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Psychological Type and Psychological Problems with Boris Matthews, MSW, PhD www.jungchicago.org and Ron Johnson, MDiv, PhD http://midlandspsychological.com/ April 23, 2010 1 Introductions Who are these guys? – Boris Matthews – Ron Johnson Formal learning objectives for this workshop – Review of Jung’s psychological type theory, especially introversion and extraversion. – Gain a basic understanding of attachment theory. – Review psychopathology, especially Borderline Personality – Examine the interface among personality type, attachment, and psychopathology. 2 A Modest Proposal • Personality type is central in: – Individual development – Social engagement – Adaptation • Psychopathology originates in – Trauma (assault, neglect, indulgence, insecurity) – Resultant inadequate attachment – Inadequate adaptation to the world – Creating psychopathology 3 Important Areas of Examination not Part of this Presentation Other Jungian concepts: --Several elements of personality type (E & I) --Archetypes --Intrapsychic conflicts Gender issues Cultural and subcultural issues Developmental issues Intellectual and neurological issues Relationship issues 4 II: Jung, Personality Type & MBTI Jung’s formulation of personality type Myers-Briggs format of personality type Johnson’s format of personality type Interface of Jung and Myers-Briggs Potential psychological problems due to type Potential attachment problems due to type Potential attachment problems due to type 5 2 “The conscious psyche is an apparatus for adaptation and orientation….” (CW 6, par. 899 [1923]) 6 Jung’s Model Two “attitudes” Extraversion Introversion Four “functions” Sensation Thinking Feeling Intuition 7 Jung’s Format of Personality Type • Direction of attention, energy formation & maintenance – Introversion and extraversion – Inner world and outer world • Functions – Perceptive function (Sensing, Intuitive) – Judging function (Thinking, Feeling) • Combinations – Extraverted sensing, intuitive, feeling, thinking – Introverted sensing, intuitive, feeling, thinking 8 What the four functions do Perception Sensation Intuition Judging Thinking Feeling 9 3 “The conscious psyche is an apparatus for adaptation and orientation….” (CW 6, par. 899 [1923]) “…the constant flow of life again and again demands fresh adaptation. Adaptation is never achieved once and for all.” (CW 8, par. 143 [1919/1959]) 10 “However difficult it is to define these purely psychological concepts scientifically, they are easily intelligible in current speech. . . . “And so it came about that I simply took the concepts expressed in current speech as designations for the corresponding psychic functions . . . .” (CW 6, par 949-950 [1931]) 11 “The human being must be adapted on two fronts, firstly to external life—profession, family, society—and secondly to the vital demands of his own nature. Neglect of one or the other imperative leads to illness.” (CW 17, par. 172) 12 “In neurosis the adaptation process is disturbed, or rather, we might say that the neurosis is itself a disturbed or diminished process of adaptation that takes two basic forms: 1. Disturbance of adaptation to outer conditions 2. Disturbance of adaptation of inner conditions.” (CW 18, par. 1087 [1916]) (For further Jung statements, see Appendix A) 13 4 What does adaptation have to do with psychological type? 14 E = “turning outward” I = “turning inward” 15 Adaptation to external life/outer conditions Extraversion – “turning outward” Adaptation to inner life/Internal conditions Introversion – “turning inward” 16 The human being must be adapted on two fronts Adaptation to external life “Outer” events and happenings Empirical facts Physical reality Objective data Social environment Work requirements and conditions Adaptation to internal life “Inner” events & conditions Physical constitution Endurance and strength Sleep-waking cycle Stimulus tolerance Emotional life Action-reflection balance 17 5 Adaptation to Outer Conditions Extraversion External factors are the predominant motivating force Adaptation to Inner Conditions Introversion Internal factors are the predominant motivating force Thought, feeling, action, and conduct of life are directly correlated with the objective conditions and their demands. Thought, feeling, action, and conduct are directly correlated with the subjective conditions and their demands 18 How can Extraversion and Introversion lead to maladaptation and psychopathology? 19 Extraversion leads to maladaptation the more a person ignores subjective conditions and the demands of his/her own nature. 20 Ignoring / discounting / suppressing subjective conditions Awareness of emotional life (thoughts, wishes, affects, needs, feelings, etc.) Action – reflection balance Inner images, dreams, and fantasies can lead to functional disorders (somatic complaints lacking physical basis, hysterical conversions) nervous disorders (vague discomfort, moodiness, morbid intensification of fantasy activity, anxiety / panic attacks, markedly egocentric behavior) 21 6 The greater the suppression of subjective needs and demands, the more regressive and primitive/infantile they become. 22 SUPPRESSION OF SUBJECTIVE FACTOR DIMINISHED OUTER ADAPTATION needs, affects, feelings, wishes, thoughts, fantasies INTENSITY OF SUBJECTIVE COMPONENT INCREASES 23 Introversion leads to maladaptation the more a person ignores objective conditions and the demands of external life. 24 Ignoring / discounting / suppressing objective conditions “Outer” events and happenings Empirical facts Physical reality Objective data Social environment Work requirements and conditions can lead to physical dangers; interpersonal, social, and legal troubles; loss of contact with consensual reality 25 7 When the individual more and more suppresses objective factors and demands, the “object comes to exert an overwhelming influence . . .