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Spread of Ideas and People
Unit 1
European Renaissance and
Reformation
1300-1600
Chapter 5
Italy: Birthplace of the
Renaissance
Section 1
Our Objectives
• By the end of the section, you will be able to:
– Explain conditions in Italy that gave rise to the
Renaissance.
– Identify values and ideas prized during the
Renaissance.
End of the Middle Ages
• Renaissance: rebirth, revival of art of
learning, revolution
– After suffering through feudalism and the Black
Plague, European countries began to question
institutions of the Middle Ages, such as the
Church, education, and society.
– Educated men & women attempted to bring back
the culture of classical Greece and Rome
– Importance of the individual, individualism
Renaissance Begins in Italy
• The ideas of the Renaissance began in Italy
in the 1500s.
– Venice & Florence
• Ideas of the Renaissance spread from
northern Italy into the rest of Europe.
• Italy had 3 advantages to making it the
birthplace of the Renaissance:
– 1. Thriving cities
– 2. Wealthy merchant class
– 3. Classical heritage of Greece & Rome
Rise of the City-State
• Thriving city-states were a place for
cultural exchange because of overseas
trade.
• After the Plague, 60% of the population
in these cities died, which caused a
change in the economy.
• Italy had many urban areas, in contrast
to many rural parts of Europe
Florence, Italy
Merchants & the Medici
• Wealthy merchants earned their high status
in society, and believed they deserved power
and wealthy because of their individual merit.
• **The idea of individual achievement (merit)
became important during the Renaissance.
• The Medici family, a family of powerful
bankers, became so powerful in politics they
ruled Florence.
Looking to Greece & Rome
• Ruins of ancient Greece & Rome
• Scholars studied ancient Latin
documents
• Greece & Rome = Classics/Classical
Classical and Worldly Values
• Classics lead to Humanism
– Humanism: intellectual movement that focused
on human potential and achievements
– Scholars sought to understand Greek values in
Greek context
– Classical Education: History, literature, and
philosophy
• Worldly Pleasures
– Enjoy life without offending God
– Wealthy enjoyed luxuries: foods, music, art
– Society was secular: worldly rather than spiritual,
concerned with the here and now
Classical and Worldly Values
• Patrons of the Arts
– Patron: person that financially supported artists
– Many Church leaders during the Renaissance
spent huge amounts of money for art to beautify
Rome and other cities.
– Merchants and wealthy upper class families were
also patrons of the arts during the Renaissance
– **Church leaders and the wealthy demonstrated
their own importance by donating and having
prominent art pieces displayed in public squares.
Renaissance Man
• Baldassare Castiglione, The Courtier
(1528)
– A “universal man,” or “Renaissance man,”
was charming, witty, and well educated in
the classics. He should dance, sing, play
music, and write poetry. A skilled rider,
wrestler, and swordsman.
Renaissance Woman
• According to Castiglione, the upper
class woman should be charming and
know the classics.
• Not expected to seek fame, but
expected to inspire art, but rarely create
it.
Intellectual and Artistic
Renaissance
Section 2
Our Objectives
– Describe the artistic breakthroughs and
achievements of Renaissance artists.
– Summarize influential literary works and
techniques of key Renaissance writers.
– Understand the importance and lasting influence
the Renaissance has had on society then and
now.
• Painting, sculpture, and architecture were
dramatically changed during the
Renaissance.
• Frescoes (watercolor paintings) added
new dimensions to painting:
– 3-Dimensional
Renaissance
– Realism
Art
Renaissance Revolutionizes
Art
• Many artists used religious symbols and
subjects to convey spirituality through
art, but the depiction of the subjects
became more realistic.
– The realistic style was copied from
classical models.
• Greek & Roman subjects became
popular.
• Goal: Realistic Art
Realistic Painting and
Sculpture
• Perspective: technique used by
Renaissance artists which shows three
dimensions (3D) on a flat (2D) surface.
• Artists painted prominent citizens, focus
on individuals
• First art to depict the human body
realistically
Classical Influence in Art
• These two
sculptures show
how classical
statues showed
realistic features,
and how
Renaissance art
tried to accomplish
the same.
