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A car is to gasoline as your body is to 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 your stomach. your kidneys. food. enzymes. 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 The energy to perform actions, as well as the materials from which body cells and tissues are made, comes from 25% 25% 25% 25% 1. cellulose. 2. oxygen. 3. food. 4. blood. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 The energy available in food can be measured by 1. first determining which nutrients the body needs. 2. burning the food. 3. tracing chemical pathways. 4. all of the above. 1 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 About how many kilocalories does the average teenager need per day? 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 100 to 200 500 to 600 2200 to 2800 10,000 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 A calorie is the amount of energy needed to 1. raise the temperature of the body by 1 Celsius. raise the temperature of 1 g of fat by 1 Celsius. raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 Celsius. none of the above 2. 3. 4. 1 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 Substances that are needed by the body for growth, repair, and maintenance are called 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 enzymes. nutrients. ATP. Calories. 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 Inorganic nutrients that the body needs are called 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 lipids. proteins. vitamins. minerals. 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 Which of the following foods do NOT contain polysaccharides? 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 grains potatoes meats vegetables 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 The American Heart Association recommends a diet with a maximum of 1. 40 percent of Calories from fat, of which only 20 percent should be from unsaturated fats. 30 percent of Calories from unsaturated fat, in addition to 10 percent from saturated fats. 50 percent of Calories from saturated fats. 30 percent of Calories from fat, of which only 10 percent should be from saturated fats. 2. 3. 4. 1 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 The raw materials that the body needs for growth and repair come from 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 proteins. unsaturated fats. carbohydrates. water. 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 Proteins are polymers of 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 lipids. unsaturated fats. amino acids. vitamins. 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 When a doctor suggests following a diet low in saturated fats, which of the following forms of oil is a preferred choice to use in cooking? 1. oils with single bonds between their carbon atoms 2. vegetable oil 3. animal fats 4. butter 1 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 What is the minimum amount of water you should drink every day? 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 0.5 liter 1 liter 2 liters 3 liters 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 Which of the following fluids is made up mostly of water? 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 blood lymph other body fluids all of the above 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 Water is lost from the body by each of the following EXCEPT 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 sweating. urinating. respiration. circulation. 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 What can occur if a person does not take in enough water to replace what is lost? 1. dehydration 2. circulatory problems 3. nervous system problems 4. all of the above 1 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 Which of the following statements is NOT true about the process of sweating? 1. Sweating is more likely to occur on hot days than cool days. Sweating is likely to occur after strenuous exercise. Evaporation of sweat warms the body. Excessive sweating can lead to dehydration. 2. 3. 4. 1 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 2 25% 3 25% 4 The Food Guide Pyramid advises a person to eat more 1. meat than dairy products. 2. grains than meat. 3. dairy products than vegetables. 4. dairy products than grains. 1 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 Which of the following food groups is NOT found in a sandwich of only bread, ham, and mayonnaise? 1. fats, oils, and sweets 2. milk, yogurt, and cheese 3. meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs, and nuts 4. bread, cereal, rice, and pasta 1 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 How many food groups make up the Food Guide Pyramid? 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 four five six seven 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 The trend of the Food Guide Pyramid is that the majority of the food in your diet should be from 1. the group(s) at the top. 2. the group(s) at the bottom. 3. the group(s) in the middle. 4. all of the groups in the same proportion. 1 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 Which of the following food groups contain few valuable vitamins? 1. fats, oils, and sweets 2. milk, yogurt, and cheese 3. vegetables 4. fruit 1 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 What “food tube” carries food between the pharynx and the stomach? 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 small intestine epiglottis esophagus large intestine 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 Which of the following would NOT be found in the stomach? 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 mucus pepsin villi hydrochloric acid 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 Which of the following is NOT a function of the pancreas? 1. 25% produces hormones that regulate blood sugar levels produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids produces bile produces sodium bicarbonate, a base that neutralizes stomach acid 2. 3. 4. 