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Chapter 10
• The Renaissance was an age of rapid
change during which people turned from
medieval values of hierarchy, community,
and authority to embrace individualism
and realism.
• The Renaissance: a Controversial Idea
– Medieval Antecedents
A New Spirit Emerges: Individualism,
Realism, and Activism
• Why Italy?
– Plague Disruptions
• A Multifaceted Movement
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Individualism
Realism
Activism
A Secular Spirit
A New Spirit Emerges: Individualism,
Realism, and Activism
• Humanism: The Path to Self-Improvement
– Humanist Curriculum
– Self-Improvement Books
– Women Humanists
• The Generosity of Patrons: Supporting New Ideas
– Religious Patronage
• The Invention of the Printing Press: Spreading New
Ideas
Chapter 10
• The struggle between popes and
emperors allowed the Italian city-states the
opportunity to govern themselves
independently, using a variety of
governments ranging from republic to
hereditary monarchies.
The Politics of Individual Effort
• The Italian City-States
• Florence: Birthplace of the Renaissance
– The Medici
– Sovonarola
• Venice: The Serene Republic?
– Overseas Trade
The Politics of Individual Effort
• Milan and Naples: Two Principalities
– Naples
• The Papal States
– Papal Patronage
– The Borgia Family
– Julius II
• The Art of Diplomacy
– Machiavelli
Chapter 10
• The Renaissance encouraged
individualism for some, but the family
remained the most stable structure in
Renaissance life, and freedoms were
limited for some members of society.
– Rising Crime
Individualism as Self-Interest: Life
During the Renaissance
• Growing Intolerance
• Economic Boom Times
– Wool and Silk
– Banking
• Slavery Revived
– Sources of Slaves
• Finding Comfort in Family
– Marriage Alliances
• Children’s Lives
– Childhood Hardships
Chapter 10
• Although some experienced harshness
and inequality during the Renaissance,
this period also produced great artists who
combined classical ideals, the religious
themes of the medieval period, and the
realism of their own era to create works of
enduring beauty.
An Age of Talent and Beauty:
Renaissance Culture and Science
• Artists and Artisans
• Architecture: Echoing the Human Form
– Human Architecture
– Domes
– Town Planning
• Sculpture Comes into Its Own
– Michelangelo’s David
An Age of Talent and Beauty:
Renaissance Culture and Science
• Painting from a new Perspective
– Linear Perspective
– Rapheal
• Science or Pseudoscience?
– Astrology and Alchemy
– Mathematics and Anatomy
• Leonardo da Vinci: The “Renaissance Man”
– Painting
– Scientific Notebooks
Chapter 10
• As feudalism disintegrated in Northern
Europe, monarchs concentrated their royal
authority and encouraged the
incorporation of Renaissance ideas into
their own cultures.
Renaissance of the “New Monarchies”
of the North: 1453-1640
• France: Under the Italian Influence
– Louis the Spider
– Italians in France
• English Humanism
– Thomas More
– Renaissance Queens
• Renaissance London: A Booming City
– The South Bank
• England’s Pride: William Shakespeare
Chapter 11
• The expansionist wars of the sixteenth
century were motivated by the hunger of
monarchs for land and power, but soldiers
and civilians bore the heavy costs of these
wars.
The Clash of Dynasties, 1515-1555
• Land-Hungry Monarchs
– Turkish Expansion
• The Changing Rules of Warfare
– Growing Armies
• Winners and Losers
– Casualties of War
• The Habsburg-Valois Wars, 1521-1544
– Weary Imperialists
Chapter 11
• The humanism of the Renaissance was
accompanied by questions about salvation
that eventually led to a religious revolution
across Europe.
A Tide of Religious Reform
• The Best Path to Salvation?
• Desiderius Erasmus: “Prince of Humanists”
– Religious Satires
• Luther’s Revolution
– Attack on Indulgences
– Ninety-Five Theses
• Protestant Religious Ideas
– Priesthood of all Believers
– Sacraments
A Tide of Religious Reform
• The Reformed Church takes Root in Germany
– Peasants’ War
– Peace of Augsburg
• Bringing Reform to the States in Switzerland
– Zwingli
• Anabaptists: Radical Reformers
– Church VS. State
– Radical Reformers
A Tide of Religious Reform
• Calvinism and the Growing Middle Class
– Predestination
– Spread of Calvinism
• Henry VIII and the English Church
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Seeking a Male Heir
Henry’s Annulment
Church of England
Edward VI
“Bloody Mary”
Elizabeth I
Europe Divided
Chapter 11
• The spirit of reform also took hold with the
Catholic church, and in the process,
Catholicism itself was transformed and
reaffirmed.
