Download Renaissance (Rebirth) 1450 – 1600

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Renaissance (Rebirth)
A New Vision of Humanity
1450 – 1600
Curiosity is Genius
 Renaissance was a time of rebirth of knowledge. Cultures, art
and architecture from past eras were revisited and
incorporated into the Renaissance. The Renaissance evolved
from a time of strict belief based on the Church, to a time of
curiosity and opening up to other ideas that were not just
based on the Catholic Church.
Geniuses such as Leonardo Da Vinci can be recognized as a
true Renaissance man because of his inquiry. Being a curious
person, he explored and experimented with a lot of concepts,
such as flying. He also reflects the ‘rebirth of knowledge’ by
incorporating some of the Ancient Roman ideas. The basic
concept of a dome derived from Ancient Roman architecture
which was explored by other architects. Da Vinci took this
knowledge and included it into his own designs. Leonardo Da
Vinci is very well known as the painter of the all around famous,
‘Mona Lisa.’ But he was not just a painter. He was a scientist as
well. An inventor.
 While trying to find the formula of having the same area of a square
and a given circle, Leonardo Da Vinci was able to use this knowledge
to draw his people to scale. Although his calculations failed, it helped
him with his paintings. In the painting, ‘Baptism of Christ,’ by Andrea
del Verrocchio who was Da Vinci’s master, Andrea del Verrochio let
Leonardo paint one of the angels, as it was common for the master to
allow their apprentices to paint sections of a master’s painting. The
angel Leonardo drew stands out from the rest of the painting, with its
intricate detail. In Leonardo’s own painting, the ‘Virgin of the Rocks,’
the Virgin and babies are all to scale with details such as the shape of
their muscles clearly shown.

He was able to paint with such accuracy because he was also a scientist.
He liked to open up corpses and study their anatomy. Da Vinci has
numerous sketches of bodies and their insides. They clearly show muscles
and tendons, and how they look like in different positions. Apart from
dissecting corpses, Leonardo also spent time outside carefully studying
people’s body movements such as hands. He sketched them in their
different positions and drew with a lot of detail. Therefore, this helped him
with his paintings such as the very famous ‘Mona Lisa.’ If the painting is
studied carefully, her hands are in a carefully placed and elegant
position with the bottom hand supporting the top hand.
 Leonardo Da Vinci also asked a lot of questions about other
concepts, such as flying. He spent a lot of time observing birds and
their flight as well. After studying them, he invented devices that
would help man fly. Based on theory, knowledge and observation he
constructed the actual devices and while some of them failed, some
of them worked as well. In fact, he invented a parachute, something
that we now have today. Leonardo Da Vinci was indeed a very
curious person. And his curiosity led him to becoming a genius. A true
Renaissance man.

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St. Peter's Basilica
 St. Peter's Basilica is a Late Renaissance
church located within the Vatican City.
 It is regarded as one of the holiest Christian
sites.
 It has the largest interior of any Christian
church in the world, holding 60,000 people.
 It is the burial site of Saint Peter, who was
one of the twelve apostles of Jesus and first
Bishop of Rome.
 Saint Peter's tomb, along with many other
Popes is directly below the altar of the
basilica.
 Construction of the present basilica began
on April 18, 1506 and was completed on
November 18, 1626.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter's_Basilica
The Italian Renaissance
 It originated in Italy around 1300 AD.
 These new ideas were well-received and
flourished throughout Italy.
 By 1500, these new ideas had also reached
Northern parts of Europe.
Understanding the Beginnings of the
Renaissance:
 To understand the beginnings of the
Renaissance, you must go back
approximately 800 years, to the fall of the
Roman Empire.
 For 1,000 years, Rome ruled most of Europe,
bringing advancements in technology,
learning and government.
 Once Rome fell to invaders in 542 CE,
Western Europe fell into a stagnant period
known as the Middle Ages.
 Society regressed; People did not venture
far from their small villages.
 Local lords ruled by force and intimidation.
 Learning took place only in religious houses.
 Europeans grew up ignorant, illiterate, and
superstitious.
