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April 2016, Volume: 8, Issue: 4, Pages: 2243-2248, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.19082/2243
The Effectiveness of Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in
Women with Multiple Sclerosis (MS): A randomized double-blind controlled trial
Mehdi Sayyah1, Parisa Bagheri2, Negar Karimi3, Azizreza Ghasemzadeh4
Psychiatrist, Associate Professor, Faculty member of Jundishapur University, Ahvaz, Iran
Master in Clinical Psychology, Education and Psychology Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Khomein Branch, Iran
3
Master in Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
4
Lecturer in Rehabilitation Science, University of Applied Sciences, Tehran Welfare Organization, Tehran, Iran
1
2
Type of article: Original
Abstract
Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders and can
cause problems for individuals in all aspects of life, including social and personal dimensions.
Objective: To study the effect of group cognitive-behavioral therapy on the reduction of OCD symptoms in
female participants with multiple sclerosis (MS).
Methods: This double-blind randomized control trial was conducted from May 2012 to December 2014. The
participants included 75 patients with MS who suffered from OCD and were referred to the Loghman Hakim and
Imam Khomeini hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Thirty participants had been diagnosed through Yale-Brown
Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms (Y-BOCS). The participants were randomly divided into an experimental
group (n=15) and a control group (n=15). Eleven sessions of cognitive-behavioral therapy were provided for the
experimental group. Patients in the control group continued with their normal living. Hypotheses were tested
using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).
Results: A significant reduction was found in the experimental group’s obsessive-compulsive symptoms after
cognitive-behavioral therapy (p<0.001). In addition, mean scores for participants in the experimental group were
significantly lower than for those in the control group (p=0.000).
Conclusion: It can be inferred that cognitive-behavioral therapy could considerably reduce OCD symptoms in
women with MS. The application of this method by therapists, especially Iranian clinicians, is recommended.
Trial registration: The trial is registered at the Thai Clinical Trial Registry (clinicaltrials.in.th) with the TCR
identification number TCTR20150927001.
Funding: The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Keywords: Multiple Sclerosis, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Women
1. Introduction
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a potentially devastating disease that could pose problems in terms of a
person’s job, education, and social or personal relationships as well as lead to social and economic inability for
patients and their family members (1). The studies showed that the prevalence of OCD among adults in the United
States is about 1.2% in one year while the overall estimation is about 2.3% for a life span. OCD prevalence in adult
females is slightly higher than that in adult males, whereas the rate is higher for male children than female children
(2). OCD is considered one of the most epidemic psychiatric disorders in Iran. It is a severe and debilitating anxiety
disorder that affects one out of 40 adults (0.7% in males and 2.8% in females) in Iran (0.9 to 4.4% of the total
population). The prevalence of the disorder in the Iranian adult population is estimated to be about 1.8%. OCD is the
fourth most common psychiatric illness in the world, following schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (3). The disorder
usually begins in childhood or early adulthood, and its chronic process can often have severe and negative impacts
Corresponding author:
Azizreza Ghasemzadeh, Lecturer in Rehabilitation Science, University of Applied Sciences, Tehran Welfare
Organization, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98.9331332853, Email: [email protected]
Received: July 25, 2015, Accepted: November 26, 2015, Published: April 2016
iThenticate screening: November 12, 2015, English editing: January 13, 2016, Quality control: March 22, 2016
© 2016 The Authors. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercialNoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is
non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
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on patients’ psychosocial and occupational functioning (4). Researchers have reported the existence of OCD in
patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) (5-7) at a rate of 8.6%. The etiology of OCD in MS is unknown, but some
researchers believe that OCD is the result of the disruption of the functional connection between cortico-cortical
and/or cortico-subcortical brain regions (ibid.). In addition, autoimmunity may play a role in the pathogenesis of
OCD in MS. Researchers have shown a link between OCD and autoimmunity (8). The main symptoms of OCD are
frequent and disabling obsessional thoughts and actions. Intellectual obsessions are annoying, repetitive, and
persistent thoughts, images, or impulses created unintentionally and involuntarily and that arouse significant anxiety
or confusion. OCD is often particular content for the person and associated with the data and events completely
disproportionate to the patient. Obsessions often lead to patients’ mental resistance, but they are difficult to control.