Renaissance Artists
•
•
•
•
Michelangelo
Donatello
Leonardo DaVinci
Buonarroti
Donatello’s David
Sculpture
• Donatello (13861446) copied the
Greek and Roman
(Greco-Roman) style
of sculpting that was
realistic and
anatomically correct.
Arnolfini Wedding
• Jan Van Eyck, 1434
Masters of the High
Renaissance
• The High Renaissance
was the period from
1490-1520. Three of
the most influential
people of that period
were:
• Leonardo DaVinci
• Raphael
• Michelangelo
Leonardo Da Vinci
• Painter, Sculpture,
Inventor, Scientist Renaissance Man
• Studied how things
work (body, muscles)
• Only 17 paintings of
his still exist
Leonardo DaVinci
(1452-1519)
• Favored Realism in art
• Scientist - dissected bodies
• Inventor – first helicopter design
Raphael
Santi
(1483-1520)
• Painted ideal
beauty
• Famous works
include Madonna
(Mary) and the
School of Athens
Michelangelo Buonarroti (14751564)
• Saw beauty as a reflection of God living
in man.
• Painted the Sistine Chapel (done mostly
lying on his back).
Women Artists
• Artemisia
Gentileschi
– Depicted strong,
heroic women in her
art
• Sofonisba
Anguissola
– First woman to gain
international
reputation
Sistine Chapel
Renaissance Writers Change
Literature
• Many writers followed in the tradition of
Dante (Medieval writer) and wrote in the
vernacular, rather than Latin
– Vernacular: native language, plain
language
• Renaissance writers wrote for selfexpression or to portray individuality of
their subjects
• Modern writers still follow these ideas
Influential Writers
• Petrarch - “father of the Renaissance and
humanism”
– Poet, wrote in Italian (vernacular) & Latin
– Sonnets (14-line poems)
• Boccaccio - Decameron
• Vittoria Colonna - female writer
– Typically wrote of personal subjects, not politics
– Helped Castiglione publish The Courtier
Niccolò Machiavelli
• Machiavelli - The Prince - examines the
imperfect behavior of humans, political guide
book
– People are selfish, fickle, and corrupt
– Strong as a loin, shrewd as a fox to keep power
– Not concerned with morally right, but politically
effective
– Prince should have integrity (keep his word)
– Okay to lie & mislead the people, in the real world
of politics SOMETIMES
– Must be crafty to overcome suspicions and gain
the trust of others
The Northern Renaissance
Section 2
Objectives
• By the end of class, you will be able to:
– Explain the origins and characteristics of
the Northern Renaissance.
– Trace the impact of the Renaissance on
German and Flemish painters.
– Profile key Northern Renaissance writers.
– Describe the origins of the Elizabethan Age
and Elizabethan drama.
– Explain how printing spread ideas.
Northern Renaissance Begins
• Renaissance ideas of Italy spread into the
northern parts of Europe in the late 1400s.
– N. Europe affected by Plague & war more so than
Italy…took longer to get the idea
• Renaissance ideas mingled with northern
traditions = own Renaissance ideas
– Interest in realism, ideal of human dignity inspired
northern humanists to plan for social reform
• Contrast to disjointed “Italy,” England and
France under STRONG monarchs
– Patronage of artists by wealthy merchants,
Churches, and monarchs began to become
popular in N. Europe
Artistic Ideas Spread
• 1494, French king claims the throne in
Naples (Italy) and starts an invasion
through Northern Italy. Many
Renaissance writers and artists flee into
Northern Europe for a safer life.
• These fleeing artists/writers take with
them the ideas, values, and styles of the
Renaissance
Painters of Northern Europe
• German Painters
– Albrecht Dürer, most famous German artist
• Studied in Italy, produced woodcuts & engravings, portrayed
religious figures
• His works popularized Renaissance art in Northern Europe
– Hans Holbein the Younger
• Painted portraits that are almost photographic in detail
• Emigrated to England, painted portraits of King Henry VIII
• Flemish Painters: Flanders became the artistic
center of Northern Europe thanks to wealthy
supporters
– Jan van Eyck, first to use oil painting techniques
– Pieter Bruegel, interested in realistic details and
individual people, captured everyday life
Writers Try to Reform Society
• Humanists ideas used to examine the
traditional teachings of the Church in
Northern Europe
• Critical of the failure of the Church to inspire
people to lead a Christian life.
