Download Psychological Type and Psychological Problems

Psychological Type
and
Psychological Problems
with
Boris Matthews, MSW, PhD
www.jungchicago.org
and
Ron Johnson, MDiv, PhD
http://midlandspsychological.com/
April 23, 2010
1
Introductions
Who are these guys?
– Boris Matthews
– Ron Johnson
Formal learning objectives for this workshop
– Review of Jung’s psychological type theory, especially
introversion and extraversion.
– Gain a basic understanding of attachment theory.
– Review psychopathology, especially Borderline Personality
– Examine the interface among personality type,
attachment, and psychopathology.
2
A Modest Proposal
• Personality type is central in:
– Individual development
– Social engagement
– Adaptation
• Psychopathology originates in
– Trauma (assault, neglect, indulgence, insecurity)
– Resultant inadequate attachment
– Inadequate adaptation to the world
– Creating psychopathology
3
Important Areas of Examination
not Part of this Presentation
Other Jungian concepts:
--Several elements of personality type (E & I)
--Archetypes
--Intrapsychic conflicts
Gender issues
Cultural and subcultural issues
Developmental issues
Intellectual and neurological issues
Relationship issues
4
II: Jung, Personality Type & MBTI
Jung’s formulation of personality type
Myers-Briggs format of personality type
Johnson’s format of personality type
Interface of Jung and Myers-Briggs
Potential psychological problems due to type
Potential attachment problems due to type
Potential attachment problems due to type
5
2
“The conscious psyche is an apparatus
for adaptation and orientation….”
(CW 6, par. 899 [1923])
6
Jung’s Model
Two “attitudes”
Extraversion
Introversion
Four “functions”
Sensation
Thinking
Feeling
Intuition
7
Jung’s Format of Personality Type
• Direction of attention, energy formation &
maintenance
– Introversion and extraversion
– Inner world and outer world
• Functions
– Perceptive function (Sensing, Intuitive)
– Judging function (Thinking, Feeling)
• Combinations
– Extraverted sensing, intuitive, feeling, thinking
– Introverted sensing, intuitive, feeling, thinking
8
What the four functions do
Perception
Sensation
Intuition
Judging
Thinking
Feeling
9
3
“The conscious psyche is an apparatus
for adaptation and orientation….”
(CW 6, par. 899 [1923])
“…the constant flow of life again and
again demands fresh adaptation.
Adaptation is never achieved once and for all.”
(CW 8, par. 143 [1919/1959])
10
“However difficult it is to define these purely
psychological concepts scientifically, they are
easily intelligible in current speech. . . .
“And so it came about that I simply took the
concepts expressed in current speech as
designations for the corresponding psychic
functions . . . .”
(CW 6, par 949-950 [1931])
11
“The human being must be adapted on two
fronts, firstly to external life—profession,
family, society—and secondly to the vital
demands of his own nature. Neglect of one or
the other imperative leads to illness.”
(CW 17, par. 172)
12
“In neurosis the adaptation process is disturbed,
or rather, we might say that the neurosis is
itself a disturbed or diminished process of
adaptation that takes two basic forms:
1. Disturbance of adaptation to outer conditions
2. Disturbance of adaptation of inner conditions.”
(CW 18, par. 1087 [1916])
(For further Jung statements, see Appendix A)
13
4
What does adaptation have to
do with psychological type?
14
E = “turning outward”
I = “turning inward”
15
Adaptation to external life/outer conditions
Extraversion – “turning outward”
Adaptation to inner life/Internal conditions
Introversion – “turning inward”
16
The human being must be adapted
on two fronts
Adaptation to external life
“Outer” events and
happenings
Empirical facts
Physical reality
Objective data
Social environment
Work requirements and
conditions
Adaptation to internal life
“Inner” events &
conditions
Physical constitution
Endurance and strength
Sleep-waking cycle
Stimulus tolerance
Emotional life
Action-reflection balance
17
5
Adaptation to
Outer Conditions
Extraversion
External factors are the
predominant motivating
force
Adaptation to
Inner Conditions
Introversion
Internal factors are the
predominant motivating
force
Thought, feeling, action,
and conduct of life are
directly correlated with the
objective conditions and
their demands.
Thought, feeling, action,
and conduct are directly
correlated with the
subjective conditions and
their demands
18
How can Extraversion and Introversion lead to
maladaptation and psychopathology?
19
Extraversion leads to maladaptation the more
a person ignores subjective conditions and the
demands of his/her own nature.
20
Ignoring / discounting / suppressing subjective
conditions
Awareness of emotional life
(thoughts, wishes, affects, needs, feelings, etc.)
Action – reflection balance
Inner images, dreams, and fantasies
can lead to
functional disorders (somatic complaints lacking physical
basis, hysterical conversions)
nervous disorders (vague discomfort, moodiness, morbid
intensification of fantasy activity, anxiety / panic attacks,
markedly egocentric behavior)
21
6
The greater the suppression of subjective
needs and demands, the more regressive and
primitive/infantile they become.
