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The Early Modern Period
of World History (1450-1750)
Unit 4: Global Interactions (Chapters 16-22)
Key Concepts:
4.1 – Globalizing networks of communication and
exchange
4.2 – New forms of social organization and modes of
production
4.3 – State consolidation and imperial expansion
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4.1 Globalizing Networks of Communication and
Exchange
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4.2 New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of
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4.3 State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion
Chapters in the Textbook:
Chapter 16 – The Transformation of the West
Chapter 17 – The West and the World
Chapter 18 – The Rise of Russia
Chapter 19 – Early Modern Latin America
Chapter 21 – Africa in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade
Chapter 20 – Muslim Empires
Chapter 22 – Asian Transitions
Developments, Events, and Processes of the
Early Modern Period
•Renaissance
•Reformation and split in the Western Church
•Scientific Revolution in the West
•Exploration, expansion of trade, Columbian exchange and Atlantic
System
•Absolutism and the expansion of both land and maritime empires
(Ming, Qing, Ottoman, Mughal, Russia, numerous European empires,
West-African gunpowder empires…)
•Colonization and the Development of the Atlantic System
•Commercial revolution, mercantilism, and continued development of
capitalism
•Enlightenment in Europe
•Growth of global population (even though indigenous American
populations were devastated by Old World diseases.)
Time-frame: The Transition to Modern Times
1300’s and 1400’s -
Europe begins to progress and
recover from problems of the
medieval period; trade and
commerce increase globally;
European contacts with Asia and
Africa increase; Ming dynasty restores
Confucian rule after the Mongol Yuan dynasty
1400’s and 1500’s – European Renaissance and first
maritime voyages of exploration;
China begins restricting foreign trade
and contact (after voyages of Zheng He);
Ottoman empire expands
1500’s and 1600’s – Protestant Reformation, Scientific
Revolution and Age of Exploration in Europe;
European Colonization begins; Japan restricts
foreign trade and contact; Qing dynasty begins in
China
1600’s & Early 1700’s – The Commercial Revolution; The European
Enlightenment; Ottoman empire in decline;
Height of Atlantic Slave Trade; development of
Latin America
The Renaissance
Characteristics of the Renaissance
•The Renaissance first began in the city-states of Northern Italy
in the 1300’s. Florence, Rome, and Venice became important
trade centers and developed a wealthy merchant class.
•Members of the wealthy merchant class often fostered and
sponsored the arts.
•Secular themes increased in intellectual thought and artistic
expression.
•Scholars focused on studying classic literature.
•Individualism developed as people began to celebrate individual
achievements; portraits and biographies became more popular.
•More emphasis was placed on enjoying and studying life on
Earth rather than dedicating life on Earth to God.
•New artistic techniques made subjects more lifelike.
•Classical styles in art and architecture were revived.
•Renaissance means “rebirth,”
and refers to the revival of Greek
and Roman styles of art,
architecture, thought, and
philosophy.
•The Renaissance spread to
northern Europe in the late
1400’s via Italian merchants and
traders.
•The Northern Renaissance began
later in part because of the
plague; recovery in northern
Europe was more prolonged than
in southern Europe.
•The Northern Renaissance often
focused on religious reform; the
Protestant Reformation began in
northern Europe in the 1500’s.
Italian Renaissance Art
Botticelli’s Birth of Venus
The Cathedral of Florence
Bacchus and Ariadne,
by the artist Titian. The
painting is about
Bacchus (the god of
wine) meeting a young
woman called Ariadne,
the daughter of King
Minos of Crete. They fall
in love at first sight and
eventually get married.
The Ninja Turtles
are named after
the “giants” of
Italian
Renaissance art.
