Download Evolving Toward the Modern

Evolving Toward the Modern
The Renaissance and Reformation,
1350-1648
RENAISSANCE
• Rebirth of the humanistic spirit—at once pagan
from classical antiquity and Christian-- rethinking
of the place of human beings in a Christian “chain
of being.”
• Began in the Italian Cities in the early 14th century
and spread to northern Europe by 1500
• Led to changes in consciousness among the elites,
to new political orders, to new religious beliefs.
Renaissance Europe
REFORMATION—1517-1648
• Emergence of Protestantism which
emphasized the role of the believer in
salvation over the intercession of the church
• Divided Europe into a Protestant North and
a Catholic South
• Led to a resurgent, militant, and reformed
Catholicism
Factors ending the Middle Ages
• Scholasticism—brought renewed attention to
classical philosophy
• Crusades—rise of Italian cities and contact with
far-off cultures and ideas
• Black Death—weakened hold of medieval
institutions and beliefs
• Conspicuous consumption among families made
wealthy by renewed trade—they became
Renaissance patrons
Black Death--1348
• Reduced European population by 1/3
• Weakened feudal system and strengthened
position of surviving laboring people.
• Just as humanism spawned a “can do” spirit
among the elite, the black death challenged
the assumptions of medieval society for the
masses.
Renaissance began w/ Philology
• Petrarch—(1304-1374) read works of the
Ancient Romans and determined that their
values were different from those of his own
day.—compare him with Dante.
• Lorenzo Valla (1406-1467) demonstrated
that the Donation of Constantine was likely
a forgery
Petrarch & Laura:
For a Woman he would never know; for a woman he would never have; he
would change the world forever
.
A Poem from Petrarch’s Il Canzoniere
It was on that day when the sun's ray
was darkened in pity for its Maker,
that I was captured, and did not defend myself,
because your lovely eyes had bound me, Lady.
It did not seem to me to be a time to guard myself
against Love's blows: so I went on
confident, unsuspecting; from that, my troubles
started, amongst the public sorrows.
Love discovered me all weaponless,
and opened the way to the heart through the eyes,
which are made the passageways and doors of tears:
so that it seems to me it does him little honour
to wound me with his arrow, in that state,
he not showing his bow at all to you who are armed.
RENAISSANCE philology
supported Humanism
• Humanism didn’t seek to replace God with
man but gloried in man as God’s special
creation.
• Humanists like Pico Della Mirandola 14631494) gloried human potential in his De
hominis dignitate: “This is the culminating
gift of God, this is the supreme and
marvelous felicity of man…that he can be
that which he wills to be.”
Renaissance Humanism
• Really it was a Christian Humanism but a
humanism that a corrupt church hierarchy could
hardly control.
• It was heavily influence by Platonism (Plato’s
theory of the forms) which was reintroduced into
Western Europe with the collapse of the Byzantine
Empire in 1453.
• Orthodox Catholic theology had a strong tradition
of SCHOLASTICISM—mixing of Greco-Roman
Philosophy with Christian Doctrine
Renaissance Art
• Reflected emerging Platonism—ideal forms
• Reflected need of wealthy Kings, capitalists, and
popes for conspicuous adornment.
• Focused on human beings—as God’s special
creation.
• Northern Renaissance painters were especially
focused on exact detail and their scenes of everday
life serve as an important historical source.
Giotto (1267-1337)—The Annunciation to Mary—
Chapel at Scrovengni
Boticelli’s “Birth of Venus”
linking of Pagan and Divine Love
Triad of Renaissance Greats
• Michaelangelo (1495-1564)
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
• Raphael Santi (1483-1520)
Michaelangelo—Expulsion from
Eden
Michaelangelo—Creation of
Adam
Leonard da Vinci, Mona Lisa “La
Giocanda”
Leonardo da Vinci, “Last Supper”
Raphael’s “La Fornarina” [Baker’s Daughter”]
New Political Ideas
• Humanists looked to history to explain political
success and failure.
• Inspired by Machiavelli, Dynastic States justify
their actions in two ways: appeal to the inherent
Christian morality in the action and raison d’etat
or reason of state.
• Powerful Monarchs—France’s Louis XI, the
Spider King, England’s Henry VII and Henry VII,
and Spain’s Carlos I (Charles V)--suppress nobles,
violate civil liberties, challenge the church, and
attempt to build vast empires overseas to enhance
the power of their states.
Wars of the Roses in England
(1455-1485)
• Dispute over which of branch of Edward
III’s family ought to rule England.
• Ended the Feudal phase of England’s
monarchy
• To secure its claim the Tudor’s had to
reward their supporters and cultivate a
nascent English Nationalism
EDWARD III's Descendents
Edward III (1377)
Edward, Black Prince
Richard II (1399)
William
Lionel
John of Gaunt
Philippa
Henry IV (1415)
Roger Mortimer
Henry V (1422)
Anne Mortimer
Henry VI (1461)
Richard, Duke of York
Edward IV (1483)
Edward V (1483)
Richard III (1485)
Edmund
Richard, Earl of Cambridge
Tudor Claim to the Throne (Tie to House of Lancaster)
Blanche = John of Gaunt -> Catherine Swinford
Henry IV
Henry V = Catherine = Owen Tudor
Henry VI (1461)
John Beaufort
John Beaufort, Somerset
Edmund Tudor = Margaret
Henry VII (1509)
100 Years War
• Fought between English Royal Family
(Plantagenet) and the French House of Valois.
• Disputed Succession after death of last Capetian
• England nearly secured war following its victory
at Agincourt (1415)
• Joan of Arc inspired Charles VII (French Claimant
to throne) to oust English
• English expelled from France in 1453
• Louis XI (The Spider King) (1461-1483)
expanded Royal Power and Promoted
Nationalism.
Unification of Spain
• La Reconquista
• Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and
Isabella of Castille in 1469 set stage for
Spanish Dyarchy—union of country under
rule of the two monarchs.
• Their descendants would claim both
kingdoms. (Charles I/V [1516-1556])
European Political Culture
• Powerful kings promoted patriotism at the
expense of the old feudal nobility and the
church.
• Powerful kings promoted national interest
according to raison d’etat. Religion was a
tool of power, not an end to its exercise.
• Balance of power concept emerged.
Origins of the Protestant and
Catholic Reformation
•
•
•
•
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Renaissance Humanism
Catholicism in Crisis
Emergent Nationalism
Emergence of Printing
Successful Leaders—Luther, Calvin, Pope
Paul III
Humanist challenged the Church
• Erasmus of Rotterdam
(1466-1536) in Praise
of Folly made sport of
Church officials, yet
believed the thinking
man was God’s special
creation.
Crisis in the Church
• Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy- 13051377 (Papal see in Avignon)
• Great Schism (1378-1415)—Two Popes
• Borgia Popes—such as Alexander VI
(1492-1503)—were worldly and corrupt.
• Humanist critiques found fertile soil.
Great Schism
Martin Luther (1483-1546)—
Case Study
• Cried to St. Anthony for deliverance in a fierce
storm and switched from law to theology.
• Became a Seminary professor and used his skills as
a philologist—working first with the Psalms and
then with the New Testament—to become a great
teacher
• Came to question core Catholic doctrines because
he couldn’t find support for them in the text.
• 95 THESES—Wittenburg, Oct. 31, 1517.
• Sola scriptura; sola fidei
Martin Luther and Katherine von
Bora
Luther Benefited from German
Nationalism
• German princes protected Luther from
Papal Reprisals and Catholic Princes
• Luther’s Protestant Ideas spread and major
wars were fought from 1529 to 1648
between Catholic and Protestant States in
Central Europe
The Nature of Protestantism was
Schism
• Scores of Protestant Sects emerged
throughout Europe
• Major version of Protestantism was
articulated by John Calvin (1509-1564)
• Calvin’s Doctrine of Election—shaped
England and English Colonies in North
America
Summary of Calvin’s Theology
• Total depravity
• Unlimited
atonement
• Limited
election
• Irresistible
grace
• Perseverance of
the Saints
John Calvin (1509-1564)
English Reformation
• Began as an attempt by Henry VIII to produce a
male heir
• Evolved unevenly between 1534 and 1573
between attempts to return England to Catholicism
and purge the Church of England from vestiges of
Catholicism.
• Elizabethan settlement created an English church
that was Protestant in Doctrine but Catholic in
liturgy.
• Satisfied all but English Catholics and Puritans
• Foundations for English Constitutional crisis and
Civil War in 17th century.
Henry’s quest for an heir
• Henry VIII married
Catherine, Arthur of
Brittany’s widow via
papal dispensation
• Their daughter Mary,
but no sons, survived
to adulthood
• Henry lusted after
Anne Boleyn and also
believed his marriage
was cursed by God
• Pope Clement VII’s
fear of Catherine’s
nephew Charles V
kept him from
granting divorce
• Henry fired both
Thomas, Cardinal
Wolsey, and Thomas
More as chancellor,
because they would
not cooperate with
Henry
Dynastic Divorce and a New
Divinity
• Henry worked through
parliament to get the
divorce
• Act of Supremacy, Act of
Succession, Treason Act,
Act of Annates
• Henrecian Church
essentially the Catholic
Church without the Pope
• Dissenting churchmen
were executed in 1535
• Pilgrimage of Grace
was quashed in 1536
• Monastic lands were
plundered—560 by
1539
• Act of the Six Articles
(1539)
Henry VIII (1509-1547)
His quest for a male heir, unleashed
the Reformation in England
Progress of English Reformation
• Edward VI (1547-1552) was directed by
Protestant advisors to renounce Henry’s 6 Articles
in Favor of a Protestant Church.
• Mary (1552-1558) sought to restore England to
Catholicism; she had a few Protestant leaders
burned at the stake.
• Elizabeth (1558-1603) treaded lightly on the
Religious issue, but punished her political
opponents—many of whom were Catholic—and
made religion fully a matter of state.
• The Elizabethan Settlement, accomplished in a
series of laws by 1573, made England Protestant
in Doctrine, Catholic in liturgy.
Catholic Church Responds
• Pope Paul III convenes Council of Trent,
which initiated a major Series of Reforms
between 1545 and 1563
• Church corrects the most flagrant clerical
abuses
• Church reaffirms traditional doctrines
• Jesuits and Franciscans hold people to the
faith
So What?
• Catholic hegemony
further weakened
• New political ethics
fueled by Renaissance
Humanism—
Machiavelli
• Dynastic States grow
in power
• Religious Wars
• Humanism leads to
Exploration
• Reformation adds
religious element to
colonial rivalry
between Catholic and
Protestant countries
Religious Wars
• In the German States, Protestant and Catholic
Princes fight from 1529 to 1555, until the Peace of
Augsburg (cuius regio, eius religio)
• In France, a disputed succession to the throne of
France leads to the War of the 3 Henries (15841589), and the Protestant winner of the War,
Henry IV, converts to Catholicism to appease the
majority of his subjects. “Paris is well worth a
mass.”
• 30 Years War animated by religious beliefs
Exploration, Colonization, &
Imperialism
• An initial justification for imperialism was
an attempt to spread the true faith.
• With Protestantism emerging, Catholic
powers expanded to keep non-European
lands from falling under the influence of
Protestant error, and vice versa.