists expressed their feelings about the place of humanity in the world • Revived classic ideas of proportion, order, harmony, symmetry, and ideal themes • Growing middle-class meant that more people could afford to hire painters – led to increase in true-life portraits Art and Patronage • Italians were willing to spend a lot of money on art. • Art communicated social, political, and spiritual values. • Italian banking & international trade interests had the money. • Public art in Florence was organized and supported by guilds. Therefore, the consumption of art was used as a form of competition for social & political status! Classical art showed the importance of people and leaders, as well as gods and goddesses Medieval art and literature focused on the Church and salvation Renaissance art and literature focused on the importance of people and nature, along with religion RENAISSANCE / REALISM: OVERVIEW • High Renaissance (1495-1525) short-lived (Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael) • Renaissance art is more lifelike than in art of Middle Ages • Work drew heavily from art of ancient Greece and Rome • Contrasts of light and dark (chiaroscuro) and smokey atmosphere (sfumato) • Perspective, study of human anatomy and proportion, refinement in techniques • Flemish, Dutch, and German (Dürer, Cranach, Grünewald, Bosch, Brueghel) • More realistic and less idealized • New verisimilitude in depicting reality • Stylistic residue of sculpture and illuminated manuscripts of Middle Ages • Renaissance painting reflects • • • • Revolution of ideas and science (astronomy, geography) Reformation Painters are not mere artisans but thinkers as well (Dürer) Not dominated religious imagery, secular subject matter returned (imagination) 6 Medival Art: Inspired by religious belief and authority. Reflect Christian values. Medieval Art – One dimensional and always focused on religious themes Sample section of the “Bayeux Tapestry” Medieval backdrop, to Renaissance Artistic innovations… • Exclusive function of the Catholic Church • Communicated familiar themes • Chain of Being • ‘Passion’ of Christ • Biblical tales • Preparation for the world to come... Medieval backdrop, to Renaissance Artistic innovations… • Medieval ‘art’ served a devotional role… • For the largely illiterate masses… • Dependent on the Catholic Church for salvation MIDDLE AGES → RENAISSANCE Byzantine: Eastern Roman Empire The Mourning of Christ (1305) Giotto di Bondone from ~ 5th century until (1st Renaissance painter (?)) fall of Constantinople in 1453 11 Mother Mary and Child • Similarly, Medieval gothic architecture was meant to inspire: • Awe • Our place on the chain • Ascension… Cologne Cathedral, Germany •Architectural Medieval Examples: Art - Notre Dame de Paris - Duomo di Milano/Milan Cathedral Artist Ego • The Renaissance elevated the artist. • During the Medieval period, we did not know the names of artists. • During the Renaissance in Italy, good artists could gain elevated status so it was important to be known. Renaissance Art: Key themes • “Art….owes its origin to Nature itself”- Giorgio Vasari • Realism • Mimicking and reflecting Nature • depicting the range of human emotion and experience • Classicism • Proportion; Order; Symmetry • Humanism in Art • Revision of Humanity’s place on the Chain… • Celebrating human achievement; heroism; dignity’ strength; “this worldliness” Early Renaissance Pioneers = Masaccio Masaccio introduced the idea of chiaroscuro or directional light. Also known for linear perspective and shading. Classical Art • Figures were lifelike but often idealized (more perfect than in real life) • Figures were nude or draped in togas (robes) • Bodies looked active, and motion was believable • Faces were calm and without emotion • Scenes showed either heroic figures or real people doing tasks from daily life Renaissance Art • Artists showed religious and nonreligious scenes • Art reflected a great interest in nature • Figures were lifelike and three-dimensional, reflecting an increasing knowledge of anatomy • Bodies looked active and were shown moving • Figures were either nude or clothed • Scenes showed real people doing everyday tasks • Faces expressed what people were thinking • Paintings were often symmetrical (balanced, with the right and left sides having similar or identical elements) Piero della Francesca, “Flagellation of Christ” 1469 Realism • Fillipo Lippi • “Madonna San Trivulzio” ~1431 • Innocence • Children staring back at viewer • Some critics argue one child has downs syndrome Realism • Massaccio • “Expulsion of Adam and Eve” • ~1424-25 • Unabashed grief • First nudes since classical times. Realism Mantegna “Lamentation over the dead christ” ~1490 Realism • Giorgione • “Portrait of an old Woman” • ~1508 Light & Shadowing/Softening Edges Sfumato: Chiaroscuro: use of light and shade Ginevra de' Benci, a young Florentine noblewoman who, at the age of sixteen, married Luigi Niccolini in 1474. gradual blending of one area of color into another without a sharp outline Vitruvian Man Leonardo da Vinci 