Donatello di Nicolo Bardi
1386-1466
David
Mary Magdalene
“Maddalena”
Madonna and Child
Leonardo da Vinci
1452-1519
Mona Lisa
The Last Supper
Michelangelo Buonarroti
1475-1564
David
La Pieta
The Last
Judgment
St. George and the
Dragon, 1505
Cowper Madonna,
1504
Marriage of the Virgin
Raphael Santi
Self Portrait
1483-1520
The School of Athens
Two of the Greatest Works of
Italian Renaissance
Literature:
•The Divine Comedy by Dante
Alighieri (1265-1321)
•The Prince by Niccolo
Machiavelli (1469-1527)
There are
three parts to
the Divine
Comedy:
•Inferno
(represents
despair)
•Purgatorio
(represents hope)
•Paradisio
(represents
salvation)
Dante as the Poet of the Divine Comedy
Domenico di Michelino
1465-Cathedral of Florence
Of course,
Inferno,
or Hell, is
the most
famous
and
widely
read part.
Botticelli Painting of Dante’s Inferno
Machiavelli
(1469-1527)
The first modern political scientist
"We are much beholden to Machiavel and
others, that write what men do, and not what
they ought to do." (Francis Bacon, The
Advancement of Learning (1605), bk. II, xxi, 9.)
Machiavelli
Dante
Questions: Machiavelli and
The Prince
1. Describe Machiavelli’s background and education.
2. What were Machiavelli’s reasons for writing The
Prince?
3. What does the adjective machiavellian mean today?
4. What characteristics should a ruler have, according to
Machiavelli?
5. What is Machiavelli’s view of human nature?
6. Who does Machiavelli use as his example of an
effective and “esteemed” ruler, and why?
7. What is Machiavelli’s opinion on whether it is better
for a ruler to be feared or loved, and why?
8. What “cloak” does Machiavelli praise Ferdinand for
using?
Points for Debate:
•Qualities of an ideal ruler/leader
•Machiavelli’s view of human nature
•Is it better/more effective for a government or ruler to
be popular and loved by the people, or to be feared by
the people?
•Is it more effective to exhibit mercy or severity when
deciding punishment? Is Machiavelli correct in his view
that the death penalty (capital punishment) is a deterrent
for criminals?
•Do the ends justify the means?
•Would our government and society be served best by
embracing Machiavellianism or not?
*using examples from history gets your team an extra point!!
*using direct quotes from Machiavelli gets your team extra points too!!
Debate Reflection:
What are your thoughts and opinions
regarding Machiavellian philosophy and
ideology? If you could have chosen a
side in our debate, which side and why?
The Northern Renaissance
•Began in Flanders in the mid 15th century.
•Artists began using oil based paints to create strong
colors.
•Flemish painters often depicted scenes from daily life;
northern Renaissance art often reflects medieval life more
than the classical themes of Italian Renaissance art.
•The printing press was developed by German Johann
Gutenberg in the mid 15th century; this helped Renaissance
ideas spread more quickly – especially ideas having to do
with reforming the Catholic Church.
•Christian Humanism developed in northern Europe – an
intellectual current based on religious reform.
•The English Renaissance began after the War of the Roses.
Renaissance literature in England often focused on social
reform, for example Thomas More’s Utopia.
•The English Renaissance is best known for the plays
produced by William Shakespeare.
Western Civilization in the Early Modern Period – Chronology
1350-1450 – Italian Renaissance
1450-1600 – Northern Renaissance, age of the explorers
1500-1600 – Commercial Revolution, colonization begins,
Columbian Exchange begins
1517 – Protestant Reformation begins
1600’s – Scientific Revolution
1600’s and 1700’s – age of absolute monarchy
1700’s – Enlightenment
Albrecht Dürer
The Adoration of the Magi
Self Portrait
Pieter Bruegel
“Children’s Games”
Jan van Eyck
Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini
and his Wife
Peter Paul Rubens
Self-portrait with Isabella Brant
Madonna of the Basket
The Protestant
Reformation
•The Protestant Reformation officially began when Martin Luther posted
his 95 Theses in 1517, but people had been criticizing the church and
calling for reform since medieval times (recall John Wycliff of England
and Jan Hus of Bohemia.)
