Download Ch 14 and 17 slides

Chapter 14&17: The
Renaissance and Reformation
Mona Lisa
Essential Questions:
1.
2.
3.
What are the Crusades and how did
they change Europe?
What is the Renaissance and how did
it impact modern western culture?
How did England help to form the
Protestant Church?
I. The Crusades- Leading to the Renaissance
• 1093-1300’s Church & European nations
launched series of “holy wars” to regain
control of the “holy land,” Jerusalem from the
Muslims
• holy wars of Christians against Muslims were
called Crusades
• goals of the Crusaders were economic,
social, and political
• Crusaders were knights looking for fame,
fortune, or adventure
• Crusades failed to capture Jerusalem but had
a dramatic effect on Europe
The Crusades for the Holy Land
II. Effects of the Crusades
• during the Crusades 1000’s left
their homes- many serfs who were
leaving for the 1st time- saw new
places had new experiences
• for those who stayed behind
traditional roles had to be adjusted
i.e. women take over running
farms in absences of men
• Crusades weakened the power of
Feudal lords and the Church
Effects of the Crusades…
• Ultimately the weakened Catholic
Church would be split over a
disagreement on who was pope
• split is known as the Great Schism
and would not be reconciled until 1417
when Pope Martin V was elected
• Weakening/altering of Medieval
society opened the door to changes=
Renaissance
Assignment
 Turn
to page 404 in your book and
complete the Terms and Names (1-8) and
Main Ideas (9-18)
 When you finish you may begin your
Chapter 17 vocab.
Section One: Italy, the Birthplace of
the Renaissance
III. The Renaissance
• 1300-1600- Renaissance- means
“rebirth,” movement started in Italy and
caused an explosion of creativity in art,
writing, and thought
• Wanted to revive past, bring back
culture of classic Greece/Rome
• led to creation of a new European
culture
• New styles of art/literature and a new
way of thinking
A. The Renaissance Begins in Italian CityStates
• Crusades boosted trade, led to
growth of large Italian city-states
• Italy became urban while rest of
Europe mostly rural
• Why would an urban setting be ideal
for an intellectual revolution?
B. Merchants and the Medici
• wealthy merchant class developed in each Italian
city-state- merchants dominated politics
• Florence, under the Medici family, wealthy
banking family
• belief in individual achievement important during
the Renaissance
• patrons of the arts— financial supporters of
artists, donated art to cities to be placed in
town squares
Catherine de Medici
C. Looking to Greece and Rome
• during the Middle
Ages the powerful
Church had looked
down on art and
literature
• Educated ppl of the
Renaissance wanted
to return to the
learning of Greeks
and Romans
Looking to Greece and Rome
continued…
• Achieved this by various means:
1. Artists and scholars drew inspiration
from Roman ruins that surrounded them
2. Studied ancient Latin manuscripts that
had been preserved in monasteries
3. Christian scholars had fled to Rome
with Greek manuscripts when the Turks
conquered Constantinople
IV. Classical and Worldly Values
A. Classics lead to Humanism
• Study of ancient Greek and Roman texts
led to the dev of Humanism intellectual movement that focuses on
human potential and achievements
instead of religion
• Popularized the study of subjects
common to Greeks and Romans, such as
history, literature, philosophy (called the
humanities)
• During Middle Ages ppl believed God
wanted them to live mediocre lives to
show their devotion
• Humanists taught that ppl could enjoy life
w/o offending God
• Ppl became secular— involved in worldly
matters rather than only spiritual ones
Medieval vs. Renaissance Art
B. The Renaissance Man
• Renaissance taught that all educated ppl
should create art
• Men who excelled in many areas of
studies became known as a “Universal
Man” later ages called them a
“Renaissance Man”
• Castiglione wrote The Courtier that
taught how to be a Renaissance Man
• Must be well educated, should be able
to dance, sing, play music, be able to
write poetry and be athletic
C. The Renaissance Women
• Expected to inspire art rather than
create it
• Better educated than Middle Age
women, but over all not really involved
in society
Da Vinci
Michelangelo
V. The Renaissance Revolutionizes Art
• Renaissance artists often portrayed
religious subjects, but used a
realistic style copied from classical
Greek and Roman works
• Painters used technique of
perspective— show three
dimensions on a flat surface
Perspective
Medieval Art- flat
Raphael's “Marriage of the Virgin”
Renaissance Art
A. Realistic Painting and Sculpture
• Painted prominent citizens
• Sculptors also sculpted
natural postures and
expressions that revealed
subject’s personality
• Donatello’s statue of
David- first European
sculpture of a large, free
standing statue since
ancient times
B. Leonardo, Renaissance Man
• Leonardo da Vinci is known as
the ultimate Renaissance Man
• a painter, sculptor, inventor, and
scientist
• filled notebooks w/ his
observations, inventions- including
drawings for a helicopter!