1 1 2 3 4 5 25% 2 25% 3 25% 4 What is one of the roles of the pancreas in nutrition? 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 absorb nutrients churn food dissolve food neutralize acids 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 What enzyme found in saliva breaks chemical bonds between the sugar monomers in starches? 25% 25% 25% 25% amylase chyme pepsin hydrochloric acid 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 Where does the process of chemical digestion begin? 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 stomach esophagus small intestine mouth 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 What does mechanical digestion in the stomach involve? 1. absorption of nutrients by villi 2. pepsin and bile 3. strong muscular contractions 4. bile and pancreatic fluid 1 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 The stomach breaks down food into a soft, partially digested mixture called 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 pepsin. chyme. amylase. bile. 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 Through which structure do wastes pass into the rectum? 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 duodenum large intestine small intestine villus 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 Water is extracted from digested food in the body primarily by the 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 bladder. gallbladder. large intestine. pancreas. 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 Look at Figure 38–1. Clean, filtered blood is returned to circulation through the 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 renal artery. renal vein. urinary bladder. urethra. 2 3 4 5 25% 25% 25% 25% 1 2 3 4 In what structure in Figure 38–1 do filtration and reabsorption occur? 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 kidney renal vein urinary bladder ureter 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 The function of the excretory system is to control homeostasis and 1. break down nutrients. 2. remove wastes. 3. absorb nutrients. 4. prevent infection. 1 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 The main organs of the excretory system are the 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 kidneys. lungs. intestines. ureters. 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 Which of the following is NOT part of a nephron? 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 urethra renal vein glomerulus Bowman’s capsule 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 The activity of the kidneys is controlled by hormones and by the 1. volume of nutrients. 2. volume of filtrate. 3. composition of the blood. 4. composition of the urine. 1 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 When the kidneys detect an increase in salt, they respond by 1. excreting less salt in urine. returning more salt to the blood by filtration. returning more salt to the blood by reabsorption. returning less salt to the blood by reabsorption. 2. 3. 4. 1 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 Which of the following controls the activity of the kidneys? 1. the composition of the blood 2. regulatory hormones that are released in response to the composition of blood 3. both a and b 4. none of the above 1 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 What percentage of the filtrate’s water that enters Bowman’s capsule is reabsorbed into the blood? 25% 25% 25% 25% 1. 100 percent 2. 99 percent 3. 50 percent 4. less than 25 percent 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 In the kidneys, both useful substances and wastes are removed from the blood by 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 reabsorption. excretion. dialysis. filtration. 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 The process of dialysis 1. carries urine to the urinary bladder. pumps blood throughout the body. returns filtered blood to the body. forces water into cells and tissues by osmosis. 2. 3. 4. 1 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 Dialysis performs the function of the 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 liver. ureter. kidneys. urinary bladder. 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 What materials are removed from the blood through dialysis? 1. urea and excess salts 2. chyme 3. amylase and pepsin 4. none of the above 1 2 3 4 5 25% 1 25% 25% 2 3 25% 4 In a label displaying the “Calorie” content of food, the unit is actually the kilocalorie. _________________________ 1. True 50% 50% 2. False 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 Simple and complex carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body. _________________________ 1. True 50% 50% 2. False 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 The bulk supplied by fats helps muscles to keep food and wastes moving through the digestive system. _________________________ 1. True 2. False 1 2 3 4 50% 5 1 50% 2 Every cell in the human body needs protein because this is the material in which many of the body’s processes, including chemical reactions, take place. _________________________ 1. True 2. False 1 2 3 4 50% 5 1 50% 2 Following the Food Guide Pyramid, you should have 6–11 servings of the bread, cereal, rice, and pasta group every day. _________________________ 1. True 2. False 1 2 3 4 50% 5 1 50% 2 The Food Guide Pyramid classifies food into five groups. _________________________ 1. True 2. False 1 2 3 4 50% 5 1 50% 2 Digestive enzymes found in the small intestine break down undigested fats. _________________________ 1. True 50% 50% 2. False 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 Gravity allows food to travel through your esophagus into the stomach. _________________________ 1. True 50% 50% 2. False 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 Digestive enzymes are necessary for mechanical digestion. _________________________ 1. True 50% 50% 2. False 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 If too little water is absorbed from the large intestine, constipation results. _________________________ 1. True 