[and] forcibly obtrudes itself on . . . consciousness” (CW, par. 626) 26 SUPPRESSION OF OBJECTIVE FACTOR DIMINISHED INNER ADAPTATION “outer” events and happenings, empirical facts, physical reality, objective data, social environment, work requirements and conditions INTENSITY OF OBJECTIVE COMPONENT INCREASES 27 Personality Type Utilizing Myers-Briggs (MBTI) Terminology Energy “attitude” = I or E Extraverted people = E‘s Introverted people = I’s Boundary “attitude” = J or P Judging people = J‘s Perceiving “function”= S or N Sensing people = S’s Intuitive people = N’s Judging “function” = T or F Thinking people = T’s Perceiving people = P’s Feeling people = F’s 28 MBTI Format of Personality Type • Energy Attitude Extraverted (E) ______________________________________Introverted (I) Perceptive Function Sensing (S) ___________________________________________Intuitive (N) Judging Function Thinking (T) __________________________________________Feeling (F) Boundary Attitude Judging (J)___________________________________________Perceiving (P) 29 8 Dimensions of Personality Johnson Terminology • Energy External ______________________________________________Internal Boundaries High ____________________________________________________Low Perception Objective ___________________________________________ Subjective Judgment Objective ___________________________________________ Subjective • 30 Using and Abusing Type Theory when utilizing the MBTI MBTI terminology includes -- all four elements of personality type -- combinations of the functions only (SF, ST, NF, NT) -- Kiersey’s “temperament” system (NF, SF, NT, SP) Usefulness of the MBTI system -- Ease of personality type -- Much published research using the M-B system Dangers of the M-B system – – – – Undue simplicity Rigidity of the system Measures independent attitudes and functions Categories are used more than a dynamic system 31 III: Psychological type and Psychopathology A. Classifications of psychopathology B. Research on personality type and psychopathology C. Research on introversion/extraversion and psychopathology D. Brock research on type and psychopathology 32 Type and Potential Problems Limitations > psychopathology, problems, issues Limitations could come from: -- one’s inferior function(s) -- one’s unconscious operation -- society/family expectation --lack of attachment with parental figure Limitations of introverts and extraverts (See appendices B & C) 33 9 Classifications of Psychopathology Mood Disorders Thought Disorders – Fragmentation of personality – Loose association in conversation – Auditory hallucinations – Depression – Anxiety – Bi-polar disorder Addictive Disorders Character Disorders – Narcissism as key element – History of indulgence (also neglect) – Lack of self-development – Excesses and extremes – Substance – Behavioral Situational Disorders – Interpersonal, relational, social – Occupational & Academic 34 Some Examples of Extant Research on Type and Psychopathology • Extraversion and positive affect correlated • AODA and INFP correlate across gender; also: – More ISTP males and more INTP females – Inpatient AODA patients are ISTJ • ISTP veterans more rebellious and phobic • Personality disorders correlated with I,N,T,& P – Also INTP r. with schizotypal; ISTJ r. with OCD • Male batters r. with introversion and sensing 35 More Type/Pathology Research --Introverts have higher level of Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS). (Bullock and Gilliland --Introverts focus on the “private self;” extraverts on the “public self;” mature individuals of either type focus on both self-aspects and enhance their interpersonal success (Shaffer and Tomarelli) --Extraverts perform better under stimulating/arousing situations, especially in the AM; reverse for introverts (Matthews et al.) --Introverts more easily bored in the presence of distractions, but judged the material as valuable and interesting; reverse for extraverts (Damrad-Frye and Laird) --Extraverts heavily influenced by rewards, and disregard punishments and mistakes; reverse for introverts (Zimbarg and Revelle). --Extraverts are more impulsive (Revelle, 1997) --Strength of social relationships a stronger predictor of subjective well-being (SWB); extyraverts who had high SWB were also neurotic (Hotard et al.) --Feeling-based Ss report more life events, more hassles, and more stress 36 (Aldwin et al.) Brock’s Type-Pathology Research NF females most well adjusted NF males most maladjusted SJ males moderately well adjusted NT females moderately maladjusted ISTJ men moderately maladjusted; ISTJ women well adjusted S men better adjusted than N men N women better adjusted than S women Es across gender are more well adjusted Male Ts and female Fs are more well adjusted 37 10 IV: Attachment A. What is attachment? B. Theory of attachment C. Classifications of attachment (adjusted and maladjusted) D. Symptoms of attachment disorders E. Extant research on attachment & disorders F. Considerations of type and attachment 38 “…one’s experiences of relations with others becomes a feature of one’s relations with oneself.” Peter Hobsopn (2002, p. 180) Cited in D. Wallen (2007, p. 99) 39 Co-created relationships of attachment are the key context for development. Preverbal experience makes up the core of the developing self. The stance of the self toward experience predicts attachment security better than the facts of personal history. 