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Causes of the Enlightenment Renaissance & Reformation Scientific Revolution Absolutism Renaissance (Rebirth) • The Medici family controlled the city states of Milan and Florence in what is now Italy because they owned the banks and controlled trade and the arts. • Art and literature of the Middle Ages focused primarily on Christianity. The ruins of Rome and Greece encouraged people to rediscover the classics. Humanism (individualism) • An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievement. This part of society was secular or worldly, most remained devout Catholic. • Renaissance men were scholars of the humanities (hist., lit., phil.) and artists. • Renaissance women did not create but were patrons of the arts. Renaissance Art • Painters used PERSPECTIVE which shows three dimensions on flat surface. • Realistic portraits showed what was distinctive about people (Mona Lisa by da Vinci). Sculpture showed natural expression and posture (David by Donatello). Renaissance Literature • Modern writing emerged from this period. Dante and others began to write in the vernacular, a native or local dialect rather than Latin. Petrarch (father of Renaissance humanism) wrote sonnets. Machiavelli wrote “The Prince” which examines human imperfection and how a ruler can maintain power despite his enemies. Renaissance Spreads • Johann Gutenberg developed the printing press which allowed for education and ideas to spread rapidly. • Renaissance led to several changes in the Arts and Society all over Europe. The Northern Renaissance • Artistic ideas spread to northern Europe • Flemish painter Van Eyck used oils. • Northern writers tried to reform society. Christian Humanist Erasmus poked fun at the ills of society. Thomas More wrote Utopia where greed, corruption and war no longer exists. Elizabethan England • Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603) was well educated, spoke four languages and did a lot to support art and literature. • Shakespeare used many ideas of the Renaissance in his writing of plays and poetry. Causes of the Reformation • Renaissance humanism and secularism led people to question the church. • Powerful Monarchs challenged the church and the pope. • Church leaders became corrupt and were selling indulgences. Martin Luther leads reform • Luther disagreed with many principles of the Catholic church and posted his 95 Theses on a Wittenberg church. • Luther refused to recant his ideas and was excommunicated by the Pope. He began the Lutheran church. The term Protestant was applied to a Christian who belonged to a nonCatholic church. Other Protestant Churches • John Calvin- Calvinism (Presbyterian) believed in Predestination. • Henry VIII- Anglicanism (Methodist , Baptist, Episcopalian, Pentecostal). He wanted a divorce b/c his wife didn’t give him a son. When the pope denied a divorce, he created the Anglican church for England. Led to later struggles over religion in Britain. Catholic Church Reforms • The rise of protestants made Catholics need for reform. Ignatius Loyola began the Jesuits or the Catholic Reformation. • Council of Trent-Catholic bishops and cardinals agree on several doctrines led by Popes Paul III & Paul IV. Scientific Revolution Perception of Universe • Aristotle pictured a Geocentric Universe (Earth Centered) Supported by Ptolemy A.D. 100 Christians back Idea in the Bible Early Heliocentric Universe • Copernicus writes Sun centered univ. Rev. of the Heaven Spheres 1538 Galileo supports Idea Starry Messenger 1610 Conflicts w/ Church Kepler proves Idea using Math Physics and Medicine • Isaac Newton Describes Law of Gravitation and the Three Laws of Motion in Principia 1687 • Andreus Vesalius dissected corpses, wrote On the Structure of the Human • William Harvey wrote Motion of the Heart & Blood 1628. How the heart pumps blood thru veins. Scientific Method • Francis Bacon - rejected deductive reasoning. Need proof thru experiments • Rene Descarte wrote Discourse on Method. Combined philosophy with science “I think, therefore I am” • Combination of their ideas led to Scientific Method Other Scientists • Gabriel Fahrenheit-1st mercury/glass thermometer, 32-212 degree scale. • Anders Celsius- 0-100 scale thermo. • Edward Jenner- 1st inoculation using small pox germs. • Robert Boyle-founded modern chemistry & applied Sci. Method to chem. Absolutism • Divine Right - Kings and Queens of Europe believed that because they were chosen by God, they answered only to God, not their subjects. • By the 18th century (1700s), several monarchs abused their divine right and claimed “absolute” power. Absolutism, Ren., Sci. Rev. led to the Enlightenment Absolute Monarchs • Phillip II Spain(1527-1598)- he expelled all Jews and Muslims to control the religion of his subjects. Taxed heavily. • Louis XIV France(1643-1715)-built the Palace of Versailles with tax $. Wars and national debt led to poor legacy. Used divine right to maximum. More Absolute Monarchs • Frederick II (the Great) Prussia (1712 - 1786) Created a strong military state thru taxation. Fought wars of religion. • Peter I (the Great) Russia (1672-1725) after Ivan the Terrible who ruled by terror, the Romanov Dynasty began. Taxed to build military, westernized Russia, made many reforms.