• The Stirring of Reform in Spain
The Catholic Reformation
• The Society of Jesus
– Jesuits Established
– Baroque Art
• The Council of Trent, 1545-1563
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Reforming Corruption
Affirming Doctrine
El Greco
Scripture and Tradition
• Catholics on the Offense
– Spanish Inquisition
– Philip II
Chapter 11
• The religious wars that plagued Europe in
the sixteenth century also raised questions
of the relationship between states and
religions and the rights of rulers to decide
the faiths of their subjects.
Europe Erupts Again: A Century of
Religious Warfare, 1559-1648
• French Wars of Religion, 1562-1598
– Catholics vs. Huguenots
– Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
– Peace in France
• A “Council of Blood” in the Netherlands, 1566-1609
– Revolt Breaks Out
– Armada Against England
– Netherlands Split
Europe Erupts Again: A Century of
Religious Warfare, 1559-1648
• The Thirty Years’ War, 1618-1648
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War Breaks Out
Wallenstein
From Religion to Politics
Devastation
• Peace at Westphalia
– Political Results
Chapter 11
• The Protestant Reformation provoked
dramatic changes in attitudes toward
marriage, education, work, and
community.
Life After the Reformation
• New Definitions of Courtship and Marriage
– Courtship
• Forging a Link Between Education and Work
– Valuing literacy
– Valuing Work
• Anxiety and Spiritual Insecurity
– Charitable Institutions
– Decline of “magic”
• Searching for Scapegoats: The Hunt for Witches
– Devil Worship
– Persecutions
Chapter 12
• Drawn by the luxuries of the east,
Europeans set out to explore a world
distorted by their own imaginations and
lack of knowledge.
The World Imagined
• The Lure of the “East”
– Eastern Trade
• Imagined Peoples
• Ptolemy’s Map
– Ptolemy’s World View
Chapter 12
• Fame, fortune, and faith motivated the
explorations that led to the discovery of
the New World and European settlements
across the globe.
The World Discovered
• Fame, Fortune, and Faith: The Drive to Explore
• New Technologies and Travel
– Navigation Instruments
– Improved Ships
• The Portuguese Race for the East, 1450-1600
– Trading Outposts
The World Discovered
• Spain’s Westward Discoveries, 1492-1522
– Columbus’ Discoveries
– Treaty of Tordesillas
– Circumnavigating the Globe
• The Northern Europeans Join the Race, 1600-1650
– Settlements in Canada
– Dutch Colonies
– English Colonies
Chapter 12
• Early contacts between Europeans and
other peoples quickly deteriorated as
Europeans forced Amerindians, Africans,
and Asians to cooperate in the fulfillment
of European material and spiritual needs.
Confrontation of Cultures
• The Original Americans
– Agriculture
– Empire Building
– Aztec Empire
• Early Contacts
– North American Contacts
– Deteriorating Relations
• Conquest of the Great Empires, 1520-1550
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Corte’s Explorations
Confronting the Aztecs
Aztecs Conquered
Incas Conquered
Germs
Confrontation of Cultures
• Life and Death Under European Rule, 1550-1700
– Enforced Labor
– American Mortality
• The African Slave Trade
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Sugar Plantations
African Slaves
Impact in Africa
Slave Rebellions
• Gathering Souls in the New Lands
– Virgin of Guadalupe
– Missionaries
– Christianity Transformed
Chapter 12
• The Emergence of trade on a global scale
triggered revolutionary changes in
government policies, banking, work, and
attitudes.
The World Market and Commercial
Revolution
• High Prices and Profit: Trading on the World Stage
– Inflation
• The Rise of Commercial Capitalism
– Capitalist Ideas
– Joint-Stock Companies
• Mercantilism: Controlling the Balance of Trade
– Economic Nationalism
– Economic Regulations
• The Growth of Banking
– State Banks
The World Market and Commercial
Revolution
• The Danger of Overspending: Spain Learns a Lesson
• Redefining Work Roles
– Women’s Work
– Leaving the Work Force
• Piracy: Banditry on a World Scale, 1550-1700
– Early Privateers
– Pirate Life
Chapter 12
• Contact and commerce between Europe
and the rest of the world transformed both
European and American; and African and
Asian cultures as plants, goods, and ideas
were exchanged.
European Culture Spreads
• European Culture Spreads
– Plants
– Population Mixing
• European Culture Transformed
– New Foods
– New Stimulants
– Tobacco
• A New Worldview
– Scientific Observations
– Mercator Maps