•Background on Martin Luther:
-was a German Catholic monk
-was most concerned with how to achieve salvation
-though he criticized many church practices, his main
problem was with the sale of indulgences
•Luther was excommunicated in 1521 and had to go into hiding for a
year, during which time he translated the Bible into German.
•Luther’s beliefs laid the foundations for the first protestant faith –
Lutheranism. The three basic ideas behind Lutheranism are:
1. Salvation by faith alone
2. The bible is the only true source of religious authority
3. The priesthood of all believers (rejection of church
hierarchy)
Selected Statements from the 95 Theses of Martin Luther
#5 “The Pope has neither the will nor the power to remit any penalties
beyond those imposed either at his own discretion or by canon law.”
#27 “There is no divine authority for preaching that the soul
flies out of purgatory immediately when money clinks in the bottom of
the chest.”
#32 “All those who believe themselves certain of their own salvation by
means of letters of indulgence, will be eternally damned, together with
their teachers.”
#33 “We should be most carefully on our guard against those who say
that the papal indulgences are an inestimable divine gift, and that man is
reconciled to God by them.”
#36 “Any Christian whatsoever, who is truly repentant, enjoys plenary
remission from penalty and guilt, and this is given him without letters of
indulgence.”
#43 “Christians should be taught that one who gives to the poor, or lends
to the needy, does a better action than if he purchases indulgences.”
#86 “Since the Pope’s income today is larger than that of the wealthiest
of wealthy men, why does he not build this one church of St. Peter with
his own money, rather than with the money of indigent believers?”
Effects of Lutheranism:
•The Peasants’ Revolt of 1524
•Loss of support for the Catholic
Church for both religious and
political reasons, especially in
northern Europe
•Religious wars
•The Peace of Augsburg in 1555
•The creation of new protestant
sects, such as the Calvinists and
Anabaptists
•The Catholic Reformation
(a.k.a. the Counter
Reformation)
•Increase in anti-Semitism-pressures to convert, and
restrictions on Jews increased
The Church doors
in Wittenberg,
Germany, on
which Luther
posted The 95
Theses.
The Catholic Reformation
•Began in the mid 16th century (1530’s –
1540’s) and was led by Pope Paul III.
•The goals of the Catholic Reformation were to
re-affirm Catholic doctrine and stop the spread
of Protestantism.
•The Council of Trent first convened in 1545,
and met sporadically for the next 20 years.
-took action to end corruption in the
Church
-opened schools to better educate the
clergy
•The Inquisition was strengthened.
• The Index of Forbidden Books was established.
•New religious orders formed (such as the
Jesuits.)
•Both the Protestant and Catholic Reformations
led to widespread persecution and violence.
Another by-product was the increase in
executions of “witches.”
Pope Paul III
England also
breaks away
from the
Catholic
Church in the
1500’s…
Henry VIII
The Wives of Henry VIII
The Children of Henry VIII – the Tudor
Monarchs
Edward VI
Mary I
Elizabeth I
Document Activity: The Individual in the Renaissance
and Reformation
(Record in your notebook)
1. Go through each document and analyze the following:
a. What does the document reveal about changing
attitudes towards the individual?
b. What is the POV of the document?
2. Record your answers for Exercise 1
3. Record your answers for Exercise 4
4. Record your answers for Exercise 5
5. Record your answer for Exercise 6
6. Discuss your analyses with a partner or two.
The Scientific
Revolution
The Scientific Revolution of the 17th
and early 18th century was made
possible by the ideas and methods of
observation and research developed
during the late medieval and
Renaissance periods.
•The Scientific method was developed
•A heliocentric (Copernican) view of the
universe was (slowly) accepted
•Alchemists made discoveries in chemistry Newton himself was into alchemy!!
• Newton developed important principles of
physics and calculus
•Advancements in medicine and a greater
understanding of the human body was
achieved
“If I have seen
further it is
because I have
stood on the
shoulders of
giants.”
