Download Chapter 8: Data Communication Fundamentals

Lecture 1
Introduction to Electronics
Reggie C. Gustilo
Assistant Professor
ECE Department
De La Salle University
Electronics…. definition
The study and control of electron flow
Branch of physics that deals with the
emission, behaviour, and effects
of electrons and with electronic devices.
Technology involving the manipulation
of voltages and electric currents
through the use of various devices for
the purpose of performing some useful
action.
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Two primary areas
 Analog electronics

the signals to be manipulated take the form of
continuous currents or voltages. The information
in the signal is carried by the value of the current
or voltage at a particular time t.
 Digital electronics

common two-level digital electronics, signals are
manipulated mathematically. These mathematical
operations are known as boolean algebra. The
operations permissible in boolean algebra are
NOT, AND, OR, and XOR, plus various
combinations of these elemental operations
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Electronics History ( 1745 – 1996)
 Ewald Georg von Kleist and Peter Van
Muschenbrock, in Leyden (Netherlands),
discovered the Leyden jar in 1745
 Leiden jar, is a device that "stores" static
electricity between two electrodes on the inside
and outside of a jar.
 The invention was named for this city
 It was the original form of the capacitor
 The Leyden jar was used to conduct many early
experiments in electricity, and its discovery was of
fundamental importance in the study of electricity
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 Ben Franklin (1746-52 )

flew kites to demonstrate that lightning is a
form of static electricity (ESD).
 Charles Augustus Coulomb

(1736-1806) invented the torsion balance
in 1785.
 1800, Count Alessandro Volta

(1745-1827) announced the results of his
experiments investigation Galvani's claims
about the source of electricity in the frog
leg experiment.
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 In the year 1820 Hans Christian
Oersted (1777-1851)

in Denmark demonstrated a relationship
between electricity and magnetism by
showing that an electrical wire carrying a
current will deflect a magnetic needle.
 1822-27 André Marie
Ampère (1775-1836)

in France gave a formalized understanding
of the relationships between electricity and
magnetism using algebra.
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 1826 George Simon Ohm (1787-1854)
wanted to measure the motive force of
electrical currents .
 Michael Faraday (1791-1867).
 1820s Faraday postulated that an electrical
current moving through a wire creates "fields
of force" surrounding the wire.
 1821 Faraday built the first electric motor--a
device for transforming an electrical current
into rotary motion.
 1831 Faraday made the first transformer. The
unit of capacitance is named after him.

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 Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777-
1855) Wilhelm Eduard Weber (18041891).


Gauss is known as one of the greatest
mathematicians of all time. The CGS unit
of magnetic field density in named
after Gauss.
Weber, a German physicist, also
established a system of absolute electrical
units. The MKS unit of flux is named
after Weber.
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 Joseph Henry (1799-1878)

was a professor in a small school in
Albany, New York. In 1830 he observed
electromagnetic induction, a year before
Faraday. The unit of induction is
named after him.
 1832 Heinrich F.E. Lenz (18041865),

born in the old university city of Tartu,
Estonia (then in Russia), was a professor
at the University of St. Petersburg who
carried out many experiments following the
lead of Faraday.
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 Samuel Finley Breese Morse (1791 1872)

brought a practical system of telegraphy to
the fore front using electromagnets, and
invented the code named after him
in 1844.
 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (18241887)

was a German physicist. He announced the
laws which allow calculation of the
currents, voltages, and resistance of
electrical networks in 1845 when he was
only 21.
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 James Clerk Maxwell (1831 - 1879)

wrote a mathematical treatise formalizing
the theory of fields in 1856: On Faraday's
Lines of Force. In the year 1873 Maxwell
published Electricity and Magnetism,
demonstrating four partial differential
equations that completely described
electrical phenomena.
 Hermann Lud-wig Ferdinand von
Helmholtz (1821 - 1894)

was an all around universal scientist and
researcher.
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 Sir William Crookes (1832 - 1919)
investigated electrical discharges through highly
evacuated "Crookes tubes" in the year 1878.
 Joseph Wilson Swan (1828 - 1914)
 Joseph Swan demonstrated his electric lamp in
Britain in February 1879.
 Thomas Alva Edison (1847 - 1931):
 In 1878, Edison began work on an electric lamp
and sought a material that could be electrically
heated to incandescence in a vacuum.
 1882 Edison installed the first large central power
station on Pearl Street in New York City in 1882;
its steam-driven generators of 900 horsepower
provided enough power for 7,200 lamps.