The patients usually recognize that the obsessions are created by their minds, and most of them are meaningless or
irrational; however, the level of a person’s insight into the meaninglessness of obsessions differ significantly (3,8).
People often have obsessive thoughts and beliefs that form during their childhood and have prompted personality
disorders. In addition, dysfunctional methods of facing these negative thoughts and behaviors cause a negative
temperament and neutral behavior. Before taking medicine and engaging in cognitive-behavioral therapy, people
with OCD were thought to be generally incurable. Fortunately, today, new treatments can help most of these
patients. Although in some cases OCD is completely incurable, in most cases long-term symptoms could be reduced
through the comprehensive treatment of the combined use of medication and psychotherapy. In the past two
decades, treatments have focused on changing the beliefs and cognitive assessment of OCD patients. OCD theories
consider irrational beliefs as the main cause of the disorder. Many studies have shown that our beliefs and
evaluations have a direct relationship with OCD (9). A case has also been made for an approach to OCD patients
who were resistant to conventional cognitive-behavioral therapy (9), in which cognitive therapy (CT) was designed
to resolve dysfunctional beliefs; results indicated that treatment was encouraging. CT treatment focuses on
improving and understanding beliefs related to OCD (like certainty, perfectionism, and inflated responsibility). It
seems that CT is acceptable for many OCD patients and improves their symptoms (10). Six patients with obsessive
thoughts but without obsessive behavior were chosen and underwent cognitive therapy (11). This study was based
on a single experimental case design conducted through a standard self-report questionnaire and assessed by
clinicians; treatments focused exclusively on patients’ beliefs. The results demonstrated that a significant number of
patients had considerably improved, which was further demonstrated during the follow-up. The results of the
relationship between OCD symptoms and beliefs associated with the obsessive disorder among students and a
clinical sample showed that beliefs had strong mutual relationships with each other and were not sufficiently
separated for more individual analysis (12). The total obsessive score was significantly correlated to all of the OCD
symptoms after controlling for anxiety and depression variables. Researchers have also proposed a relationship
between OCD symptoms and dysfunctional beliefs (13), and the results of their study revealed that the tendency to
assess the danger and threat could significantly predict OCD symptoms in areas like washing, checking, doubting,
obsession, and mental neutralization. Furthermore, it was represented that obsessive thoughts (obsessions) would be
meaningfully predicted by controlling thoughts.
Based on the results of the aforementioned studies, the current study aimed to assess the effect of group cognitivebehavioral therapy in reducing the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder in volunteer women with OCD and
MS for therapy in Tehran. The research investigated whether or not cognitive-behavioral therapy would be effective
in improving obsession beliefs and relieving OCD symptoms in women with MS.
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Trial design
Using a quasi-experimental method and medical records confirmed by physicians, 30 women whose Yale-Brown
scores ranged between 20 and 25 were diagnosed as simultaneously suffering from OCD and MS. Patients were
randomly divided into an experimental group (n=15) and a control group (n=15). The experimental group received
group cognitive-behavioral therapy as the sample for 11 sessions. As Table 1 shows, participants were informed
about the method, introduction, and treatment of exposure, etc., in the first sessions. Features of OCD personality
and the relationship between anxiety, depression, and obsessive disorders were also explained to them. In the next
session, dysfunctional assumption and modification techniques beliefs as well as beliefs in opposite methods were
described. Finally, the last session was devoted to the post-test and efficacy method along with suggestions for
further studies. Patients in the control group received no special therapy during treatment. All participants in both
groups were taking selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors or serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
identically and homogenized by relevant doctors.
