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Fig. 16.1
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Pharynx
(throat)
Oral cavity
(mouth)
Salivary
glands
Esophagus
Stomach
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder
Appendix
Rectum
Anus
Small
intestine
Large
intestine
Fig. 16.22
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Food
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Lipids
Fatty
acids
Monoglycerides
Proteins
Amino
acids
Fig. 16.23
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Mouth
(salivary glands)
Salivary amylase
Polysaccharides, Disaccharides
Stomach
Pepsin
Polypeptides
Duodenum
(pancreas, liver)
Bile salts
(liver)
Pancreatic amylase
Lipase
(pancreas)
Trypsin, chymotrypsin,
carboxypeptidase
(pancreas)
Disaccharides
Peptides
Epithelium of
small intestine
Disaccharidases
Peptidases
Monosaccharides
Fatty acids
Monoglycerides
Amino acids
Fig. 16.1
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Pharynx
(throat)
Oral cavity
(mouth)
Salivary
glands
Esophagus
Stomach
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder
Appendix
Rectum
Anus
Small
intestine
Large
intestine
Fig. 16.2
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Blood vessels
Enteric
plexus
Myenteric
plexus
Lymphatic vessel
Submucosal
plexus
Nerve
Gland in
submucosa
Mesentery
Ducts from
glands
Lymphatic
nodule
Intestinal
gland
Mucosa
(mucous
membrane)
Epithelium
Lamina
propria
Muscularis
mucosae
Submucosa
Muscularis
Circular
muscle
layer
Longitudinal
muscle
layer
Serosa
(serous
membrane;
visceral
peritoneum)
Connective
tissue
layer
Simple
squamous
epithelium
Table 7.2
Table 4.10b
Fig. 16.9
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Digestive tract
Bolus
1
1 A wave of smooth muscle relaxation moves
ahead of the bolus, allowing the digestive
tract to expand.
2 A wave of contraction of the smooth muscle
behind the bolus propels it through the
digestive tract.
Wave of
relaxation
Bolus
moves.
2
Wave of
contraction
Fig. 16.15
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1 A secretion introduced into the
digestive tract or into food within
the tract begins in one location.
Secretion or food
1
2 Segments of the digestive tract
alternate between contraction
and relaxation.
2
3 Material (brown) in the intestine is
spread out in both directions from
the site of introduction.
3
4
4 The secretion or food is spread out
in the digestive tract and becomes more
diffuse (lighter color) through time.
Contraction waves
Contraction waves
Fig. 16.2
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Blood vessels
Enteric
plexus
Myenteric
plexus
Lymphatic vessel
Submucosal
plexus
Nerve
Gland in
submucosa
Mesentery
Ducts from
glands
Lymphatic
nodule
Intestinal
gland
Mucosa
(mucous
membrane)
Epithelium
Lamina
propria
Muscularis
mucosae
Submucosa
Muscularis
Circular
muscle
layer
Longitudinal
muscle
layer
Serosa
(serous
membrane;
visceral
peritoneum)
Connective
tissue
layer
Simple
squamous
epithelium
Fig. 16.4
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Upper lip
Gingiva covering the
maxillary alveolar
process
Hard palate
Soft palate
Uvula
Cheek
Tongue
Molars
Frenulum of the tongue
Premolars
Canine
Openings of the
submandibular ducts
Gingiva covering the
mandibular alveolar
process
Incisors
Lower lip
Fig. 16.7
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Parotid duct
Buccinator
muscle
Mucous membrane
(cut)
Ducts of the
sublingual gland
Parotid
gland
Masseter
muscle
Sublingual
gland
Submandibular
duct
Submandibular
gland
Fig. 16.8-1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Tongue
Hard palate
Soft palate
1
Bolus
Oropharynx
1 During the voluntary phase, a bolus of food
(yellow) is pushed by the tongue against the
hard and soft palates and posteriorly toward
the oropharynx (blue arrow indicates tongue
movement; black arrow indicates movement
of the bolus). Tan: bone; purple: cartilage;
red: muscle.