1492 The Individual Da Vinci: The Inventor Leonardo, the Scientist (Biology): Pages from his Notebook An example of the humanist desire to unlock the secrets of nature. Realism Leonardo da Vinci: Anatomical study of the human arm in motion Alberti: Linear perspective Perspective The Trinity Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Masaccio 1427 Perspective! First use of linear perspective! What you are, I once was; what I am, you will become. The School of Athens The School of Athens Raphael, 1509-1510 Stanze di Raffaello, Apostolic Palace, Vatican City Plato (portrait of Leonardo da Vinci holding Timaeus) Plato points to heaven Hypatia of Alexandria Francesco Maria I della Rovere Magherite Pythagoras Aristotle (holding a copy of Nichomachean Ethics) Aristotle point to Earth Diogenes Raphael Michelangelo 33 Geometrical Arrangement of Figures Leonardo da Vinci 1469 The figure as architecture! The Dreyfus Madonna with the Pomegranate Classicism • Symmetry, order, proportion • Perfected through Alberti’s use of “linear perspective” • a mathematical system for creating the illusion of space and distance on a flat surface. Sketch of Leonardo’s “Adoration of the Magi”. Can you see the lines da Vinci has prepared? Classicism • Da Vinci: Annunication Duccio di Buoninsegna: Last Supper (late Medieval) • Note awkward use of linear perspective • Compare with Da Vinci’s rendition Classicism A Da Vinci “Code”: St. John or Mary Magdalene? Domenico Ghirlandaio “The Visitation” ~1490 Note use of linear perspective to see 3 different depths (front, shore, and other side of shore) Raphael Painter 1483-1520 The School of Athens Perspective Subjects are mainly secular, but can be religious Figures look idealized, but can also look like everyday ordinary people Bodies are active Clothed or unclothed 1510 Fresco Vatican City Faces are expressive Detail An imaginary gathering of great thinkers and scientists Pythagoras Plato and Aristotle Socrates Raphael (back) Euclid Zoroaster & Ptolemy ‘Classicism’ in Renaissance Architecture Florence Cathedral (Arnolfo di Cambio) • Idea for Dome: Brunelleschi • Reintroduced classical use of spheres, proportion • http://www.greatbuildings.com/types/styles/renaissance.html Classicism in Architecture • Leon Battista Alberti • Mario d’Amadio, Venice, Ca’ d’Oro, 1434CE • Where do you see evidence of the use of planes, proportion, curves, symmetry? • http://www.lib.virginia.edu/dic/colls/arh102/screen/sixW18.jpg Palazzo Ducale, Venice, 1550CE http://www.lib.virginia.edu/dic/colls/arh102/screen/sixW17.jpg Humanism: Revisiting the Chain, celebrating humanity, this worldliness Michelangelo “Adam” Sistine Chapel ~1508 Leonardo Da Vinci: The Mona Lisa The Human Condition •Renaissance began the notion of art representing the world around us, depicting the human condition • da Vinci’s Last Supper has a very human Jesus, seeing the divine in the ordinary • da Vinci’s Mona Lisa remains the most mysterious and thoroughly human portrait of his time Examples: Leonardo da Vinci’s The Last Supper (1498) Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa (1503-1505/1507) Humanism: the Portrait Who was the Mona Lisa? Mona Lisa OR da Vinci?? The Mona Lisa in the 21st Century Would the real Mona Lisa please stand up? WHERE IS LISA? Gallery of the Louvre Samuel F. B. Morse, 1831-1833 Musee americain, Giverny The Salon Carre and the Grand Galerie of the Lourve Le Salon Carré John Scarlett Davis, 1831, British Embasy, Paris Giuseppe Castiglione, 1865 56 Cecilia Gallerani (Lady with an Ermine) Leonardo da Vinci (1483-90) Czartorychi Muzeum, Cracow, Poland La belle Ferronière Leonardo da Vinci (1490) Musée du Louvre, Paris 57 Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel Religious Belief’s • Renaissance artists introduced their civic and humanist values in buildings, sculptures, and paintings • In his work for the Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo’s God reaches out to Adam, to signify the special place of humans in the world Examples: Michelangelo’s ceiling of the Sistine Chapel: -Michelangelo’s Creation of Adam -Michelangelo’s The Last Judgment • Why aren’t their fingers touching? NO PICTURES PLEASE Without having seen the Sistine Chapel one can form no appreciable idea of what one man is capable of achieving – Goethe … before Michelangelo no one had ever articulated and depicted human pathos as he did in those paintings. Since then all of us have understood ourselves just that little bit deeper, and for this reason I truly feel his achievements are as great as the invention of agriculture – Werner Herzog 60 THE ENTOMBMENT Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, 1602-03 Pinacoteca Vaticana, Vatican City • Diagonal cascade of mourners sliding downward to dead, limp Christ and bare stone • Where do arms point? • Theory: cryptic depiction of resurrection • Westerner's eye typically reads artwork from top left to bottom right much same way it reads printed text • If painting were reversed it would show an obvious descending line from left to right. But as painting is it shows a prominent ascending line from left to right. Thus showing resurrection. 