• Da Vinci painted some of the most
famous works in history- Mona
Lisa and The Last Supper
Leonardo da Vinci’s Works
Mona Lisa
More of Leonardo’s works…
The Last Supper
Helicopter/airplane plans
Vitruvian man (1:1.6)
C. Raphael advances
Realism
• Another great
Renaissance artist is
Raphael Sanzio
• Studied both Da Vinci
and Michelangelo’s
works
• Famous for his use of
perspective
• Most famous workThe School of Athens
Raphael’s School of Athens
D. Michelangelo
• another great example of a
Renaissance man
• painter, sculptor, architect,
and poet
• famous for his accurate
portrayal of the human form
• painted the famous mural on
the ceiling of the Sistine
Chapel in the Vatican
The Sistine
Chapel of St.
Peter’s Basilica
Scenes from the Sistine Chapel by
Michelangelo…
The Creation of Adam (center
of the Sistine chapel ceiling)
Sistine Chapel 360
Sculpture by Michelangelo
Pieta
David
Compare and Contrast the two pieces of art
with a partner
First Selfie?
VI. Renaissance Writers Change Literature
• Writers start to write in the
vernacular—their native language
• Wrote for self-expression or to
portray individuality of the subject
Machiavelli
A. Famous writers
 Petrarch- considered the father of
humanism
 Boccaccio is best known for writing the
Decameron, presents both tragic and
comic views of life
 Machiavelli- author of the political
guidebook called The Prince. Examines
how rulers can gain and keep power.
 Vittoria Colonna- female writer with great
influence. Wrote poetry that expressed
personal emotions.
Machiavelli- The Prince (1513)
Assignment
 Turn
to page 478-479 in your book
 Read the information about
Renaissance Art
 In your journal answer question #1 on
page 479’s Connect to Today section
Section Two: The Northern
Renaissance
William Shakespeare
•
•
•
•
I. The Northern Renaissance Begins
1400’s pop and cities of Northern Europe
rebuilt after plague/war
Renaissance ideas able to spread to France,
England, Germany, and Flanders (Belgium)
European monarchs hired artists to decorate
their palaces/cities
Italian Renaissance ideas mingled w/
European traditions to create a new European
Renaissance culture
II. Artistic Ideas Spread
• Albrecht Durer, German
artist known for wood
carvings and engravings
• Jan van Eyck- Flemish
painter who developed oil
painting
• painters of Northern
Renaissance concerned
w/ realism
Jan van Eyck,
Arnolfini Wedding
Flemish painter, Pieter Brueghel the Elder, Peasant Wedding
III. Writers of the Northern Renaissance
• disgusted w/ Christian Church’s failure
to inspire ppl to live Christian lives
• new movement- Christian
Humanism- focused on reforming
society through education
• promoted education of boys and girlsfounded schools
• Erasmus from Holland and Sir
Thomas More from England best
know Christian humanists:
1. Erasmus- The Praise of Folly,
made fun of folly in society.
Thought all ppl should study
the Bible
2. More- wanted to show a better
model for society. Wrote
Utopia (“no place”) - imaginary
land where greed, corruption,
and war have been eliminateda perfect place
IV. The Elizabethan Age
• Renaissance in England
called Elizabethan Age,
b/c of Queen Elizabeth I
who encouraged dev. of
art/literature
• most famous artist of
Elizabethan Age was a
writer named William
Shakespeare
• considered greatest
playwright of all time,
Shakespeare showed
mastery of English language
and deep understanding of
human nature
• wrote in many different
genres including…
• tragedies: Macbeth, Hamlet,
and Romeo and Juliet, and…
• comedies: A Mid Summer
Night’s Dream and The
Taming of the Shrew
V. Printing Spreads the Renaissance Ideas
• Chinese invented block printing & movable
type in 1045 but it was impractical
• 13th century block printing reached
Europe- here it would prove dramatically
useful w/ small alphabets of European
languages
• 1440 Johann Gutenberg, craftsman from
Germany invented the printing press
• Gutenberg’s press made it possible to
produce books quickly and cheaply
• 1455 Gutenberg printed a complete Bible, the
Gutenberg Bible was first full-sized book
printed w/ movable type
Gutenberg Press
How would
being able to
produce books
quickly and
cheaply change
society??
VI. The Legacy of the Renaissance
• inspired great artistic change & growth
• belief in individual achievement & value
lead to rise of democratic ideas
• impact of printing press is immeasurable
• Use your book to list in your journal a
few of the most dramatic impacts of the
Renaissance in each of the following
areas (p.485):
Changes in the Arts:
Changes in Society:
Section Three: Luther Leads the
Reformation
I. Causes of the Reformation
• Church leaders corrupt: many priests broke
vows/married, drank to excess, one pope
even admitted to fathering several children
• Renaissance ideas of individual
accomplishment challenged church authority
• printing press spread these criticisms
• rulers began to challenge the Church’s role
in politics as well
• merchants resented paying church taxes
II. Luther Challenges the Church
A. 95 Theses
• Martin Luther, German monk & teacher
• 1517 Luther took public stand against sale
of indulgences- a pardon for sin sold by
Catholic Church
• Luther wrote 95 Theses, formal statements
attacking the sale of indulgences
21. Therefore those preachers of indulgences are in
error, who say that by the
pope's indulgences a man is freed from every
penalty, and saved;
37. Every true Christian, whether living or dead, has
part in all the blessings of
Christ and the Church; and this is granted him by
God, even without letters of pardon.