Fig. 16.8-2
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Tongue
Hard palate
Soft palate
Nasopharynx
1
2
Bolus
Soft palate
Superior pharyngeal
constrictor
Middle pharyngeal
constrictor
Epiglottis
Oropharynx
Larynx
Inferior pharyngeal
constrictor
Upper esophageal
sphincter
Esophagus
1 During the voluntary phase, a bolus of food
(yellow) is pushed by the tongue against the
hard and soft palates and posteriorly toward
the oropharynx (blue arrow indicates tongue
movement; black arrow indicates movement
of the bolus). Tan: bone; purple: cartilage;
red: muscle.
2 During the pharyngeal phase, the soft
palate is elevated, closing off the
nasopharynx. The pharynx and larynx are
elevated (blue arrows indicate muscle
movement; green arrow indicates
elevation of the larynx).
Fig. 16.8-3
Tongue
Hard palate
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Soft palate
Nasopharynx
1
Soft palate
2
Superior pharyngeal
constrictor
Middle pharyngeal
constrictor
Bolus
Epiglottis
Oropharynx
Inferior pharyngeal
constrictor
Larynx
Upper esophageal
sphincter
Esophagus
1
2
During the voluntary phase, a bolus of food
(yellow) is pushed by the tongue against the
hard and soft palates and posteriorly toward
the oropharynx (blue arrow indicates tongue
movement; black arrow indicates movement
of the bolus). Tan: bone; purple: cartilage;
red: muscle.
During the pharyngeal phase, the soft
palate is elevated, closing off the
nasopharynx. The pharynx and larynx are
elevated (blue arrows indicate muscle
movement; green arrow indicates
elevation of the larynx).
3
3
Epiglottis
Superior
pharyngeal
constrictor
Middle
pharyngeal
constrictor
Vestibular fold
Vocal fold
3 Successive constriction of the pharyngeal constrictors from superior to inferior (blue arrows)
forces the bolus through the pharynx and into the esophagus. As this occurs, the vestibular and
vocal folds expand medially to close the passage of the larynx. The epiglottis (green arrow) is
bent down over the opening of the larynx largely by the force of the bolus pressing against it.
Opening of larynx
Fig. 16.8
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Tongue
Hard palate
Soft palate
Nasopharynx
1
2
Soft palate
Superior pharyngeal
constrictor
Middle pharyngeal
constrictor
Bolus
Epiglottis
Oropharynx
Inferior pharyngeal
constrictor
Larynx
Upper esophageal
sphincter
Esophagus
1 During the voluntary phase, a bolus of food
(yellow) is pushed by the tongue against the
hard and soft palates and posteriorly toward
the oropharynx (blue arrow indicates tongue
movement; black arrow indicates movement
of the bolus). Tan: bone; purple: cartilage;
red: muscle.
2 During the pharyngeal phase, the soft
palate is elevated, closing off the
nasopharynx. The pharynx and larynx are
elevated (blue arrows indicate muscle
movement; green arrow indicates
elevation of the larynx).
3
3
Epiglottis
Middle
pharyngeal
constrictor
Superior
pharyngeal
constrictor
Opening of larynx
Vestibular fold
Vocal fold
3 Successive constriction of the pharyngeal constrictors from superior to inferior (blue arrows)
forces the bolus through the pharynx and into the esophagus. As this occurs, the vestibular and
vocal folds expand medially to close the passage of the larynx. The epiglottis (green arrow) is
bent down over the opening of the larynx largely by the force of the bolus pressing against it.
Inferior pharyngeal
constrictor
Upper esophageal
sphincter
4
Esophagus
4
As the inferior pharyngeal constrictor
contracts, the upper esophageal sphincter
relaxes (outwardly directed blue arrows),
allowing the bolus to enter the esophagus.
5
Esophagus
5 During the esophageal phase, the bolus is
moved by peristaltic contractions of the
esophagus toward the stomach (inwardly
directed blue arrows).