-Isaac Newton
1642-1727
The Ptolemaic
view of the
universe,
which was
challenged by
Copernicus
Galileo: Astronomer,
physicist, Mathematician
“The laws of Nature are written
in the language of mathematics
... the symbols are triangles,
circles and other geometrical
figures, without whose help it is
impossible to comprehend a
single word.”
“I do not feel obliged to believe
that the same God who endowed
us with sense, reason, and
intellect intended us to forgo
their use.”
The First Global Era
Chinese Map of the World – Late Ming Dynasty
•The Portuguese
were the
pioneers of
European
exploration.
“Prince Henry
the Navigator”
sponsored the
building of new
ships for
exploration.
Fierce competition led to disputed claims
for land and trade routes.
Christopher Columbus
The Columbus
Monument in NYC.
The Caribbean
The arrival of Europeans proved disastrous for
the people of the Caribbean. Within 20 years, it is
estimated that native population of Hispaniola
dropped from one million to 30,000.
The Spaniards settled first on the island of
Hispaniola and later moved on to Cuba, Puerto
Rico, and Jamaica, forcing the Tainos to mine for
gold. The local population quickly declined as a
result of mistreatment, flight, disruption of
agriculture, and disease. African slaves were
imported as early as 1502 to replace the
dwindling labor supply.
As mining decreased, the Spanish introduced
livestock, crops, and fruit trees. Cattle ranching
and sugarcane became important and a stable
Spanish society took hold in the large islands.
The Caribbean played a crucial role as a staging
ground for further exploration and conquest, and
as a strategic defensive point for the Spanish
empire.
Carib Indians
Taino Indians
Article Questions:
A Taste of Adventure
1. For thousands of years, what was the “secret of the spice trade?”
2. Around the year 40 C.E., what actions did the Romans take to end
the Arab monopoly of the spice market?
3. Why did Europeans feel disdain for the Venetians (people of
Venice)?
4. Before the Dutch formed the VOC in 1602, what two European
countries were the leading rivals in the spice trade?
5. What was the VOC, what spices was the VOC primarily interested
in, and why does the article refer to the VOC as “the most vicious
robber baron of them all?”
Define the following terms from the article:
Muslim curtain –
Treaty of Tordesillas –
Guns, Germs, and Steel
Episode 2: Conquest
Explain six reasons, according to Jared
Diamond, why the Spanish were able to
defeat, conquer, and subjugate the Inca of
Peru. In other words, when the “Old
World” met the “New World,” why were
New World civilizations conquered
relatively easily?
Magellan’s crew was first to circumnavigate the globe.
Magellan claimed the Philippines for the Spanish crown, but then
overstayed his welcome and was killed by Filipino
soldiers….Magellan’s royal charter from the Spanish monarchs
stated that “…should you discover more than six new lands you
shall keep particular rights to any two of them, your sons and heirs
in perpetuity.” Magellan had been planning to make the Philippines
one of his personal territories.
The Commercial Revolution
The economic effects of global contact and commerce include:
1. Inflation – as gold and silver flowed into markets
2. Tariffs were created to protect national industries and profitswhich further fostered the development of the nation state –
and nationalism.
3. Joint stock companies formed to finance overseas expeditions –
stockholders shared profits and risks of overseas ventures.
Examples: Dutch East Indies Co., British East India Co., French
East India Co.
4. Mercantilism became the main economic policy:
•
•
•
A nation’s wealth is measured in gold and silver bullion
A favorable balance of trade is needed (export more than
import)
Colonies are needed to extract raw materials, and provide
new markets to sell manufactured goods
5. Growth of the merchant class (beginnings of the rise of the
middle class in Europe)
6. Conflict among the European powers increased (ex. would be
the Seven Years War)
Case Study: The Dutch East Indies
Company (V.O.C.)
•Had a monopoly on trade with Africa
and the East Indies (Spice Islands)
•The Dutch East India Company had the
following powers, as recognized by the
government of the Netherlands:
1. Declare war
2. Seize foreign ships
3. Coin money
4. Establish colonies
•In return, the Dutch government
received revenue, usually in the form of
taxes, from the company.
