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Renaissance Art
Painting, Sculpture
&
Architecture
MIDDLE AGES ARCHITECTURE
Middle Ages Painting
Middle Age Sculpture
MIDDLE AGES ART:
Cimabue- Madonna
•BYZANTINE INFLUENCE
•ICONS, RELIGIOUS
•NO PERSPECTIVE
•NOT REALISTIC
•NO INTERACTION WITH
OBSERVER
•NOT AN ATTEMPT TO DRAW
EMOTION
•CHILD JESUS: ADULT
•LEFT SIDE: DARK
•RIGHT SIDE: LIGHT
•STRONG SYMBOLISM
•MOUNTAINS
•EGG- 4 ELEMENTS OF
THE UNIVERSE
RENAISSANCE ART
• EARLY INFLUENCES AND PRECURSORS
– CIMABUE
• MADONNAS- MORE MIDDLE AGE ART
• OLIVE SKINNED DEPICTIONS FOLLOWING MIDDLE AGES
TRADITIONS
– GIOTTO
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SOMETIMES CONSIDERED FIRST RENAISSANCE PAINTER
MORE HUMAN, NATURAL
PERSPECTIVE IS ACCORDING TO EYE, NOT MATH
HUMAN FIGURES HAVE “TACTILE VALUES”- USED LIGHT
AND SHAGDE TO 3D EFFECT
•GIOTTO: FATHER OF
HUMANISM IN PAINTING
•Early Renaissance art- beginning to
look more natural
•Still not a realistic view
Madonna Enthroned-Giotto
CREATING A NEW ATTITUDE TOWARD ART
FROM 1400s- 1500s
• PAINTING: MASACCIO
• SCULPTURE: DONATELLO
• ARCHITECTURE: BRUNELLESCHI
MASACCIO
•Florentine
•Frescoes on the Brancacci Chapel of the Carmine
•Early master of human form, emotion
•Results of careful observation of human anatomy
•Shows skeletal frame and muscle
•Use of perspective
Peter Baptizing the Neophytes
Expulsion from Paradise
Use of perspective to depict spatial reality
LINEAR PERSPECTIVE
•CREATED THROUGH CAREFUL OBSERVATION OF
NATURE, INCLUDING ANATOMICAL DISSECTIONS
•GOAL WAS TO RECREATE A 3-DIMENSIONAL
PHYSICAL REALITY ON A 2-DIMENSIONAL SURFACE.
THIS REQUIRED RELATING MATHEMATICS TO ART
•THE FIRST TO CARRY OUT A SERIES OF OPTICAL
EXPERIMENTS THAT LED TO A MATHEMATICAL
PERSPECTIVE WAS THE FLORENTINE ARCHITECT
AND ENGINEER FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI.
LORENZO GHIBERTI
• “Gates of Paradise”
• Old Testament Stories
• Ghiberti won a
competition for the
right to sculpt, create
the Bronze doors of
the Florence Baptistry
• Use of perspective
• Defeated Brunelleschi
“Gates of
Paradise”
Doors of
St. John
the Baptist
Ghiberti
BRUNELLESCHI WINS IN THE END
• Medicis of Florence looking to “redeem
themselves spiritually” by giving wealth acquired
through banking back to city/church.
• Medicis strong sense of civic duty, patronage, and
political power- trying to keep popular grasp on
Florence’s political scene.
• Popes and powerful families looking to become
patrons to prove their worthiness and “loyalty to
God”
• Medicis hired Brunelleschi to complete the long
unfinished Cathedral Dome of Florence (he won a
contest)- a strong symbol of Medici wealth, power,
and success.
• Revolutionized architecture
“Collonnade of the Annunciation”
-use of mathematical perspective
-fools the eye
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
• RETURNED TO
CLASSICAL FORMS:
DOMES, CAPITALS,
ARCHES,
ROMANESQUE
• MIDDLE AGES WAS
MORE GOTHIC
BRAMANTE’S TEMPIETTO
Site of
crucifixion
of St. Peter
FURTHERING PERSPECTIVE
• SEVERAL ARTISTS BECAME OBSESSED WITH THE
NEW TRIUMPHS PERSPECTIVE HAD BROUGHT
– PIERO DELLA FRANCESCA
– PAOLO UCCELLO
– FRA ANGELICO
– LORENZO GHIBERTI
– LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI
Piero della Francesca
• Became a master of
mathematical perspective
• Paintings based on
religious teachings coupled
with perspective
• St. Anthony’s Polyptich in
Peruggia
• Last 14 years painted
nothing and devoted
studies to mathematics
Vasari claims Uccello loved linear perspective more than his wife!