40 Theory of Attachment • • • • • Fetus and mother are attached as a unity Birth is a trauma in the form of separation Early attachment to mother (figure) essential Some inadequate attachment is unavoidable Some infants and children suffer more profound impairments in attachment (Attachment is a form of “object relations”) (See Appendices F and G for possible origins of attachment problems.) 41 11 Classifications of Attachment Ainsworth: Secure or insecure – Secure individual has good sense of self – Insecure individual has undeveloped sense of self: – Avoidant – Ambivalent/anxious – (See symptoms of attachment disorders in infants, Appendix H.) 42 Classifications of Attachment Secure / Autonomous Attachment: Free to connect, explore, and reflect Avoidant / Dismissing Attachment: Not-so-splendid isolation Ambivalent / Preoccupied Attachment: No room for a mind of one's own D. Wallin (2007), p. 86-91 43 Possible Attachment Problems Related to Personality Type • Introvert is in an extraverted family • Feeling-based person in thinking-based family • INFP person in an ESTJ family • Intuitive person in a concrete family • Perceiver in a judging family 44 V: Borderline Personality 1. DSM-4 diagnostic criteria 2. Proposal of BPD as an attachment disorder 3. Psychological test data on BPD 4. Psychological test data vis-à-vis personality type 45 12 Borderline Personality Disorder as Defined by the DSM-IV (adults) Experience or demonstrate 5 or more of the following symptoms • • • Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment Extremes of idealization and devaluation Unstable self image/sense of self Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (spending, sex, substance, driving; not suicidal or self mutilating) Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, threats or self-mutilating Affective instability marked by reactivity of mood lasting few hours and rarely more than days Chronic feelings of emptiness Inappropriate, intense anger/difficulty controlling anger Transient, stress related paranoid ideation/severe dissociative • (See Johnson-Brock Theory of Borderline Personality Disorder, Appendix I) • • • • • • 46 Proposed Theory of BPD 1. BPD, at its basis, is an Attachment Disorder 2. There is always a trauma at the origin of BPD A. Could be primitive (infancy) B. Could be later (childhood) C. Could be a series of traumata 3. There is a consequent lack of a good sense of self 4. A principal symptom is the seeking of self in relationships 5. Symptoms (physical, mood, relational, addictive) mask underlying lack of self and insufficient sustaining attachment 47 MMPI-2 BPD Profiles 48 Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA) Phenomenon Normal (m) Normal (f) BPD ___________________________________________________________ Shame 34.9 39.4 44.1 Guilt 58.8 57.1 61.9 49 13 MBTI-2 Borderline Population 50 VI: Jung on Type and Adaptation A. Adapted extraversion B. Maladapted extraversion C. Adapted introversion D. Maladapted introversion 51 Jung on Adaptation-1 Adapted extraversion “external factors (are) the predominant motivating force.” (CW 6, p.892) “ascendency of the object over the course of psychic events” “affirms the importance [of the object], (CW 6, par.557) “open, sociable, jovial, or at least friendly and approachable” (CW 6, par. 557) 52 Jung on Adaptation-2 Maladapted extraversion “An individual who adjusts himself to [the external world] is admittedly conforming to the style of his environment, but together with his whole surroundings he is in an abnormal situation with respect to the universally valid laws of life. . . . [His] normality must also depend essentially on whether he takes account of his subjective needs and requirements, and this is just his weak point, for the tendency of his type is so outer-directed that even the most obvious of all subjective facts, the condition of his own body, receives scant attention.” (CW 6, par. 564) 53 14 Jung on Adaptation-3 Maladapted extraversion (continued) “(He) gets sucked into objects completely and loses himself in them.” (CW 6, par. 565) “The extraverted type is constantly tempted to expend himself for the apparent benefit of the object, to assimilate the subject to the object.” (CW 6, par. 569) 54 Jung on Adaptation-4 Adapted Introversion “The introverted attitude is normally oriented by the psychic structure, which is in principle hereditary and is inborn in the subject. This must not be assumed, however, to be simply identical with the subject's ego . . .; it is rather the psychic structure of the subject prior to any ego-development.” (CW 6, par. 623) “The really fundamental subject, the self, is far more comprehensive than the ego, since the former includes the unconscious, whereas the latter is essentially the focal point of consciousness.” (CW 6, par. 623) 55 Jung on Adaptation-5 Maladapted introversion “But it is a characteristic peculiarity of the introvert, which is as much in keeping with his own inclination as with the general [extraverted] bias, to confuse his ego with the self, and to exalt it as the subject of the psychic process, thus bringing about the aforementioned subjectivation of consciousness which alienates him from the object.” (CW 6, par. 623) 56 Final Considerations A. Assessing patients for Borderline features B. Assessing patients for attachment disorders C. Assessing oneself for attachment and borderline features D. Considerations of transference phenomena E. Considerations of countertransference phenomena (See appendix K for Johnson format for transference, liking, “good for me” and “not good for me.”) 57 15