•Joint-Stock companies were often
political as well as economic entities.
The ventures of joint-stock companies
such as the V.O.C., the British east India
Co., The Royal African CO., etc. were
often protected by national navies.
Chapter 18 Vocab
Early Modern Russia
1. Cossacks
2. Ural Mountains
3. Siberia
4. “Time of Troubles”
5. Romanov dynasty
6. Peter I
7. Boyars
8. Catherine the Great
9. Pugachev Rebellion
10. Partition of Poland
11. Obrok
12. Radishev
Identification: Chapters 19 and 21
1. Ferdinand and Isabella
17. Tupac Amaru
2. Encomiendas
18. El Mina
3. Caribs
19. Gold Coast
4. Bartolomé de Las Casas
20. Nzinga Mvemba
5. Coronado
21. Asante
6. Mita
22. Dahomey
7. Potosí
23. Royal African Co.
8. Huancavelica
24. triangular trade
9. Haciendas
25. Benin
10. Galleons
11. Viceroys
12. Audiencias
13. Cabral
14. Paulistas
15. Riode Janeiro
16. Sociedad de castas
The Atlantic System, sometimes called
“triangular trade,” resulted in one of world
history’s massive migrations, though it
was a forced migration. Millions of
Africans were brought to the Americas in
the infamous “Middle Passage.”
The diaspora of African peoples as a
result of the slave trade
Missionary
settlements
were founded
and Catholic
influence
spread.
Conquistadors
conquered
native groups.
A strict social
order developed;
the ordered
hierarchy helped
the Spanish
maintain control
over native and
African groups.
The Spanish
Empire in the
Americas
Labor intensive crops
such as sugar cane
were cultivated; this
along with mining
increased the need for
slave labor.
Royal officials
(viceroys) ruled
provinces.
Strict control of
trade was
maintained; trade
within the
colonies or with
other European
powers was
forbidden.
Quebec was
the first French
settlement in
the Americas,
launched by
Louis XIV
Fur traders and
explorers were often
aided by Native
Americans in the
harsh conditions of
northern North
America.
New France
Fur traders and
explorers claimed
Canada for France,
as well as a vast
piece of territory
stretching from the
Great Lakes to the
Gulf of Mexico.
Fur trapping
and fishing
were main
economic
activities.
About 55,000
settlers lived in
and around
Quebec colony
by 1755
Earliest settlements:
Jamestown, VA (1607) and
Plymouth, MASS (1620)
The Thirteen
English
Colonies
European population was greater
than in the Spanish or French
colonies; English colonists also had
a greater degree of selfgovernment than other colonists.
They also had more independent
economic activities than the highly
controlled Spanish colonies.
Geographic conditions
shaped the development
of the colonies:
New England Colonies –
farming, fishing; Puritan
influence
Middle Colonies – rich
farmland; commercial
centers; religious havens
for persecuted groups
Southern Colonies –
plantation agriculture
developed - this type of
agriculture is labor
intensive.
•The French and Indian War (a.k.a. Seven Years’ War) 1754 –
1763
1. In North America, French settlers and various
Native American tribes fought against British
settlers and the Iroquois.
2. Fought in North America, Europe, and India
(British and French East India Companies were
competing for control in the Indian Ocean trade
network)
3. The British won. The Treaty of Paris in 1763 gave
England control of most of North America,
including Canada and all land east of the
Mississippi River. France maintained control of a
few Caribbean Islands, such as Haiti.
*Some historians say this was really the first world war. It
was fought on three continents, and at sea.
Think about the changes over time that occurred
from 1492 – 1750, regarding global trade and
interaction, wealth, power, and the movement of
people. Create a chart that lists changes over time
(political, social, economic, technological) in
different regions of the world. What regions should
be included on our chart?
Global Changes over Time
1450-1750
Europe
P
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t
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a
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E
c
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S
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Technology
and
intellectual
changes
Africa
Americas
South Asia
Mid East
Southeast
Asia
East Asia