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Table 1. Framework and Details of Therapy Sessions
Therapy sessions Session Activities
Session 1
 Describing the procedure to participants
 Rules of the group and expectations of group members
 Relaxation training
 Writing thoughts
 Definition of obsession
 Definition of core beliefs
Session 2
 Types to avoid and avoiding negative consequences
 Types of force
 Confident and counteractive methods and the most common ways of using them
 Antipathy
 Multiplicative factors of false obsessive behavior
 Treatment of exposure
 Distinction between thinking and feeling
Session 3
 Training three columns A-B-C
 Features of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and treatment of perfectionism
Session 4
 Automatic thoughts and their characteristics
 Relationship among anxiety, depression, and obsession
Session 5
 Downward arrows defined and cognitive distortions
Session 6
 Definition of dysfunctional assumptions
Session 7
 Categories’ beliefs and core beliefs and negative thoughts suggesting a common belief
Session 8
 Enjoying mental indulging
Session 9
 Modification technique beliefs
Session 10
 Belief in opposite method
Session 11
 Posttest
 Review of administrative constraints
 Efficacy of methods
 Suggestions for future periods
2.2. Population and sampling method
The population of the research included 75 women with MS who had been referred to the two public hospitals in a
center in Tehran during a given time. Their ages ranged from 20 to 45 years old; they held at least a diploma, were
aware of their disease, and were inclined to join treatment groups.
2.3. Instruments
The self-assessment Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale (Y-BOCS) is a tool used to identify the typology of
OCD and assess the severity of symptoms. The Iranian version of the self-assessment form of Y-BOCS was
employed in this study. A checklist of symptoms was applied to identify 36 types of obsessions and 23 types of
compulsions derived from the clinical experience of Y-BOCS authors and other questionnaires (14). The reliability
of Y-BOCS scale ranged between 0.72 and 0.98 based on test–retest, and its internal consistency coefficient was
0.89. The validity of the survey was confirmed by clinicians (15). Those who scored 16 or higher on this scale were
considered to be suffering from the disorder. Patients’ scores before treatment usually ranged from 22 to 26; when
scores dropped below 15, treatment is considered successful (5). In this study, participants’ pre-treatment scores
were generally above 25.
2.4. Outcomes
To evaluate the effectiveness of group cognitive-behavioral therapy in reducing OCD symptoms in women with
OCD and MS, the Y-BOCS was used, providing the researcher with a specific tool for measuring the intensity of
OCD symptoms. The scale aims to solve the problems of existing rating scales for symptoms not under the effect of
obsessions or compulsions. Y-BOCS includes 10 items, each of which range from zero (no symptoms) to four
(extreme symptoms). In addition, regarding the severity of obsessions and compulsions, the scale has some separate
subtotals (16). The patients completed the questionnaire, and the gathered data were analyzed using ANOVA.
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2.5. Data collection and analysis
In the present study, descriptive and inferential statistics (analysis of covariance) were used to compare pre-test and
post-test means. The data were analyzed using SPSS software.
2.6. Research ethics
During the present research, all patients were protected against any harm and injury; their consent was also a key
factor for conducting the research.
3. Results
Participants in the present research included 30 females, among whom 9 had a diploma, 16 had a bachelor’s degree,
and 5 had a master’s degree. They ranged between 20 to 45 years old, with a mean of 30.25 years old. In addition,
12 applicants were married whereas the remaining 18 were single. As Table 2 shows, the F-value for cognitivebehavioral therapy (47.63) is greater than the critical value of F (4.21) for the 5% of error (DF=1 and 27), so the null
hypothesis stating that there would be no difference between scores of the control and experimental groups is
rejected at the 95% confidence interval. In other words, cognitive-behavioral therapy is effective in determining
OCD symptoms. In addition, lower mean scores for applicants in the experimental group (15.80) than the control
group (18.84) indicated that cognitive-behavioral therapy could considerably reduce OCD symptoms. As Table 3
shows, the decrease in the mean scores between the pre- and posttest on the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ)
shows that cognitive-behavioral therapy was effective in reducing OCD symptoms in the experimental group.
