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ELECTROMAGNETISM
Chapter 18
Section 1
Magnets and Magnetism
Properties of Magnets :
•any material that attracts iron or things
made of iron is called a magnet.
•Each end of the magnet is a magnetic
pole. Magnetic poles are points on a
magnet that have opposite magnetic
qualities.
More paper clips stick to the ends, or magnetic poles, of a
magnet because the magnetic effects are strongest there
.
Magnetic Forces
• North and South
• When you bring two magnets close
together, the magnets each exert a
magnetic force on the other.
• Like poles repel, and opposite poles
attract.
• Attractive vs. Repulsive????
Magnetic Fields
• A magnetic field exists in the region
around a magnet in which magnetic forces
can act. The shape of a magnetic field can
be shown with lines drawn from the north
pole of a magnet to the south pole.
The Cause of Magnetism
Some materials are magnetic. Some are
not. For example, a magnet can pick up
paper clips and iron nails. But it cannot
pick up paper, plastic, pennies, or
aluminum foil. What causes the
difference? Whether a material is
magnetic depends on the material’s
atoms.
Making Magnets
• You can make a magnet from something made
of iron, cobalt, or nickel. You just need to line up
the domains in it. For example, you can
magnetize an iron nail if you rub it in one
direction with one pole of a magnet. The
domains in the nail line up with the magnetic
field of the magnet. So, the domains in the nail
become aligned. As more domains line up, the
magnetic field of the nail grows stronger. The
nail will become a magnet
Cutting a Magnet
• What do you think would happen if you cut
a magnet in half?
Kinds of Magnets
• There are different ways to describe
magnets. Some magnets are made of iron,
nickel, cobalt, or mixtures of those metals.
Another kind of magnet is the
electromagnet. This is a magnet made by
an electric current. An electromagnet
usually has an iron core.
The Core of the Matter
• Although you can think of Earth as having a giant bar
magnet through its center, there isn’t really a magnet
there. The temperature of Earth’s core (or center) is very
high. The atoms in it move too violently to stay lined up
in domains.
• Scientists think that Earth’s magnetic field is made by the
movement of electric charges in the Earth’s core. The
Earth’s core is made mostly of iron and nickel. The inner
core is solid because it is under great pressure. The
outer core is liquid because the pressure is not as high.
As Earth rotates, the liquid in the core flows. Electric
charges move, which makes a magnetic field.
Section 2
Magnetism from Electricity
• The Discovery of Electromagnetism
• Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted (UHR
STED) discovered the relationship between
electricity and magnetism in 1820. During a
lecture, he held a compass near a wire carrying
an electric current. Oersted noticed that when
the compass was close to the wire, the compass
needle no longer pointed to the north. The result
surprised Oersted. A compass needle is a
magnet. It moves from its north-south orientation
only when it is in a magnetic field different from
Earth’s.
Electromagnetism
• is the interaction between electricity and
magnetism.
• A solenoid is a coil of wire that produces
a magnetic field when carrying an electric
current. In fact, the magnetic field around
a solenoid is very similar to the magnetic
field of a bar magnet
Solenoid
Electromagnets
• An electromagnet is made up of a
solenoid wrapped around an iron core.
The magnetic field of the solenoid makes
the domains inside the iron core line up.
The magnetic field of the electromagnet is
the field of the solenoid plus the field of the
magnetized core. As a result, the magnetic
field of an electromagnet may be hundreds
of times stronger than the magnetic field of
just the solenoid
Applications of
Electromagnetism
• Electromagnetism is useful in your
everyday life. You already know that
electromagnets can be used to lift heavy
objects containing iron. But did you know
that you use a solenoid whenever you ring
a doorbell?
Electric Motors
• An electric motor is a device that
changes electrical energy into mechanical
energy. All electric motors have an
armature—a loop or coil of wire that can
rotate. The armature is mounted between
the poles of a permanent magnet or
electromagnet. See p.522
Galvanometers
• A galvanometer (GAL vuh NAHM uht uhr)
measures current. Galvanometers are
sometimes found in equipment used by
electricians, such as ammeters and voltmeters,
as shown in Figure 7. A galvanometer has an
electromagnet placed between the poles of a
permanent magnet. The poles of the
electromagnet are pushed away by the poles of
the permanent magnet. The electromagnet is
free to rotate and is attached to a pointer. The
pointer moves along a scale that shows the size
and direction of the current.
Figure 7
This ammeter uses a galvanometer to
measure electric current.