Fig. 16.10
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Esophagus
Fundus
Location of lower
esophageal sphincter
Body
Gastroesophageal opening
Serosa
Cardiac part
Longitudinal muscle layer
Circular muscle layer
Muscularis
Oblique muscle layer
Pyloric
part
Pyloric sphincter
Submucosa
Pyloric orifice
Mucosa
Pyloric canal
Pyloric antrum
Duodenum
Rugae
Gastric
pit
Surface
mucous
cell
Lamina
propria
Gastric
glands
Goblet
cell
Mucous
neck cells
Parietal
cells
Mucosa
Gastric pit
Surface
mucous
cell
Mucous
neck cell
Chief
cells
Endocrine
cells
Submucosa
Blood vessels
Oblique muscle
layer
Muscularis
Circular muscle
layer
Longitudinal
muscle layer
Connective
tissue layer
Simple
squamous
epithelium
Serosa
(visceral
peritoneum)
©Victor Eroschenko
LM 30x
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 16.11
Cephalic Phase
1 The taste, smell, or thought of food or tactile
sensations of food in the mouth stimulate the
medulla oblongata (green arrows).
Taste, smell, or thought of food
(chemoreceptors)
2 Vagus nerves carry parasympathetic action
potentials to the stomach (pink arrow), where
enteric plexus neurons are activated.
1
Tactile sensation in mouth
Hypothalamus
3 Postganglionic neurons stimulate secretion by
parietal and chief cells and stimulate gastrin and
histamine secretion by endocrine cells.
4 Gastrin is carried through the circulation back to the
stomach (purple arrow), where, along with
histamine, it stimulates secretion.
Medulla oblongata
Secretions
stimulated
4
Vagus nerves
2
3
(a)
Histamine
Gastrin
Circulation
Stomach
Gastric Phase
1 Distention of the stomach stimulates
mechanoreceptors (stretch receptors) and activates
a parasympathetic reflex. Action potentials
generated by the mechanoreceptors are carried by
the vagus nerves to the medulla oblongata (green
arrow).
2 The medulla oblongata increases action potentials
in the vagus nerves that stimulate secretions by
parietal and chief cells and stimulate gastrin and
histamine secretion by endocrine cells (pink arrow).
Vagus nerves
Medulla
oblongata
1
Secretions
stimulated
Secretions
stimulated
3 Distention of the stomach also activates local
reflexes that increase stomach secretions (orange
arrow).
2
4
Distention
3
4 Gastrin is carried through the circulation back to the
stomach (purple arrow), where, along with
histamine, it stimulates secretion.
Histamine
Gastrin
Circulation
(b)
Stomach
Intestinal Phase
1 Chyme in the duodenum with a pH less than 2 or
containing fat digestion products (lipids) inhibits
gastric secretions by three mechanisms (2–4).
2 Chemoreceptors in the duodenum are stimulated
by H+ (low pH) or lipids. Action potentials generated
by the chemoreceptors are carried by the vagus
nerves to the medulla oblongata (green arrow),
where they inhibit parasympathetic action potentials
(pink arrow), thereby decreasing gastric secretions.
3 Local reflexes activated by H+ or lipids also inhibit
gastric secretion (orange arrows).
4 Secretin and cholecystokinin produced by the
duodenum (brown arrows) decrease gastric
secretions in the stomach.
Vagus
nerves
Medulla oblongata
Decreased
gastric
secretions
Vagus
nerves
Secretions
inhibited
4
2
1
pH <2
or lipids
Local
reflexes
3
Circulation
(c)
Secretin and cholecystokinin
Fig. 16.12
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1 A mixing wave initiated in the body
of the stomach progresses toward
the pyloric sphincter (pink arrows
directed inward).
Esophagus
Mixing
wave
2 The more fluid part of the chyme
is pushed toward the pyloric
sphincter (blue arrows), whereas
the more solid center of the chyme
squeezes past the peristaltic
constriction back toward the body
of the stomach (orange arrow).
Pyloric
sphincter
Chyme
1
Body of
stomach
Duodenum
2
3 Peristaltic waves (purple
arrows) move in the same
direction and in the same way as
the mixing waves but are stronger.