•
•
•
Oct. 31st, 1517- Luther nailed his 95
Theses to the church door in Wittenburg
Someone copied the words and took
them to a printer- Luther’s ideas quickly
spread across EuropeReformation had begun- a movement
to reform the Catholic Church
B. Luther’s teachings
- his teachings rested on three main
ideas:
1. salvation through faith and not “good
works”
2. Church teachings based on Bible
3. All ppl w/ faith are equal- do not
need priests to interpret the Bible for
you
III. The Response to Luther
A. The Pope and the Emperor Oppose Luther
• Pope Leo X threatened to excommunicate
Luther if he did not recant his statements
• 1521-Luther put on trial for heresy in
Worms, Germany told to recant his
statements- he refused (p.490)
Response to Luther Continued…
• The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V
issued Edict of Worms making Luther an
outlaw and forbidding anyone to shelter him
• German Prince, Frederick the Wise, hid
Luther in his castle for a year
• translated New Testament of Bible into
German
B. Lutherans and Protestants
• Luther’s followers, realizing the Catholic
Church was not going to reform, decided to
form own branch of Christianity- called
themselves Lutherans
• Eventually supporters of Luther signed an
agreement of protest against supporters of
the Catholic Church, protesters known as
Protestants
• This term would eventually refer to any
Christian not a Catholic
• Catholics, led by Charles V, launched
a series of battles to bring Protestants
back into Catholic Church
• 1555, weary of fighting, Charles V
issued Peace of Augsburg allowing
each ruler to decide religion of his
nation

Watch HC- “Luther Sparks a Revolution” or CCWH 218
 Turn
to pg. 491- in your journal recreate the
diagram of the Division of Christianity
IV. England Becomes Protestant
A. King Henry VIII Wants an Heir
- King Henry VIII of England devout
Catholic
- But Henry wanted a son and his wife,
Catherine of Aragon had only one
daughter, Mary
- Henry wanted to divorce her
• Divorce forbidden in Catholic Church, but
Pope could annul, or set aside, marriage if
he wanted
• pope refused to annul b/c Catherine was
niece of Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V
• In response Henry called English
Parliament into session and asks them to
change England to Protestant
• Parliament issues Act of Supremacy
making Henry head of Protestant Church of
England, allowing his divorce of Catherine
B. Consequences of Henry’s Changes
• Henry went through another 5 wives to get
his male heir: had one more daughter,
Elizabeth, and finally his son, Edward
• After Henry’s death in 1547, each of his 3
children ruled England in turn- Edward, then
Mary I, then Elizabeth I
6 Wives of Henry VIII
• Edward was just 9 when he took throne, his
adult advisors were deeply Protestant and so
then was England
• Edward died at age 15- Mary took throne and
fought to return England to Catholic ChurchBloody Mary, had many Protestants executed
during her 5 year reign
• With Mary’s death, Elizabeth I
took throne and returned
Protestant Church to power in
England
• Elizabeth I set up Anglican
Church, or Church of England
• Anglican Church meant to be
acceptable to both Catholics
and Protestants- moderate
approach brought religious
peace to England
Section Four: The Reformation
Continues
I. Calvin Continues the Reformation
• Luther launched Reformation in Germany but it
spread across Europe
• 1536 John Calvin, French protestant, published
summary of Protestant theology called Institutes
of the Christian Religion
• explains doctrine of predestination- claiming
that God has known from beginning of time who
would be saved (go to heaven)
•
•
branch of Christianity following Calvin’s
teachings= Calvinism
Calvinists in Scotland were led by John
Knox, called Presbyterians
II. The Catholic, or Counter Reformation
• while Protestant churches won many
followers, millions stayed loyal to Catholic
Church
• those who remained loyal helped to start a
movement to reform many problems w/in
Church= Counter Reformation or
Catholic Reformation- led by Jesuits,
(Society of Jesus)
• Popes and Kings held Council of Trent to
help reform the Catholic Church
• Doctrines the Council agreed on:
1. The Church’s interpretation of Bible is
final
2. Christians need faith and good works for
salvation
3. Bible and church traditions are of equal
importance
4. Indulgences were valid, but false sale of
them was banned
IV. Legacy of the Reformation
• Turn to p 491 and copy the “division
of Christianity” chart
• turn to pg. 500, under the diagram
you just completed, list at least 5
impacts the Reformation had on
European society
Artwork Test Review
Artist: Donatello
Work: David
Artist: Da Vinci
Work: Mona Lisa
Artist: Da Vinci
Work: The Last Supper
Artist: Raphael
Work: School of Athens
Artist: Michelangelo
Work: Creation of Adam
Artist: Michelangelo
Work: David
Example Short Answer ?’s:
1.
2.
3.
What are the Crusades and how did
they change Europe?
What is the Renaissance and how
did it impact modern western
culture?
How did England help to form the
Protestant Church?