61 MADONNA WITH THE LONG NECK Girolamo Francesco Maria Mazzola (1534-40) Uffizi, Florence • Mannerism: late Renaissance art (1530-1580), whose proponents sought to create dramatic and dynamic effects by depicting figures with elongated forms and in exaggerated, out-of-balance poses in manipulated irrational space, lit with unrealistic lighting • Mannerism appealed to knowledgeable coterie audiences with its arcane iconographic programs and exaggerated new sense of an artistic "personality", an exciting new development at a time when primary purpose of art was to inspire awe and devotion, to entertain and to educate • Michelangelo displayed tendencies towards Mannerism 62 Painting Classical myths became a legitimate source of inspiration Examples: Sandro Botticelli’s The Birth of Venus (14851486) Sandro Botticelli’s Primavera (1482) Humanism in Sculpture • Donatello’s nude David • 1425-1430CE • •Donato Donatello’s David was the first free-standing, life-size statue since ancient times • Like Renaissance portraits, sculpture celebrated the ‘realistic’ human image • Nude body not pornographic, rather ‘veil to the soul’ • http://www.artist-biography.info/gallery/donatello/12 / David Michelangelo created his masterpiece David in 1504. The Biblical shepherd, David (who killed Goliath) recalls the harmony and grace of ancient Greek tradition 15c What a difference a century makes! 16c Humanism in Sculpture • Michelangelo Buonarroti’s, nude David • First ‘fully nude’ David • (Donatello’s wore boots and a hat!) • 1501-1504 • Beauty, strength, heroism & humility of the nude human form David Michelangelo Buonarotti 1504 Marble Petrarch Poet, Humanist scholar Francesco Petrarch 1304-1374 Assembled Greek and Roman writings Wrote: Sonnets to Laura (Love poems in the Vernacular) Influenced William Shakespeare Petrarch • He wrote with a Humanistic approach • Considered the “Father of Humanism” William Shakespeare 1564-1616 • English poet and playwright • Well-known plays include: Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet • Influence and Impact on the Renaissance: He expanded the dramatic potential of characterization (his characters were very complex), plot, language (creative), and genre Niccolo Machiavelli • Wrote The Prince • guidelines for the how to get power by absolute rule. • Believed the ends justified the means • One should do good if possible, but do evil when necessary. • Amoral Realism Political Ideas of the Renaissance Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) An Italian Philosopher and Writer based in Florence during the Renaissance The Prince (Published in 1532) Machiavelli believed: “One can make this generalization about men: they are ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit” Machiavelli observed city-state rulers of his day and produced guidelines for how to gain and maintain power. Absolute Rule He felt that a ruler should be willing to do anything to maintain control without worrying about conscience. • Better for a ruler to be feared than to be loved • Ruler should be quick and decisive in decision making • Ruler keeps power by any means necessary • The end justifies the means • Be good when possible, and evil when necessary Today, the term “Machiavellian” refers to the use of deceit in politics • 5. Pico della Mirandola • A. Oration on the Dignity of Man • 1. Most famous Ren. work on nature of humankind • 2. Humans created by God and given tremendous potential for greatness, and even union with God if they desired it • 3. Humans could also choose negative course. Thus, humans had FREE WILL to be great or fail. • 6. Baldassare Castiglione • A. The Book of the Courtier • 1. Most important work on Ren. Education • 2. Outlined qualities of a gentleman • 3. Described ideal “Renaissance Man” • 4. Medieval view = master in one area • 5. Virtú (Embrace VIRTÚ - “the quality of being a man” idea of excelling in all pursuits) Northern Renaissance Writers • Erasmus—The Praise of Folly (1511) • Critical of corrupt church practices • Catalyst for Protestant Reformation Erasmus Dutch humanist (1466-1536) Pushed for a Vernacular form of the Bible “I disagree very much with those who are unwilling that Holy Scripture, translated into the vernacular, be read by the uneducated . . . As if the strength of the Christian religion consisted in the ignorance of it” Wanted to reform the Catholic Church Wrote: The Praise of Folly Used humor to show the immoral and ignorant behavior of people, including the clergy. He felt people would be open minded and be kind to others. Sir Thomas More (1478-1535) English Humanist Wrote: Utopia A book about a perfect society in which men and women live in harmony, there is no private property, no one is lazy, all people are educated and the justice system is used to end crime instead of executing criminals Northern Renaissance Writers • Sir Thomas More — Utopia (1516) • Depicts world with perfect social, legal and political system • Leading humanist scholar