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Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) Chapter 3 Nature & Nurture Of Behavior Based on info fm McCubbin, Myers, Lefton Worth Publishers Evolutionary Psychology Study of evolution of behavior & mind, using principles of natural selection Example Helps explain gender differences in sexuality Critics Make too many hindsight explanations Behavior Genetics Study of relative power & limits of genetic & environmental influences on behavior Heredity Biological transmission of traits & characteristics from parents to offspring Genes Biochemical units of heredity; make up chromosomes Environment Every non-genetic influence Behavior Genetics Identical twins Fraternal twins Twin studies Identical twins Develop from single fertilized egg Fraternal twins Develop from separate eggs Adoption studies Temperament studies Temperament Same sex only Same or opposite sex Environmental Influence Examples Parental influence Account for less of personality & more for value & beliefs Experience Enriched environment activates & preserves neural connections Peer influence Culture Nature & Gender Genetic difference between sexes X Chromosome Y Chromosome Testosterone Nurture & Gender Gender Role Set of expected behaviors for males & females Vary over time & across cultures Gender Identity One’s sense of being male or female Gender-typing Acquisition of traditional masculine or feminine role Nurture & Gender Social Learning Theory Learn social behavior by observing & imitating & by being rewarded or punished Gender Schema Theory Learn from culture a concept of what it means to be male & female & adjust behavior accordingly Nature & Nurture Genes & experience both important Environment reacting to & shaping what nature predisposes Work together Not ‘if’ but ‘how much’