• Women’s Reforms
– Majority of Europeans could not read or write,
families who could afford school only sent boys.
– Christine de Pizan was against this practice
– She published books, manuals to educate women,
advocated for women’s education
– First European to question different treatment of
boys and girls
Christian Humanists
• Christian Humanists: reform society, reform
education (most important), promoted
education of women and founded schools boys
& girls could attend
• Desiderius Erasmus: Praise of Folly
– Poked fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers,
quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests
– Believed in “Christianity of the heart” not ceremony
or rules
• Thomas More: Utopia - “no place”
– Utopia: ideal place, ideal community
• Imaginary land were greed, corruption, and war do not exist
Elizabethan Age
• Renaissance in the mid-1500s in
England called the Elizabethan Age
• Queen Elizabeth I reigned 1558-1603
– She was well educated, spoke French,
Italian, Latin, and Greek, wrote poetry and
music, supported the development of
English art & literature
William Shakespeare
• Most famous writer of the Elizabethan Age
(poet and playwright)
• Regarded as the greatest playwright of all
time
• Born in 1564 - Stratford-upon-Avon, 90 miles
northwest of London
• Plays performed at the Globe Theater
• Most famous plays: Hamlet, Othello,
Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and King Lear
Printing Spreads Ideas
• Europeans began to use block printing
(moveable type), a technology from China
– Slow, unable to keep up with demand of
Renaissance demand for knowledge & information
• Johann Guttenberg created the printing press
that made it possible to produce books
quickly and cheaply
– Printed the Bible, the first full-sized book printed
on the press
– Press enabled a printer to produce 100s of copies
of a single work
– Made books cheap so people could buy them
Legacy of the Renaissance
• Changes in Society
– Printing changed the availability of information
– Greater availability of books increased desire
for learning
– People began to question political structures
and religious practices
– Christian humanists attempted to reform society
and how lives should be lived
– People were more aware of their rights because
of the printing of legal preceedings
Luther Leads the Reformation
Section 3
Objectives
• Analyze historical forces and religious issues
that sparked the Reformation.
• Trace Martin Luther’s role in the movement to
reform the Catholic Church.
• Analyze the impact of Luther’s religious
revolt.
• Explain the spread of the Protestant faith to
England.
Causes of the Reformation
Social
Political
Renaissance values
of humanism and
secularism led people
to question the church
Powerful monarchs
challenged the
Church as the
supreme power in
Europe
Many leaders viewed
the pop as a foreign
ruler and challenged
his authority
The printing press
helped to spread
ideas critical of the
Church
Causes of the Reformation
Economic
Religious
European princes and
kings were jealous of
the Church’s wealth
Merchants and others
resented having to pay
taxes to the Church
Some Church leaders
had become worldly
and corrupt
Many people found
Church practices such
as the sale of
indulgences
unacceptable
Luther Challenges the Church
• Martin Luther: Monk & Teacher, taught
Scripture at the University of Wittenberg
• 1517, “95 Theses” - public stand against friar
Johann Tetzel
– Tetzel was selling indulgences to raise money to
rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome
• 95 Theses attacked the selling of indulgences
as a way of buying your way into heaven
• 95 Theses printed on the press and the ideas
of Luther were spread throughout Europe
Luther’s Reformation
• Teachings based on 3 ideas:
– Only have salvation by faith in God’s gift of
forgiveness (Church taught faith and “good
works” were needed for salvation)
– All Church teachings should be based on
the words of the Bible (Pope and Church
traditions were false authorities)
– All people of faith are equal (Priests not
needed to interpret the Bible)
The Response to Luther
• Pope Leo X threatened to excommunicate
Luther from the Church
• Holy Roman Emperor Charles V opposed
Luther’s teachings, summoned him to stand
trial
– Protestant Princes of Germany v. Loyal Catholic
Princes went to war to force them back into the
Catholic Church – Unsuccessful.
