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The Italian Renaissance Cultural rebirth/reawakening of Western Europe Humanist Education and Literature • Focused on secular themes • Accepted classical beliefs (renew society) – Individualism: emphasis on dignity & individual worth – Human Improvement: develop talents through activities – Recover ancient manuscripts (original sources) Humanist Education and Literature • Wrote in common vernacular • Petrarch: wrote sonnets about his lost love • Lorenzo Valla: used textualcritical method – Falsely Believed and Forged Donation of Constantine – Annotations on the New Testament • Machiavelli: (The Prince): analyzed politics Machiavellian Quotes • If an injury has to be done to a man it should be so severe that his vengeance need not be feared. • Men are so simple and so much inclined to obey immediate needs that a deceiver will never lack victims for his deceptions. • Men should be either treated generously or destroyed, because they take revenge for slight injuries - for heavy ones they cannot. • Politics have no relation to morals. Spread of Renaissance Ideas • First throughout Italy – then West. Europe • Reshaped European civilization – Civic Humanism: service to the republic – Princely Ideal: study classics to properly rule • The Courtier – B. Castiglione Spread of Renaissance Ideas • City-Life (stronger in independent Italian city-states) – Social groups: wealth and ability replace nobility – Middle-class: gained wealth and power – Peasants were still at the bottom of society • More opportunity to leave the manor Italian Renaissance Governments • Florence: originally a republic; controlled by the Medici – Medici brought in humanist ideas – Majority of tax burden was on the upper-class – Savanarola led a short-lived revolt against the Medici Italian Renaissance Governments • Rome: ruled by the pope – Cardinals made up the wealthiest portion of the pop. – Renaissance popes were viewed as corrupt – Promoted projects to beautify Rome Italian Renaissance Governments • Venice: ruled by a doge in a republican setting – Council of Ten helped govern/run the city – Gained prosperity through trade – Classical architecture; influenced by Byzantines and the West Renaissance Art • Expressed own values, emotions, attitudes • Works were as life-like as possible • Devoted to religion – had secular overtones • Learned to give perspective/expression • Architecture: – Return to classical style (arches, domes, columns) – Architects took credit for their work • Brunelleschi: the dome for the cathedral in Florence Renaissance Art • Sculpture: – Return to classical style • Free-standing, nude figures – Best known sculptors: • Donatello: first to sculpt a nude sculpture • Michelangelo: began in Florence, moved to Rome • Ghiberti: baptistery doors in Cathedral of Florence • Painting: Renaissance Art – More realistic, less symbolic (capture human emotion) – Renaissance Painters • Giotto: first to paint realistically • Massacio: first to use lighting and perspective • Da Vinci: “Renaissance Man” (Mona Lisa & Last Supper) • Michelangelo: painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel • Raphael: most notable was paintings of “Virgin Mary” Northern Renaissance • 1400s: ideas spread throughout Western Europe – War helped with continued contact with others – Da Vinci was brought to Paris by Francis I – Trade fostered spread of ideas Northern Renaissance • French Renaissance – Blended Gothic and Classical design – Writers were inspired by Petrarch • Ronsard (sonnets); de Montaigne (essay); Rabelais (comic) Northern Humanism • Differences in Northern Humanism – Ideas were adapted to meet needs – Focused on Christian writing – Used textual-critical method to reconstruct patristic writings – Wanted to renew Church to 1st Century purity Northern Humanism • Christian Humanism (wanted to reform the church) – Humanist learning combined with Bible study – Erasmus: “Go Back to the Sources” • Study Greek and Hebrew • Used biting humor to make his point • Translated the N.T. using Valla’s t-c method • Found inaccuracies in other translations Northern Painters • Relied on Medieval models rather than classical ones • Jan & Hubert van Eyck – Painted scenes from the Bible – Developed the technique of oil on canvas English Renaissance • Began in 1485 with Henry VII • English Humanists were interested in social issues – Thomas More (Utopia): criticized his society by comparing it to “the ideal one” – William Shakespeare: • Drew on ideas from medieval heroes & classical legends • Wrote about universal human qualities The Protestant Reformation Religious Turmoil in Europe Quotes from Martin Luther • “Therefore be on your guard against the Jews, knowing that wherever they have their synagogues, nothing is found but a den of devils in which sheer self-glory, conceit, lies, blasphemy, and defaming of God and men are practiced most maliciously …” • “If I had to baptize a Jew, I would take him to the bridge of the Elbe, hang a stone around his neck and push him over with the words ‘I baptize thee in the name of Abraham’” Martin Luther • Humanist approach (learn ancient languages) – Influence from Jan Hus and John Wycliffe • Education: doctorate in theology • Monastic Life: – Wanted to ensure salvation – Struggle to know he was “saved” – Man needs to do the best that is with in him Martin Luther • Indulgence Controversy: – Indulgence sale was needed to build St. Peter’s Basilica – The Doctrine of the Treasury of Merits – John Tetzel: Pope Leo X’s main salesman Martin Luther • Luther’s Breakthrough: – Doctrine of sola fida (salvation by faith alone): • Romans 1:17 “…the JUST shall live by FAITH” • God gives the necessary grace for us to have faith • Salvation can only be given • Good works are a product of faith – Consequences of sola fida: • The Church was angered (“the priesthood of all believers”) • 95 Theses was posted by Luther • The Diet of Worms Martin Luther • Diet of Worms: – – – – Luther is given 2 months to recant (Exsurge Domine) Charles V allows Luther safe passage Luther refused to recant and was declared an outlaw Luther was kidnapped on his return to Wittenberg Martin Luther • Luther in Hiding: – Stayed in Wartburg Castle – Translated the N.T. into German – Peasant Wars broke out in response to the Edict of Worms • Lutheran Beliefs: – Justification by Faith alone (sola fida) – The Bible is the sole truth (sola scriptura) – All useful occupations are vocations (callings by God) Protestant Reformers • Ulrich Zwingli (Zurich theocracy): – “salvation by faith alone” – Clergy and magistrates received authority from God – Disagreed with Luther regarding the Eucharist – 1531: defeated by Catholics in a war Protestant Reformers • John Calvin (Geneva theocracy): – 1536: The Institutes of Christian Religion • Doctrine of Predestination – Eucharist stance (between Luther and Zwingli) – Calvinism contributed to the rise of revolutionary movements (mid-1600s – 1700s) Radical Reformers – Anabaptists • • • • • • Allowed only adult members to be baptized Denied the authority of local government Refused civic duties Lived apart from society Michael Sattler: the Schleitheim Statement Fanatical actions were common – 1534: seized control of Munster, Germany – Lutherans and Catholics united to end the seige • Many fled to North America • Anabaptist ancestors (Baptists, Amish, Mennonites) Church of England • Henry VIII wanted a male heir to the throne – Wanted a divorce from Catherine of Aragon – Formed the Church of England • married Anne Boelyn (had another daughter) – Married Jane Seymour – had a son (Edward VI) • Succession of English Throne – Edward VI, “Bloody” Mary I, Elizabeth I – Elizabeth made the Church Protestant – Puritan influence in England increased The Catholic Reformation • 1530s – 1540s: Pope Paul III called for reform – Council of Trent – The Inquisition: combat heresy • Spreading of Catholicism: – Ignatius of Loyola: Jesuit order of monks/priests – Teresa of Avila: strict orders for Carmelite nuns The Catholic Reformation • Divided Europe: – Protestant/Catholic division – Peace of Augsburg – England and the Anglican Church – French Huguenots (St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre)