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Chapter 14&17: The Renaissance and Reformation Mona Lisa Essential Questions: 1. 2. 3. What are the Crusades and how did they change Europe? What is the Renaissance and how did it impact modern western culture? How did England help to form the Protestant Church? I. The Crusades- Leading to the Renaissance • 1093-1300’s Church & European nations launched series of “holy wars” to regain control of the “holy land,” Jerusalem from the Muslims • holy wars of Christians against Muslims were called Crusades • goals of the Crusaders were economic, social, and political • Crusaders were knights looking for fame, fortune, or adventure • Crusades failed to capture Jerusalem but had a dramatic effect on Europe The Crusades for the Holy Land II. Effects of the Crusades • during the Crusades 1000’s left their homes- many serfs who were leaving for the 1st time- saw new places had new experiences • for those who stayed behind traditional roles had to be adjusted i.e. women take over running farms in absences of men • Crusades weakened the power of Feudal lords and the Church Effects of the Crusades… • Ultimately the weakened Catholic Church would be split over a disagreement on who was pope • split is known as the Great Schism and would not be reconciled until 1417 when Pope Martin V was elected • Weakening/altering of Medieval society opened the door to changes= Renaissance Assignment Turn to page 404 in your book and complete the Terms and Names (1-8) and Main Ideas (9-18) When you finish you may begin your Chapter 17 vocab. Section One: Italy, the Birthplace of the Renaissance III. The Renaissance • 1300-1600- Renaissance- means “rebirth,” movement started in Italy and caused an explosion of creativity in art, writing, and thought • Wanted to revive past, bring back culture of classic Greece/Rome • led to creation of a new European culture • New styles of art/literature and a new way of thinking A. The Renaissance Begins in Italian CityStates • Crusades boosted trade, led to growth of large Italian city-states • Italy became urban while rest of Europe mostly rural • Why would an urban setting be ideal for an intellectual revolution? B. Merchants and the Medici • wealthy merchant class developed in each Italian city-state- merchants dominated politics • Florence, under the Medici family, wealthy banking family • belief in individual achievement important during the Renaissance • patrons of the arts— financial supporters of artists, donated art to cities to be placed in town squares Catherine de Medici C. Looking to Greece and Rome • during the Middle Ages the powerful Church had looked down on art and literature • Educated ppl of the Renaissance wanted to return to the learning of Greeks and Romans Looking to Greece and Rome continued… • Achieved this by various means: 1. Artists and scholars drew inspiration from Roman ruins that surrounded them 2. Studied ancient Latin manuscripts that had been preserved in monasteries 3. Christian scholars had fled to Rome with Greek manuscripts when the Turks conquered Constantinople IV. Classical and Worldly Values A. Classics lead to Humanism • Study of ancient Greek and Roman texts led to the dev of Humanism intellectual movement that focuses on human potential and achievements instead of religion • Popularized the study of subjects common to Greeks and Romans, such as history, literature, philosophy (called the humanities) • During Middle Ages ppl believed God wanted them to live mediocre lives to show their devotion • Humanists taught that ppl could enjoy life w/o offending God • Ppl became secular— involved in worldly matters rather than only spiritual ones Medieval vs. Renaissance Art B. The Renaissance Man • Renaissance taught that all educated ppl should create art • Men who excelled in many areas of studies became known as a “Universal Man” later ages called them a “Renaissance Man” • Castiglione wrote The Courtier that taught how to be a Renaissance Man • Must be well educated, should be able to dance, sing, play music, be able to write poetry and be athletic C. The Renaissance Women • Expected to inspire art rather than create it • Better educated than Middle Age women, but over all not really involved in society Da Vinci Michelangelo V. The Renaissance Revolutionizes Art • Renaissance artists often portrayed religious subjects, but used a realistic style copied from classical Greek and Roman works • Painters used technique of perspective— show three dimensions on a flat surface Perspective Medieval Art- flat Raphael's “Marriage of the Virgin” Renaissance Art A. Realistic Painting and Sculpture • Painted prominent citizens • Sculptors also sculpted natural postures and expressions that revealed subject’s personality • Donatello’s statue of David- first European sculpture of a large, free standing statue since ancient times B. Leonardo, Renaissance Man • Leonardo da Vinci is known as the ultimate Renaissance Man • a painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist • filled notebooks w/ his observations, inventions- including drawings for a helicopter! • Da Vinci painted some of the most famous works in history- Mona Lisa and The Last Supper Leonardo da Vinci’s Works Mona Lisa More of Leonardo’s works… The Last Supper Helicopter/airplane plans Vitruvian man (1:1.6) C. Raphael advances Realism • Another great Renaissance artist is Raphael Sanzio • Studied both Da Vinci and Michelangelo’s works • Famous for his use of perspective • Most famous workThe School of Athens Raphael’s School of Athens D. Michelangelo • another great example of a Renaissance man • painter, sculptor, architect, and poet • famous for his accurate portrayal of the human form • painted the famous mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican The Sistine Chapel of St. Peter’s Basilica Scenes from the Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo… The Creation of Adam (center of the Sistine chapel ceiling) Sistine Chapel 360 Sculpture by Michelangelo Pieta David Compare and Contrast the two pieces of art with a partner First Selfie? VI. Renaissance Writers Change Literature • Writers start to write in the vernacular—their native language • Wrote for self-expression or to portray individuality of the subject Machiavelli A. Famous writers Petrarch- considered the father of humanism Boccaccio is best known for writing the Decameron, presents both tragic and comic views of life Machiavelli- author of the political guidebook called The Prince. Examines how rulers can gain and keep power. Vittoria Colonna- female writer with great influence. Wrote poetry that expressed personal emotions. Machiavelli- The Prince (1513) Assignment Turn to page 478-479 in your book Read the information about Renaissance Art In your journal answer question #1 on page 479’s Connect to Today section Section Two: The Northern Renaissance William Shakespeare • • • • I. The Northern Renaissance Begins 1400’s pop and cities of Northern Europe rebuilt after plague/war Renaissance ideas able to spread to France, England, Germany, and Flanders (Belgium) European monarchs hired artists to decorate their palaces/cities Italian Renaissance ideas mingled w/ European traditions to create a new European Renaissance culture II. Artistic Ideas Spread • Albrecht Durer, German artist known for wood carvings and engravings • Jan van Eyck- Flemish painter who developed oil painting • painters of Northern Renaissance concerned w/ realism Jan van Eyck, Arnolfini Wedding Flemish painter, Pieter Brueghel the Elder, Peasant Wedding III. Writers of the Northern Renaissance • disgusted w/ Christian Church’s failure to inspire ppl to live Christian lives • new movement- Christian Humanism- focused on reforming society through education • promoted education of boys and girlsfounded schools • Erasmus from Holland and Sir Thomas More from England best know Christian humanists: 1. Erasmus- The Praise of Folly, made fun of folly in society. Thought all ppl should study the Bible 2. More- wanted to show a better model for society. Wrote Utopia (“no place”) - imaginary land where greed, corruption, and war have been eliminateda perfect place IV. The Elizabethan Age • Renaissance in England called Elizabethan Age, b/c of Queen Elizabeth I who encouraged dev. of art/literature • most famous artist of Elizabethan Age was a writer named William Shakespeare • considered greatest playwright of all time, Shakespeare showed mastery of English language and deep understanding of human nature • wrote in many different genres including… • tragedies: Macbeth, Hamlet, and Romeo and Juliet, and… • comedies: A Mid Summer Night’s Dream and The Taming of the Shrew V. Printing Spreads the Renaissance Ideas • Chinese invented block printing & movable type in 1045 but it was impractical • 13th century block printing reached Europe- here it would prove dramatically useful w/ small alphabets of European languages • 1440 Johann Gutenberg, craftsman from Germany invented the printing press • Gutenberg’s press made it possible to produce books quickly and cheaply • 1455 Gutenberg printed a complete Bible, the Gutenberg Bible was first full-sized book printed w/ movable type Gutenberg Press How would being able to produce books quickly and cheaply change society?? VI. The Legacy of the Renaissance • inspired great artistic change & growth • belief in individual achievement & value lead to rise of democratic ideas • impact of printing press is immeasurable • Use your book to list in your journal a few of the most dramatic impacts of the Renaissance in each of the following areas (p.485): Changes in the Arts: Changes in Society: Section Three: Luther Leads the Reformation I. Causes of the Reformation • Church leaders corrupt: many priests broke vows/married, drank to excess, one pope even admitted to fathering several children • Renaissance ideas of individual accomplishment challenged church authority • printing press spread these criticisms • rulers began to challenge the Church’s role in politics as well • merchants resented paying church taxes II. Luther Challenges the Church A. 95 Theses • Martin Luther, German monk & teacher • 1517 Luther took public stand against sale of indulgences- a pardon for sin sold by Catholic Church • Luther wrote 95 Theses, formal statements attacking the sale of indulgences 21. Therefore those preachers of indulgences are in error, who say that by the pope's indulgences a man is freed from every penalty, and saved; 37. Every true Christian, whether living or dead, has part in all the blessings of Christ and the Church; and this is granted him by God, even without letters of pardon. • • • Oct. 31st, 1517- Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the church door in Wittenburg Someone copied the words and took them to a printer- Luther’s ideas quickly spread across EuropeReformation had begun- a movement to reform the Catholic Church B. Luther’s teachings - his teachings rested on three main ideas: 1. salvation through faith and not “good works” 2. Church teachings based on Bible 3. All ppl w/ faith are equal- do not need priests to interpret the Bible for you III. The Response to Luther A. The Pope and the Emperor Oppose Luther • Pope Leo X threatened to excommunicate Luther if he did not recant his statements • 1521-Luther put on trial for heresy in Worms, Germany told to recant his statements- he refused (p.490) Response to Luther Continued… • The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V issued Edict of Worms making Luther an outlaw and forbidding anyone to shelter him • German Prince, Frederick the Wise, hid Luther in his castle for a year • translated New Testament of Bible into German B. Lutherans and Protestants • Luther’s followers, realizing the Catholic Church was not going to reform, decided to form own branch of Christianity- called themselves Lutherans • Eventually supporters of Luther signed an agreement of protest against supporters of the Catholic Church, protesters known as Protestants • This term would eventually refer to any Christian not a Catholic • Catholics, led by Charles V, launched a series of battles to bring Protestants back into Catholic Church • 1555, weary of fighting, Charles V issued Peace of Augsburg allowing each ruler to decide religion of his nation Watch HC- “Luther Sparks a Revolution” or CCWH 218 Turn to pg. 491- in your journal recreate the diagram of the Division of Christianity IV. England Becomes Protestant A. King Henry VIII Wants an Heir - King Henry VIII of England devout Catholic - But Henry wanted a son and his wife, Catherine of Aragon had only one daughter, Mary - Henry wanted to divorce her • Divorce forbidden in Catholic Church, but Pope could annul, or set aside, marriage if he wanted • pope refused to annul b/c Catherine was niece of Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V • In response Henry called English Parliament into session and asks them to change England to Protestant • Parliament issues Act of Supremacy making Henry head of Protestant Church of England, allowing his divorce of Catherine B. Consequences of Henry’s Changes • Henry went through another 5 wives to get his male heir: had one more daughter, Elizabeth, and finally his son, Edward • After Henry’s death in 1547, each of his 3 children ruled England in turn- Edward, then Mary I, then Elizabeth I 6 Wives of Henry VIII • Edward was just 9 when he took throne, his adult advisors were deeply Protestant and so then was England • Edward died at age 15- Mary took throne and fought to return England to Catholic ChurchBloody Mary, had many Protestants executed during her 5 year reign • With Mary’s death, Elizabeth I took throne and returned Protestant Church to power in England • Elizabeth I set up Anglican Church, or Church of England • Anglican Church meant to be acceptable to both Catholics and Protestants- moderate approach brought religious peace to England Section Four: The Reformation Continues I. Calvin Continues the Reformation • Luther launched Reformation in Germany but it spread across Europe • 1536 John Calvin, French protestant, published summary of Protestant theology called Institutes of the Christian Religion • explains doctrine of predestination- claiming that God has known from beginning of time who would be saved (go to heaven) • • branch of Christianity following Calvin’s teachings= Calvinism Calvinists in Scotland were led by John Knox, called Presbyterians II. The Catholic, or Counter Reformation • while Protestant churches won many followers, millions stayed loyal to Catholic Church • those who remained loyal helped to start a movement to reform many problems w/in Church= Counter Reformation or Catholic Reformation- led by Jesuits, (Society of Jesus) • Popes and Kings held Council of Trent to help reform the Catholic Church • Doctrines the Council agreed on: 1. The Church’s interpretation of Bible is final 2. Christians need faith and good works for salvation 3. Bible and church traditions are of equal importance 4. Indulgences were valid, but false sale of them was banned IV. Legacy of the Reformation • Turn to p 491 and copy the “division of Christianity” chart • turn to pg. 500, under the diagram you just completed, list at least 5 impacts the Reformation had on European society Artwork Test Review Artist: Donatello Work: David Artist: Da Vinci Work: Mona Lisa Artist: Da Vinci Work: The Last Supper Artist: Raphael Work: School of Athens Artist: Michelangelo Work: Creation of Adam Artist: Michelangelo Work: David Example Short Answer ?’s: 1. 2. 3. What are the Crusades and how did they change Europe? What is the Renaissance and how did it impact modern western culture? How did England help to form the Protestant Church?