Pyloric
region
More fluid
chyme
4 Again, the more fluid part of the
chyme is pushed toward the
pyloric region (blue arrows),
whereas the more solid center of
the chyme squeezes past the
peristaltic constriction back
toward the body of the stomach
(orange arrow).
5 Peristaltic contractions force a
few milliliters of the most fluid
chyme through the pyloric opening
into the duodenum (small red arrows).
Most of the chyme, including the more
solid portion, is forced back toward
the body of the stomach for further
mixing (yellow arrow).
3
4
5
More solid
chyme
Fig. 16.13
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Stomach
Duodenum
Ascending
colon
Jejunum
Mesentery
Ileocecal
junction
Ileum
Cecum
Appendix
Fig. 16.14
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Villi
Blood capillary
network
Lacteal
Epithelium
Circular folds
Epithelium
Intestinal
gland
Submucosa
Circular muscle
Longitudinal muscle
Serosa
(a)
(b)
Duodenal
gland
Top of
circular fold
Microvilli of epithelial cell surface
Villus
Epithelial
cell
Capillary
(blood)
Lacteal
(lymph)
(d)
(c)
Fig. 16.15
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1 A secretion introduced into the
digestive tract or into food within
the tract begins in one location.
Secretion or food
1
2 Segments of the digestive tract
alternate between contraction
and relaxation.
2
3 Material (brown) in the intestine is
spread out in both directions from
the site of introduction.
3
4
4 The secretion or food is spread out
in the digestive tract and becomes more
diffuse (lighter color) through time.
Contraction waves
Contraction waves
Fig. 16.9
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Digestive tract
Bolus
1
1 A wave of smooth muscle relaxation moves
ahead of the bolus, allowing the digestive
tract to expand.
2 A wave of contraction of the smooth muscle
behind the bolus propels it through the
digestive tract.
Wave of
relaxation
Bolus
moves.
2
Wave of
contraction
Fig. 16.21
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Transverse colon
Left colic flexure
Right colic flexure
Ascending
colon
Descending colon
Ileum
Teniae coli
Ileocecal
valve
Cecum
Sigmoid colon
Appendix
Rectum
(a)
Anal canal
Internal anal sphincter
External anal sphincter (b)
©CNRI/SPL/Science Source
Fig. 16.16
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Inferior vena cava
Right lobe
Left lobe
Falciform
ligament
Round ligament
Liver
Gallbladder
(a)
Gallbladder
Quadrate lobe
Right lobe
Hepatic ducts
Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery
Caudate lobe
Left lobe
Portal
triad
Lesser
omentum
Inferior vena cava
(b)
To hepatic vein and
inferior vena cava
Liver lobule
Hepatic cords
Central vein
Hepatic
phagocytic cells
Bile canaliculi
Hepatic duct
Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery
Hepatocyte
To common bile duct
Hepatic
sinusoid
From aorta
(c)
From digestive tract
Portal triad
Fig. 13.19
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Inferior vena cava
Hepatic veins
Liver
Gallbladder
Cystic
vein
Hepatic
portal vein
Stomach
Gastric veins
Gastroomental veins
Spleen
Splenic vein with
pancreatic branches
Tail of pancreas
Duodenum
Head of pancreas
Superior
mesenteric vein
Ascending colon
Splenic vein
Gastroomental veins
Inferior mesenteric vein
Descending colon
Small intestine
Appendix
Fig. 16.17
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1 The hepatic ducts from the liver lobes
combine to form the common hepatic
duct.
Liver
Gallbladder
Hepatic ducts
1
2 The common hepatic duct combines
with the cystic duct from the gallbladder
to form the common bile duct.
Common
hepatic duct
Spleen
Cystic duct
Hepatic portalvein
2
Common bile duct
3 The common bile duct joins the
pancreatic duct.
Accessory pancreatic
duct
4
4 The combined duct empties into the
duodenum at the duodenal papilla.