Leon Battista Alberti
• Published written work on
perspective
• Knowledge of perspective
spread and became basic
aspect of art
• Artists began to become
consumed by perspective
and was the basis of their
philosophy
Botticelli: Adoration of the Magi
BOTTICELLI- TEMPTATION
BOTTICELLI- KORAH
BOTTICELLI-PRIMAVERA
GIOVANNI BELLINI
•Master of light
•Teacher of Titian,
other famous artists
•St. Francis in the
Desert
Bellini’s portrait
of the elected rule
of Venice,
“The Doge”
Famous for use of
light and attention to
detail
Venice famous for its
portraits
Andrea Mantegna
•Mantegna represents
the transition from
Early Renaissance to
High Renaissance
•North Italy’s greatest
Italian artist
•St. James Led to His
Execution (Destroyed
1944)
DONATELLO’S
DAVID
•15th Century
•Considered a
founder of the
Renaissance
•First nude since
antiquity
•More natural
•Counterpoise
•Friend and
contemporary of
Brunelleschiboth journeyed
to Romestudying
classical relics
HIGH RENAISSANCE ARTISTS
MICHELANGELO
LEONARDO DA VINCI
RAPHAEL
MICHELANGELO
PIETA
MOSES
MICHELANGELO
DAVID
MICHELANGELO: SKETCHES/ STUDY OF ANATOMY
Use of Counterpoise
MICHELANGELO’S SISTINE CHAPEL
http://www.historylink101.com/lessons/art_history_lessons/ma/renissance_main_slide.htm
LEONARDO DA VINCI
THE LAST SUPPER
MONA LISA
VARIOUS SKETCHES OF
DA VINCI
SELF PORTRAIT
ANATOMICAL SKETCHES
LEONARDO DA VINCI
VITRUVIAN MAN
•PRECISE MEASUREMENTS
•MATHEMATICAL
RELATIONSHIPS, SPATIAL
QUALITY
•COMBINES ANATOMY &
ARCHITECTURE
RAPHAEL
SCHOOL OF ATHENS: CLASSICALISM, HUMANISM, PERSPECTIVE
MORE RAPHAEL…
CHANGE IN ART/ARCHITECTURE
MIDDLE AGES
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GOTHIC, CATHEDRALS
FLYING BUTTRESSES
DARK
NO USE OF PERSPECTIVE
NO EMOTION
NOT REALISTIC
NO INDIVIDUAL PORTRAITS
STAINED GLASS INSTEAD OF
WALL PAINTINGS or FRESCOES
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ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
SYMMETRY/BALANCE
USE OF PERSPECTIVE
NATURAL LOOKING
USE OF CLASSICALISM
EMOTIONS
90% RELIGIOUS THEMES
FRESCOES
INDIVIDUALISM
COUNTERPOISE
NORTHERN RENAISSANCE
• NORTHERN EUROPEAN ART WAS
TRADITIONALLY GOTHIC
• INFLUENCED BY THE TECHNICAL
ADVANCEMENTS OF ITALIAN
RENAISSANCE
• NORTHERN RENAISSANCE ARTISTS
WERE LESS CONCERNED WITH
STUDIES OF ANATOMY AND LINEAR
PERSPECTIVE
• NORTHERN ARTISTS WERE
OBSESSED WITH EXQUISITE DETAIL
• FAMOUS EARLY
ARTISTS OF THE
NORTHERN
RENAISSANCE:
– JAN VAN EYCK
– ROBERT CAMPIN
– ROGIER VAN DER
WEYDEN
NORTHERN RENAISSANCE
• TOOK GREAT CARE IN
• MOST INFLUENTIAL SCHOOL
DEPICTING EACH OBJECT OF ART CENTERED IN
IN PAINTING- EVEN
FLANDERS
BACKGROUND
• USE OF OIL PAINT ALLOWED
• PAINTED ON WOOD- IN
VARIETY OF COLORS AND FINE
DARK CATHEDRALS
DETAILS- OIL WOULD SPREAD
TO ITALY
JAN VAN EYCK:
Giovanni Arnolfini and
His Bride, 1434
• SYMBOLISM OF
PAINTING AND
REFLECTION?
– MEMORIAL FOR THE
WIFE?
– LEGAL DOCUMENT OF
A MARRIAGE?
Robert Campin
Believed to be “Master of Flémalle”
Rogier van der Weyden
Believed to be the student of Robert Campin
Masters of Northern Renaissance
• As Italy moved into the High RenaissanceNorthern artists achieved feats equal to
those of Italy
• These artists included
– Albrecht Durer
– Hieronymus “Jerome” Bosch
– Peter Brueghel
– Hans Holbein
ALBRECHT DURER
MASTER ENGRAVER, PAINTER
The Revelation of St John:
4. The Four Riders of the
Apocalypse
1497-98 Woodcut
Feast of the Rose Garlands, 1506
ALBRECHT DURER: Adoration of the Magi
Hieronymous “Jerome” Bosch
Garden of Earthly Delights, triptych , 1505-1510
Garden of Eden
Centerpiece
Hell
Peter Brueghel the Elder
Children’s Games
Hans Holbein, the younger
• Famous for realistic portraits, mostly of the
court of King Henry VIII
Sir Thomas More
Henry VIII
COMPARING ART OF NORTHERN &
ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
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ITALIAN
NORTHERN
• USED FRESCOES, LATER OIL
USED OIL ON WOOD
• MORE CLASSICAL
MORE CHRISTIAN
HUMANISM
HUMANISM
MORE ATTENTION TO • MORE ATTENTION TO
LINEAR PERSPECTIVE,
FINE DETAIL
ANATOMICAL STUDIES
USUALLY BRIGHTER TO
STAND OUT IN DARK
CHURCHES
Italian vs. Northern Renaissance
Italian Renaissance
Northern Renaissance
Subject
matter:
Classical mythology, religious scenes.
Domestic interiors, portraits, religious
scenes.
Style:
Symmetrical, balanced, good sense
Attention to surface detail, naturalism.
of mass, linear perspective.
Known for:
Figures with mass and volume,
knowledge of underlying anatomy.
Minute surface detail.
Media:
Fresco, tempera, oil.
Oil on panel.
Example:
Michelangelo, Creation of Adam
from the Sistine Chapel ceiling.
Jan van Eyck, Arnolfini Wedding
Portrait.