 Peasants and serfs did not find life beautiful
or intriguing.
 They lived in miserable conditions with little
hope of improving their lives.
 If you were born a peasant, you would
most likely die a peasant.
 Their main goal in life was finding eternal
salvation.
 Life on Earth was a journey to suffer
through, in order to reach Heaven.
New Beliefs at the End of the Middle
Ages:
 As Western Europe slowly emerged from
the Middle Ages, new ideas and beliefs
about life and its purpose began to spread.
 This school of thought, known as
humanism, was based on the belief that
life on Earth had a point of its own.
 It did not have to be a miserable pit-stop
on the way to Heaven.
 According to humanists, life was beautiful
and should be enjoyed.
The Rise of Merchants at the End of the
Middle Ages:
 The Black Death, wiped out hundreds of
thousands of Europeans.
 This caused a huge shortage of workers.
 Wages rose as a result of a high demand
for workers (laborers).
 The standard of living rose as the wages
improved.
 This lead to the rise of wealthy merchants,
 They would provide the money, resources
and the incentive for the Renaissance
The Renaissance brought Changes in
Society:
 It was a cultural movement.
 The social changes that took place during
the Renaissance were slow, but steady.
 By the end of the Renaissance every
aspect of European society had
undergone some type of transformation.
 Individuals had become for confident and
felt more empowered
Humanism was a key Component of
the Renaissance:
 It was also an the intellectual movement.
 It was based on the study of classical Greek
and Roman cultures.
 Humanists believed that your
accomplishments were important and
defined who you were as a person.
 It instilled an attitude of ‘Live for Today’.
 The merchant class liked this idea because
they were tired of being considered less
important than ruling nobles (privileged
class, born rich).
Humanism and Renaissance Art:
 New techniques in art created astounding
works of art.
 A technique known as Perspective made
scenes appear three dimensional.
 Careful shading make objects look round
and real, rather than flat.
 Using human models helped artists portray
the human body far more accurately than
in Medieval art.
 Renaissance art glorified the human body.
 It placed importance of the individual and
were secular (non-religious).
 The works of the four great masters, Leonardo
da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, and
Donatello set the standard for Renaissance
art.
 They were students of humanism and their
works focused on the individual.
 Davinci’s Mona Lisa portrays a simple woman,
wearing a simple smile.
 Artists turned to the classics of Ancient Greece
and Rome for inspirations.
Pre-Renaissance Art:
 Early Medieval art was Romanesque style
 Romanesque paintings are naive; the
characters have unrealistic features and
showed no emotion
 By 1100 AD, Medieval art had become
Gothic
 Gothic architecture can be recognized by
the pointed arches on buildings
 Gothic art shows more concern for realism
and emotion
Pre-Renaissance Art:
Early Middle Ages: Romanesque Art
Late Middle Ages:
Gothic Art and Architecture
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This painting, commonly known as the Triptych of Beffi, from the
name of the nearby town, was attributed to a follower of Taddeo
di Bartolo (Siena, 1362/63 -1422)
 Gothic Architecture became popular in
the late Medieval Period. It was most
commonly used for cathedrals and
churches in Europe.
 Westminster Abbey is a large, Gothic
church.
 It is the traditional place of coronation and
burial site for English monarchs.
What did Humanism contribute to
Western Culture?
 Intellectuals began to spread scientific
knowledge throughout Europe despite the
Church’s opposition to it.
 Humanists had great interests in history,
philosophy, art and literature.
 They looked backwards, at the cultures of
Ancient Greece and Rome for inspiration.
 The children of wealthy merchants and nobles
started reading humanist philosophy.
 According to Humanism, education should
stimulate student’s creative powers.
 Students were taught poetry, history, and public
speaking.
 Before the Humanist movement, the Church
successfully controlled all aspects of our lives.
 Although it demanded total obedience,
Europeans under humanist influence began to
question the Church‘s practises.
 The Humanist belief was that people were
able to reason well on their own, without the
influence of the Church.
 The belief also rejected the idea of being
controlled or brainwashed by the Church.