5 Pancreatic secretions may also enter
the duodenum through an accessory
pancreatic duct, which also empties
into the duodenum.
5
3
Duodenal
papilla
Duodenum
(cutaway view)
Pancreatic
duct
Pancreas
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 16.18
Brain
1 Vagus nerve stimulation (red arrow)
causes the gallbladder to contract,
thereby releasing bile into the
duodenum.
2 Secretin, produced by the
duodenum (purple arrows) and
carried through the circulation to the
liver, stimulates bile secretion by the
liver (green arrows inside the liver).
1
Vagus nerves
3 Cholecystokinin, produced by the
duodenum (pink arrows) and
carried through the circulation to the
gallbladder, stimulates the
gallbladder to contract and the
sphincters to relax, thereby
releasing bile into the duodenum
(green arrow outside the liver).
4 Bile salts also stimulate bile
secretion. Over 90% of bile salts
are reabsorbed in the ileum and
returned to the liver (green
arrows), where they stimulate
additional secretion of bile salts.
Bile
Bile
Liver
Bile
2
Secretin
Gallbladder
Bile
Stomach
3
Pancreas
Circulation
4
Duodenum
Fig. 16.17
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1 The hepatic ducts from the liver lobes
combine to form the common hepatic
duct.
Liver
Gallbladder
Hepatic ducts
1
2 The common hepatic duct combines
with the cystic duct from the gallbladder
to form the common bile duct.
Common
hepatic duct
Spleen
Cystic duct
Hepatic portalvein
2
Common bile duct
3 The common bile duct joins the
pancreatic duct.
Accessory pancreatic
duct
4
4 The combined duct empties into the
duodenum at the duodenal papilla.
5 Pancreatic secretions may also enter
the duodenum through an accessory
pancreatic duct, which also empties
into the duodenum.
5
3
Duodenal
papilla
Duodenum
(cutaway view)
Pancreatic
duct
Pancreas
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 16.18
Brain
1 Vagus nerve stimulation (red arrow)
causes the gallbladder to contract,
thereby releasing bile into the
duodenum.
2 Secretin, produced by the
duodenum (purple arrows) and
carried through the circulation to the
liver, stimulates bile secretion by the
liver (green arrows inside the liver).
1
Vagus nerves
3 Cholecystokinin, produced by the
duodenum (pink arrows) and
carried through the circulation to the
gallbladder, stimulates the
gallbladder to contract and the
sphincters to relax, thereby
releasing bile into the duodenum
(green arrow outside the liver).
4 Bile salts also stimulate bile
secretion. Over 90% of bile salts
are reabsorbed in the ileum and
returned to the liver (green
arrows), where they stimulate
additional secretion of bile salts.
Bile
Bile
Liver
Bile
2
Secretin
Gallbladder
Bile
Stomach
3
Pancreas
Circulation
4
Duodenum
Fig. 16.19
Duodenum
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Jejunum
Common bile duct
Body of pancreas
Accessory
pancreatic
duct
Pancreatic duct
Tail of pancreas
Duodenal
papilla
Head of
pancreas
(a)
Pancreatic
islet
Acini cells
(secrete enzymes)
Cells producing
glucagon
Cells producing
insulin
Vein
(b)
To
pancreatic
duct
To
bloodstream
Fig. 16.20
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Brain
Stomach
Vagus nerves 1
Pancreatic
juices
1 Parasympathetic stimulation from the vagus
nerve (red arrow) causes the pancreas to
release a secretion rich in digestive enzymes.
2
Secretin
Cholecystokinin
3
Pancreas
2 Secretin (purple arrows), released from
the duodenum, stimulates the pancreas
to release a watery secretion, rich in
bicarbonate ions.
Duodenum
Circulation
Cholecystokinin
Secretin
3 Cholecystokinin (pink arrows), released from
the duodenum, causes the pancreas to
release a secretion rich in digestive enzymes.
Fig. 16.24
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Villus
Intestinal
epithelial cell
Monosaccharide (glucose) transport
Lacteal
Capillary
1 Glucose is absorbed by symport with Na+
into intestinal epithelial cells.
