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The Spread of Ideas during the Renaissance 1 (Before the Renaissance) Theocracy • A theocracy is a form of government where religious rulers run the government. • Prior to the beginning of the Renaissance, lands were ruled by feudal kings or the Roman Catholic Church. – – – – – The Church had religious power. The Church controlled people’s beliefs. The Church had economic power. The Church had political power. The Church was NOT controlled by the king. Slide 2 A Change in Thought • The Renaissance was a widespread change in culture and thought that took place in Europe beginning in the 1300s. • Italy was the cradle of change. Italian citystates were not under the control of a king or the Roman Catholic Church. 3 Humanism • The thing that sparked most of the excitement during the Renaissance was humanism which focused on the ideas and actions of the individuals. • Scholars searched the world through questioning and investigation. • People were inspired by Classical civilizations like the Greeks and Romans. 4 Johannes Gutenberg • About 1450 a German printer named Johannes Gutenberg invented movable type used on a printing press. • The printing press used many small pieces of metal with single letters or numbers that could be arranged in trays to form rows of words and could be easily changed. • The printing process became much easier and faster. 5 6 Johannes Gutenberg • Prior to the invention of movable type: – Books were copied by hand. – Books were printed with blocks of carved wood that were inked and stamped. • (The first book) In 1455 Gutenberg printed a 1,200 page Bible. • Books became cheaper and more widespread. • Through the printed page, ideas of the Renaissance spread quickly through Europe. 7 Gutenberg Bible • Each copy of the Gutenberg Bible used as many as three million metal letters. • It took several months, many workers, and six printing presses to make. • Of the 200 copies that were made, approximately 40 exist today. 8 William Shakespeare • William Shakespeare, considered the greatest writer of the Renaissance, was famous for plays and poems. • Ordinary people, nobles, and royalty alike crowded London’s Globe Theatre to see Shakespeare’s plays. – – – – – Romeo and Juliet Julius Caesar Antony and Cleopatra Hamlet King Lear • He wrote at least 37 plays based on ancient works. 9 New Ideas in Science • (1500s) Nicolaus Copernicus presented mathematical calculations to prove the Earth revolved around the sun and was not the center of the universe. • (1600s) Galileo proved Copernicus’s theory with the invention of his telescope. It showed the Earth did move around the sun. • (1600s) Isaac Newton formed the theory of gravity, and explained how the planets circle the sun. • Newton followed a scientific method that required ideas to be tested through observing and experimenting. 10 11 Renaissance Architecture • Renaissance architects drew ideas from ancient Greece and Rome. (columns, arch, dome) • Medieval churches were built in the shape of a cross. • Architects designed buildings in a circular shape. • In the ancient world, the circle (a simple, clean figure) represented the perfect shape. 12 Bell Tower of Pisa • A freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa. • Construction began in 1173 and continued until 1372 (177 yrs.) when the 7th floor and bell tower (8th floor) were completed. • The tower began to sink after the 3rd floor was added due to an unstable foundation. 13