– Peace of Augsburg: Princes gathered and
decided to let each prince decide the religion of
his state
• Edict of Worms: Luther was deemed a
heretic and no one could give him food or
shelter
England Becomes Protestant
• King Henry VIII
– Became king of England in 1509
– Needed a male heir (no woman had successfully
claimed the English throne)
– Catherine of Aragon had a daughter, Mary
– Henry wanted to divorce Catherine, but could not as a
Catholic -> Pope would not grant annulment
– Secretly married Anne Boleyn (She was in her 20s!)
• Reformation Parliament
– Asked Parliament to pass a set of laws that ended the
pope’s power in England
– Act of Supremacy: called people to take an oath
recognizing the divorce and accepting Henry as the
head of the English Church
Consequences of Henry’s
Changes
• Some opposed the Act of Supremacy
– Thomas More remained a devout Catholic and
was imprisoned and executed for high treason
• Anne Boleyn did not produce a male heir
either = charged with treason & beheaded
• Henry married Jane Seymour, she had a son,
Edward
• Henry ended up marrying 3 more times, but
no more children
• Henry died in 1547 and caused religious
turmoil in England
Religious Turmoil
• Prince Edward VI took the throne when he
was 9 years old, reigned for 6 years,
Protestant advisors
• Mary (Catherine’s daughter) was Catholic
and returned the English Church to the rule of
the pope, killed many Protestants, died in
1558
• Elizabeth I (Anne Boleyn’s daughter)
inheirted the throne
Elizabeth Restores
Protestantism
• 1559, Parliament set of the English
Church - Anglican church with Elizabeth
as its head
• Anglican Church was a mix of both
Protestant and Catholic practices
• She brought religious peace to England
by being Moderate
The Reformation Continues
Section 4
Calvin Continues the
Reformation
• John Calvin, published Institutes of the Christian
Religion
–
–
–
–
Ideas about God, salvation, and human nature
Summary of Protestant theology (religious thoughts)
Men & Women are sinful by nature
Predestination: God chooses only a few people to save – the
few “elect”
– Ideal government was “theocracy” (controlled by religious
leaders
– Ruled Geneva, Switzerland: no bright clothing, strict rules,
could be banished for disobeying the rules, burned at the
stake for teaching other beliefs
Religious Violence
• Swiss, Butch, and French reformers adopted
the Calvinist form of church organization
• In France, Protestants called Huguenots
– Violence between Catholics and Huguenots
– Paris, Aug. 24, 1572 St. Bartholomew’s Day
Catholics began hunting for Protestants and
murdering them.
– 12,000 + Huguenots were killed
Denominations Formed
• As Christians interpreted the Bible for
themselves, new Protestant groups
(denominations) formed over difference of
beliefs:
– Anabaptists: only baptized people old enough to
decide to be Christian , church and state should
be separate, refused to fight in wars, shared their
possessions
– Presbyterians: Scottish preacher, John Knox,
became Scotland’s official religion
Catholic Reformation
• Movement within the
Catholic Church
• Ignatius of Loyola
– Jesuits
• Mission:
– 1. convert nonChristians
– 2. stop the spread
of Protestantism
Catholic Reformation
• Reforming Popes
– Paul III, 1534-1549
• Investigated the sale of indulgences & corruption
• Approved the Jesuit order
• Called a council of Church leaders to meet in Trent (N.
Italy)
– Council of Trent
• Church’s interpretation of Bible was final (any other
interpretations considered heresy)
• Faith AND good works needed for salvation
• Bible & Church tradition equal in guiding Christian life
• Indulgences were valid expressions of faith, false selling
banned
– Paul IV - carried out the Council of Trent’s decrees
• Index of Forbidden books - considered dangerous to the
Catholic faith, burned by bishops throughout Europe
Reforming Popes
Pope Paul III
Pope Paul IV