2 Symport is driven by a sodium gradient
established by a Na+–K+ pump.
Glucose
3
1
4
3 Glucose moves out of the intestinal
epithelial cells by facilitated diffusion.
4 Glucose enters the capillaries of the
intestinal villi and is carried through the
hepatic portal vein to the liver.
Na+
Na+
ATP
ADP
+
Na+ K
2
To liver
Fig. 16.27
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Villus
Amino acid transport
Intestinal
epithelial cell
1 Acidic and most neutral amino acids are absorbed
by symport into intestinal epithelial cells.
2 Symport is driven by a sodium gradient established
by a Na+–K+ pump.
Lacteal
Amino acid
3 Amino acids move out of intestinal epithelial
cells.
4 Amino acids enter the capillaries of the intestinal
villi and are carried through the hepatic portal
vein to the liver.
Capillary
3
1
Na+
Na+
ATP
Na+
4
ADP
K+ 2
To liver
Fig. 13.19
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Inferior vena cava
Hepatic veins
Liver
Gallbladder
Cystic
vein
Hepatic
portal vein
Stomach
Gastric veins
Gastroomental veins
Spleen
Splenic vein with
pancreatic branches
Tail of pancreas
Duodenum
Head of pancreas
Superior
mesenteric vein
Ascending colon
Splenic vein
Gastroomental veins
Inferior mesenteric vein
Descending colon
Small intestine
Appendix
Fig. 16.25
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Villus
Lipid transport
1 Bile salts surround fatty acids and
monoglycerides to form micelles.
Capillary
2 Micelles attach to the plasma membranes
of intestinal epithelial cells, and the fatty
acids and monoglycerides pass by simple
diffusion into the intestinal epithelial cells.
3 Within the intestinal epithelial cell, the fatty
acids and monoglycerides are converted to
triglycerides; proteins coat the triglycerides
to form chylomicrons, which move out of
the intestinal epithelial cells by exocytosis.
Lacteal
Intestinal
epithelial cell
Micelles contact
epithelial cell
membrane.
Triglycerides
1
Protein coat
4
3
4 The chylomicrons enter the lacteals of the
intestinal villi and are carried through the
lymphatic system to the general circulation.
Bile
salt
2
Fatty acids
and monoglycerides
Simple
diffusion
Exocytosis
Micelle
Chylomicron
Lymphatic
system
Fig. 14.1-1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Tonsils
Right lymphatic
duct
Cervical
lymph node
Thoracic duct
Thymus
Axillary
lymph node
Mammary
plexus
Subclavian
veins
Thoracic
duct
Spleen
Lymphatic vessel
(transports lymph)
Bone
marrow
(a)
Lacteals in
intestinal wall
Inguinal
lymph node
Fig. 16.28
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Ingestion
(2 L)
Salivary gland secretions
(1 L)
Gastric
secretions
(2 L)
Pancreatic
secretions
(1.2 L)
Bile
(0.7 L)
Small intestine
secretions
(2 L)
92%
absorbed in the
small intestine
6%–7%
absorbed in the
large intestine
Ingestion or
secretion
1% in
feces
(Water infeces = Ingested + Secreted – Absorbed)
Absorption
Fig. 16.21
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Transverse colon
Left colic flexure
Right colic flexure
Ascending
colon
Descending colon
Ileum
Teniae coli
Ileocecal
valve
Cecum
Sigmoid colon
Appendix
Rectum
(a)
Anal canal
Internal anal sphincter
External anal sphincter (b)
©CNRI/SPL/Science Source
Fig. 16.3
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Liver
Visceral peritoneum
Lesser omentum
Stomach
Peritoneal cavity
containing peritoneal
fluid
Pancreas (retroperitoneal)
Kidney (retroperitoneal)
Parietal peritoneum
Duodenum (retroperitoneal)
Greater omentum
Transverse colon
Omental bursa
Mesentery proper
Small intestine
Urinary bladder
(retroperitoneal)
Rectum (retroperitoneal)
Medial view