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 Oliver Heaviside (1850 - 1925)

Worked with Maxwell's equations to reduce
the fatigue incurred in solving them.
 Heinrich Rudolph Hertz (1857 1894)

was the first person to demonstrate the
existence of radio waves.
 Nikola Tesla (1856 - 1943)

devised the polyphase alternating-current
systems that form the modern electrical
power industry. The unit of magnetic
field density is named after him.
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 Charles Proteus Steinmetz (1865 1923)

discovered the mathematics of hysteresis
loss, thus enabling engineers of the time to
reduce magnetic loss in transformers.
 Guglielmo Marconi (1874 - 1937)

Known as the "father of wireless", was an
Italian national who expanded on the
experiments that Hertz did, and believed
that telegraphic messages could be
transmitted without wires.
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 Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845 - 1923)
discovered X rays, for which he received the
first Nobel Prize for physics in 1901.
 Sir Joseph John Thomson (1856 - 1940)
 is universally recognized as the British scientist
who discovered and identified the electron in
the year 1897
 Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955):
 In the year 1905, Einstein elaborated on the
experimental results of Max Planck who
noticed that electromagnetic energy seemed
to be emitted from radiating objects in
quantities that were discrete.

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 Sir John Ambrose Fleming (1849 1945)

made the first diode tube, the Fleming
valve in the year 1905.
 Lee De Forest (1873 - 1961)

added a grid electrode to Flemings' valve
and created the triode tube, later improved
and called the Audion.
 Jack St. Clair Kilby

developed the integrated circuit while at
Texas instruments.
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 Robert Norton Noyce (1927 - 1990)

also developed the integrated circuit with a
more practical approach to scaling the size
of the circuit. He became a founder of
Fairchild Semiconductor Company in 1957.
 Seymour Cray (1925 - 1996)

Also known as "The Father of the
Supercomputer", along with George
Amdahl, defined the supercomputer
industry in the year 1976.
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Electronic Components
 Wire
 Resistors


Fixed
Variable
 Capacitors
 Transistors
 Diodes
 Switches
 Motors
 Integrated
Circuits
http://www.bitsbox.co.uk/images/starterkit.jpg
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Wire
 Used as a
conductor;
usually copper,
Sometimes
aluminum.
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Resistors
 Slows down or resists the flow of
electrons.
http://www.bitsbox.co.uk/
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Fixed Resistors
 Can only handle a
certain amount of
current.
 Typically made from
a resistance wire,
which is “wound
around a ceramic
core and covered
with some insulating
material”
Carbon
Film
Metal
Film
Metal Oxide
http://www.bitsbox.co.uk/
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Resistor Color Code
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Variable resistors
 Also known as
rheostats, or
potentiometers
 Allow you to regulate
the amount of current
flowing through the
circuit
 Resistors are nonpolarized, which
means there are no
positive or negative
ends
http://www.bitsbox.co.uk/
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Capacitors
 Basic job is to store electron




current until needed by the
circuit
Charge and discharge electrons
as required by the circuit
Made up of two or more plates
Ceramic
(conductors), each separated
by a dielectric (insulator)
Ceramic capacitors and mica
capacitors are non-polarized
Electrolytic capacitors are
polarized, meaning one lead is
positive and the other is
negative, as marked
Tantalum
Electrolytic
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Transistors
 Solid-state device used for




switching and/or amplifying the
flow of electrons in a circuit
Two basic types of transistors
are switching and amplifying
Switching transistors are used
in circuits, which are either on
or off
Amplifying transistors amply an
electrical signal are used in
places where the amount of
signal is important
A phototransistor is a solid
state component where the
amount of light which passes
through a lens controls the
amount of current flow
http://www.ramseyelectronics.com/support/default.asp?page=kbg&pagenum=4
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Diodes
http://www.ramseyelectronics.com/support/default.asp?page=kbg&pagenum=4
 A solid state device
designed to permit the
flow of electrons in one
direction and block the
flow in the opposite
direction
 Made from germanium or
silicon
 A zener diode is used to
regulate voltage
 A light emitting diode
(LED) is a solid state
component that emits a
tiny bit of light when
current passes through it
http://gizmodo.com/gadgets/gadgets/le
d-throwies-harmless-way-to-makeyour-mark-154993.php
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Switches
 A device which
closes to complete
an electrical circuit
allowing electrons
to flow through the
circuit, or which
opens or breaks a
circuit, stopping the
flow
http://www.bedsiworld.com/wiki1-Switch
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Motors
 A device used to
convert electrical
energy into
mechanical energy.
 The flow of electrons
passing through a
motor can be used to
produce motion by
turning gears and
other mechanical
devices
http://www.germes-online.com/direct/dbimage/50276380/DC_Micro_Motor.jpg
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Integrated Circuits
 Three common electronic components, which make up
an integrated circuit, are resistors, transistors and
capacitors. The main advantage of ICs is that so much
electronic circuitry can be in such a small package.
http://www.helicon.co.uk/images/samples/C01356.gif
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Prototyping Board
Example of how
components are
Inserted in the
protoboard
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END OF LECTURE1
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