50% 50% 2. False 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 Together, the skin, lungs, and kidneys—along with their associated organs—make up the excretory system. _________________________ 1. True 2. False 1 2 3 4 50% 5 1 50% 2 Blood leaves the kidneys through the renal arteries. _________________________ 1. True 2. False 1 2 3 4 50% 5 1 50% 2 Excretion helps to maintain the body’s homeostasis. _________________________ 1. True 50% 50% 2. False 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 As the amount of water in the blood increases, the rate of water reabsorption in the kidneys increases. _________________________ 1. True 2. False 1 2 3 4 50% 5 1 50% 2 When using a kidney dialysis machine, blood is removed from the body through special tubing that acts like nephrons. _________________________ 1. True 2. False 1 2 3 4 50% 5 1 50% 2 Participant Scores 0 0 Participant 1 Participant 2 0 0 0 Participant 3 Participant 4 Participant 5 The science of ____________________ is the study of food and its effects on the body. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 Vitamins that are ____________________soluble cannot be stored within the body. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 Calcium, iron, and magnesium are all examples of the group of nutrients called ____________________. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 Blood, lymph, and other bodily fluids consist mostly of ____________________. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 You should have at least ____________________ servings of meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs, or nuts every day. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 Contractions known as ____________________ squeeze food through the length of the esophagus into the stomach. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 The large organ that lies above the stomach and produces bile is the ____________________. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 The teeth are extremely important in ____________________ digestion. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 The pancreas produces _________________________, a base that neutralizes stomach acid so that the enzymes can be effective. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 If a part of the stomach wall digests itself, a(an) ____________________ develops. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 Gastric glands produce mucus, hydrochloric acid, and the enzyme ____________________. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 The functioning units of the kidneys are the ____________________. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 The kidneys play an important role in maintaining ____________________ in the body. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 To a large extent, the activity of kidneys is controlled by the composition of ____________________. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 An artificial heart is to a real heart as dialysis tubing is to ____________________. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 Name two functions of fat. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 How does a calorie differ from a Calorie? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 List the six nutrients needed by the body. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 Why is it important to eat foods that contain water-soluble vitamins every day? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 Why do you lose more water from your body on hot days than on cold days? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 What is the Food Guide Pyramid? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 How does your stomach enable you to eat a few large meals each day? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 How is chyme produced? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 If a person’s gallbladder is removed, the person can survive and lead a relatively normal life. Why? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 What is the function of the digestive system? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 Figure 38–1 What is the function of the ureter? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 What is the function of the urinary bladder? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 How do kidneys maintain homeostasis? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 If your kidneys were not working, what would happen if you drank a large quantity of water? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 What are a person’s two options for survival if both of his or her kidneys are unable to function? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 The energy for one hour of intense mental effort can be supplied by half a peanut. Why, then, does an author who writes five hours a day consume 2400 Calories? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 Compare and contrast vitamins and minerals. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 How does the body lose water? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 Write a paragraph describing how your eating habits compare to the guidelines illustrated in the Food Guide Pyramid. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 What organs and major accessory structures make up the digestive system? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 You take a bite of an apple. Describe what happens to that bite of apple as it goes through the digestive system. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 Discuss the functions of the following structures of the excretory system: kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 Rattlesnake venom breaks down the walls of the glomerulus. Why does a rattlesnake bite cause blood to appear in the urine? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 How do the kidneys respond to an increased intake of water? Of salt? 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5 Describe the process of dialysis. 1 2 3 4 5 0 of 5