Considering Figures 1 and 2, it can be inferred that cognitive-behavioral therapy was effective in reducing OCD
symptoms in the experimental group whereas the pre- and posttest scores in the control group were not different.
Table 2. Results of ANCOVA in the effectiveness of CBT on symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorders
Source of
Sum of squares Degree of freedom Mean of square
F
Significance
variations
Pretest
280.56
1
280.56
160.21 0.00
CBT
83.41
1
83.41
47.63
0.00
Error
47.28
27
1.75
Table 3. Measures of central tendency and distribution of symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorders in control
and experimental groups
Group
Type of test Mean
Median Mode
SD
Minimum Maximum
Control
Pretest
19.92
19.21
16.01
2.98
16.01
26.33
Posttest
18.84
20.09
20.09
2.71
14.18
23.63
Experimental
Pretest
20.33
19.53
9.50
5.49
9.50
30.46
Posttest
15.80
15.47
13.95
4.00
6.85
23.63
Figure 1. Pre- and posttest scores for experimental group with regard to obsessive-compulsive disorder
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Figure 2. Pre- and posttest scores for experimental group with regard to obsessive-compulsive disorder
4. Discussion
With respect to the obtained results, group cognitive-behavioral therapy reduced OCD symptoms (α=0.001).
However, the combination of medication therapies and cognitive-behavioral therapy was not shown to be effective
except in the PC only in the cognitive-behavioral therapy group. As people with MS experience a range of
impairments and disabilities and those with progressive disease courses experience greater levels of impairment and
disability than normal groups, it can be said that these findings are in line with results of other study, which
indicated that cognitive rehabilitation might benefit some MS patients (17). Furthermore, as cognition has
increasingly been recognized as a major feature of MS, its assessment and rehabilitation would become a greater
priority (17). Researchers who investigated the efficacy of group cognitive-behavioral therapy to relieve OCD
symptoms demonstrated that group cognitive-behavioral therapy was an effective treatment for OCD (18).
Moreover, researchers who designed CT to relieve the dysfunctional beliefs showed that the modification of beliefs
could be promising for the treatment of OCD (10, 19). Other researchers have attempted to examine the relationship
between obsessions and OCD symptoms, proposing that a relationship exists between OCD symptoms and
dysfunctional beliefs (11-13, 20). Concurring with previous results, the findings revealed that assessing the danger
and threat could significantly predict OCD symptoms in areas like washing, checking, doubting, obsession, and
mental neutralization. Furthermore, obsessive thoughts (obsessions) could be meaningfully predicted through the
control of thoughts. According to findings of this study along with results from other research, it can be concluded
that group cognitive-behavioral therapy could improve OCD symptoms and is also influential in modifying
obsessions; the subscales of the present study are consistent with such results (12, 13, 21-22).
5. Conclusions
This research studied the effect of group cognitive-behavioral therapy on reducing OCD symptoms in a group of
female participants with MS. Therefore, five patients with MS and OCD received treatment for 11 sessions. The
findings emphasized that group cognitive-behavioral therapy can be an effective method in reducing OCD
symptoms in women with MS, suggesting the relationship between OCD and different biological markers of MS,
OCD response to anti-obsessive treatment in patients with MS, and the effect of OCD treatment on the course of
MS.
Registration code:
The trial is registered at the Thai Clinical Trial Registry (clinicaltrials.in.th) with the TCR identification number
TCTR20150927001.
Funding:
The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Acknowledgments:
The authors would like to thank the persons who participated in this study. They would also like to thank the
hospital staff who helped the researchers during the procedures. This research received no specific grant from
funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Conflict of Interest:
There is no conflict of interest to be declared.
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Authors' contributions:
All authors contributed to this project and article equally. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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