 In other words, people should be given the
right to have individual freedom of thought.
 They believed God should not be our central
concern.
 They preached for tolerance and peace
instead of also engaging in religious wars.
Printing in the Renaissance:
 Invented by Johannes Gutenberg
 The printing press revolutionized
Renaissance society the same way TV and
the internet have influenced the 20th and
21st centuries.
 For the first time books were cheap enough
for the masses; learning and new ideas
spread like wildfire throughout Europe.
 The printing pressing enabled ideas to
spread across Europe.
Scientific Progress During the Renaissance:
 Church taught that the Earth was flat and that
it was at the center of the universe!
 Any new idea which had conflicted with the
biblical texts was forbidden (punishable by
death!)
 Scientists learned about human anatomy by
dissecting corpses.
 This lead to the advancement in medicine.
 Dissecting corpses was forbidden by the
church.
Martin LUTHER and The Reformation:
 Martin Luther started a movement to reform the
Catholic Church.
• He believed the church had become too rich,
powerful and corrupt!
Criticism of the Church:
 Members of the clergy did not honour their vows of
poverty and chastity.
 The Pope and bishops lived in luxury and behaved
like powerful noblemen.
 Priests were ignorant, neglected their duties and were
left unsupervised.
Pope Leo X & the Selling of Indulgences:
 When the Church attached the sale of
indulgences, Luther became increasingly
enraged at this practice.
 Indulgences meant that a person could buy
their way out of purgatory or hell.
 Church leaders commonly launched
indulgence campaigns to finance large
building projects (such as the building of St.
Peter's in Rome).
 In 1517, Martin Luther nailed the 95 theses onto
the wooden doors of the church.
 He revealed the corruption going on inside
church walls.
His Letter stressed out the following issues:
1. The Catholic Church believes that we only
get into heaven by faith plus good works*
*Showing that you are a good Christian by
helping the poor, helping your neighbor in
need, encouraging others, volunteering etc.
 The bible teaches us that we go to heaven
strictly by faith in Jesus Christ.
2. The Bible is the living true authority of God,
not the Pope.
3. People can read and interpret the bible
for themselves instead of relying on the
priests or bishops to do it for them.
4. People did not need to buy their rights to
heaven.
5. All people are created equal through the
eyes of God.
6. He encouraged worshiping God through
praise and singing.
Luther Excommunicated:
 Martin Luther was excommunicated by the Pope
in 1520 after he publicly burned the Papal Decree
(letters issued by the Pope).
 In 1521, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V put him
on trial and condemned him as a heretic and an
outlaw of the church.
 They didn't execute him because that would've
made him a martyr.
 Frederick the Wise, of Saxony made a deal with
the Catholic Church resulting in Martin Luther's
safe passage to his home at Wartburg Castle.
 While in exile, he rewrote the bible in German.
 During the months he stayed there, he
witnessed many social changes as a result
of his revolution.
 Martin Luther's statement, "Salvation is
achieved through Jesus Christ alone" broke
the Catholic Church forever.
http://pleasanthillbaptistchurch.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/images/salvation.128155724_std.jpg
The Church’s Reaction to the
Reformation:
 In 1545, Pope Paul III assembled a council
(meeting with important Church officials) in
the city of Trent to discuss how to deal with
the Reformation.
The council made the following
decisions at this meeting:
 Priests had to be supervised and educated
in colleges.
 Published an Official Latin Bible.
 Created new religious orders like the Jesuits.
 Jesuits were educated priests that taught
and spread the Roman Catholic faith
throughout the world.
•Heretics would be prosecuted in courts set up
courts called the inquisition.
•Protestants were considered heretics.
•Enemies of the Church were put on trial and
sentenced to death.
•This council also decided to get rid of the selling
of indulgences because it was bad for the
Church’s image.
•The church made a list of banned books.
•These “BAD” books were listed in THE INDEX.
The Effects of the Counter-Reformation:
 The Council of Trent revived enthusiasm for
the Roman Catholic Church.
 The highly-educated Jesuits challenged
Protestant preachers.
 The Protestant movement was weakened.