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¿Puede el movimiento del ala de una mariposa en Africa afectar la temporada de huracanes en Puerto Rico? ¿O el patrón de reproducción de hongos? ¿O las exacerbaciones de enfermedades respiratorias? Ambiente y alergias El efecto mariposa 2 de abril de 2004 Convención Médicos de Familia Fernando J López-Malpica, MD Patrocinado por Schering-Plough del Caribe Objectives • Understand that a diseased state is the result of our genetic predisposition in a very complex interplay with the environment • Understand the role of inflammation in the allergic condition and the importance of the preventive approach in management Objectives • Stimulate critical thinking, curiosity and interest in this area by means of clinically relevant information • Transmit relevant, useful knowledge that can be used in your everyday practice DNA double helix Nature and Nurture Concept Nature and Nurture • Two major factors are critical to the development of allergy: – the individual's genetic background – the environment. • Allergy is a multifactorial disease, and complex interventions are likely to be required to decrease prevalence of this increasingly common disease. Atopy and Genetics Nature and Nurture • Up to 40% of people in western populations show an exaggerated tendency to mount IgE responses • On the basis of family linkage studies, loci on chromosomes 11q and 5q have been implicated as containing genes that may be important Nature and Nurture Concept • The story of our life begin when our grandparents are conceived! Nature and Nurture (cont.) • The gene for allergy has not yet been fully identified. • Thus, environmental factors appear to be the critical factors that can be controlled at this moment. Rhinitis • Is a clinical entity that can be caused by different conditions, – Allergies – Vasomotor – Non specific irritants – Infections – NSAID Sensitivity – Hormonal changes – Medications Contaminantes mayores • Ozono a nivel terrero, no en altos niveles de atmósfera • PM-10 y 2.5 • Monóxido de carbono • Dióxido de sulfuro • Dióxido de nitrógeno • Se miden en más de 1,000 ciudades y se publican niveles más altos en el dia • Se publican en radio, TV, internet y prensa “Air Quality Index (AQI)” Air Quality Index (AQI) Values Levels of Health Concern Colors When the AQI is in this range: ...air quality conditions are: ...as symbolized by this color: 0 to 50 Good Green 51 to 100 Moderate Yellow 101 to 150 Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups Orange 151 to 200 Unhealthy Red 201 to 300 Very Unhealthy Purple 301 to 500 Hazardous Maroon Material particulado 10 “Particulate Matter 10”(PM-10) • Mezcla de partículas sólidas y gotas de líquido en el aire, combustión y procesos industriales • < de 50 microgram/m3 anual o 150 microgram/m3 al año • Efectos sobre el sistema respiratorio, daño al tejido pulmonar, cáncer y muerte prematura • Partículas finas (PM-2.5)- <2.5 micras, 15-65/m3 Ozono • Aumenta respuesta tipo IgE a los alergenos • Produce cambios en ADN de las vias respiratorias Partículas de diesel • Puede inducir inflamación alérgica • Aumenta respuesta inmediata y tardía a los alergenos • Contribuye a la sensitización de neoantigenos Endotoxinas • Lipopolisacaridos(LPS) derivados de bacterias gram negativas • Inflamación alérgica aumenta respuesta a LPS • En edificios enfermos, cerca de desperdicios de animales y polvo agricola Nature and Nurture 2 de marzo de 2004 MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) Nave Terra de la NASA Polvo del Sahara • Relación clima-polvo – Puede producir precipitación de lluvia o nieve • Enfria atmósfera – Refleja radiación solar • Sirve de vector de hongos – Estudio de corales – Especies transportadas del Sahara Volcán Soufriere, Montserrat 1995 Circulación del viento Pollen Colorful flowers Insects and birds Pollen Unattractive flowers Wind Indoor Pets Avoidance Dust Mites • Wash bedding often with hot water • Use a zippered plastic cover for mattress and box spring • Maintain low humidity and low temperature • Use a filter type vacuum (HEPA) • Remove bedroom carpet • Use an acaricide Molds Air Sampling Machine Use of Dehumidufier Establishing a partnership to manage allergic diseases • Beyond patient education! – Explain importance of developing partnership with patients – Identify and address patient concerns and fears – Describe the nature of the disease – Work together as a team towards goals of therapy Monte Veniaminof, Alaska Feb, 2004 Pinatubo, Filipinas 1991