22
SUPPRESSION OF
SUBJECTIVE
FACTOR
DIMINISHED
OUTER
ADAPTATION
needs, affects, feelings,
wishes, thoughts,
fantasies
INTENSITY OF SUBJECTIVE COMPONENT INCREASES
23
Introversion leads to maladaptation the
more a person ignores objective conditions
and the demands of external life.
24
Ignoring / discounting / suppressing objective
conditions
“Outer” events and happenings
Empirical facts
Physical reality
Objective data
Social environment
Work requirements and conditions
can lead to
physical dangers; interpersonal, social, and
legal troubles; loss of contact with consensual
reality
25
7
When the individual more and more
suppresses objective factors and demands,
the “object comes to exert an overwhelming
influence . . .[and] forcibly obtrudes itself on .
. . consciousness”
(CW, par. 626)
26
SUPPRESSION
OF OBJECTIVE
FACTOR
DIMINISHED
INNER
ADAPTATION
“outer” events and happenings,
empirical facts, physical reality,
objective data, social environment, work requirements and
conditions
INTENSITY OF OBJECTIVE COMPONENT INCREASES
27
Personality Type Utilizing
Myers-Briggs (MBTI) Terminology
Energy “attitude” = I or E
Extraverted people = E‘s
Introverted people = I’s
Boundary “attitude” = J or P
Judging people = J‘s
Perceiving “function”= S or N
Sensing people = S’s
Intuitive people = N’s
Judging “function” = T or F
Thinking people = T’s
Perceiving people = P’s
Feeling people = F’s
28
MBTI Format of Personality Type
•
Energy Attitude
Extraverted (E) ______________________________________Introverted (I)
Perceptive Function
Sensing (S) ___________________________________________Intuitive (N)
Judging Function
Thinking (T) __________________________________________Feeling (F)
Boundary Attitude
Judging (J)___________________________________________Perceiving (P)
29
8
Dimensions of Personality
Johnson Terminology
•
Energy
External ______________________________________________Internal
Boundaries
High ____________________________________________________Low
Perception
Objective ___________________________________________ Subjective
Judgment
Objective ___________________________________________ Subjective
•
30
Using and Abusing Type Theory
when utilizing the MBTI
MBTI terminology includes
-- all four elements of personality type
-- combinations of the functions only (SF, ST, NF, NT)
-- Kiersey’s “temperament” system (NF, SF, NT, SP)
Usefulness of the MBTI system
-- Ease of personality type
-- Much published research using the M-B system
Dangers of the M-B system
–
–
–
–
Undue simplicity
Rigidity of the system
Measures independent attitudes and functions
Categories are used more than a dynamic system
31
III: Psychological type
and Psychopathology
A. Classifications of psychopathology
B. Research on personality type and
psychopathology
C. Research on introversion/extraversion and
psychopathology
D. Brock research on type and psychopathology
32
Type and Potential Problems
Limitations > psychopathology, problems, issues
Limitations could come from:
-- one’s inferior function(s)
-- one’s unconscious operation
-- society/family expectation
--lack of attachment with parental figure
Limitations of introverts and extraverts
(See appendices B & C)
33
9
Classifications of Psychopathology
Mood Disorders
Thought Disorders
– Fragmentation of personality
– Loose association in
conversation
– Auditory hallucinations
– Depression
– Anxiety
– Bi-polar disorder
Addictive Disorders
Character Disorders
– Narcissism as key element
– History of indulgence (also
neglect)
– Lack of self-development
– Excesses and extremes
– Substance
– Behavioral
Situational Disorders
– Interpersonal, relational,
social
– Occupational & Academic
34
Some Examples of Extant Research
on Type and Psychopathology
• Extraversion and positive affect correlated
• AODA and INFP correlate across gender; also:
– More ISTP males and more INTP females
– Inpatient AODA patients are ISTJ
• ISTP veterans more rebellious and phobic
• Personality disorders correlated with I,N,T,& P
– Also INTP r. with schizotypal; ISTJ r. with OCD
• Male batters r. with introversion and sensing
35
More Type/Pathology Research
--Introverts have higher level of Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS).
(Bullock and Gilliland
--Introverts focus on the “private self;” extraverts on the “public self;” mature
individuals of either type focus on both self-aspects and enhance their
interpersonal success (Shaffer and Tomarelli)
--Extraverts perform better under stimulating/arousing situations, especially
in the AM; reverse for introverts (Matthews et al.)
--Introverts more easily bored in the presence of distractions, but judged the
material as valuable and interesting; reverse for extraverts (Damrad-Frye
and Laird)
--Extraverts heavily influenced by rewards, and disregard punishments and
mistakes; reverse for introverts (Zimbarg and Revelle).
--Extraverts are more impulsive (Revelle, 1997)
--Strength of social relationships a stronger predictor of subjective well-being
(SWB); extyraverts who had high SWB were also neurotic (Hotard et al.)
--Feeling-based Ss report more life events, more hassles, and more stress
36
(Aldwin et al.)
Brock’s Type-Pathology Research
NF females most well adjusted
NF males most maladjusted
SJ males moderately well adjusted
NT females moderately maladjusted
ISTJ men moderately maladjusted; ISTJ women well adjusted
S men better adjusted than N men
N women better adjusted than S women
Es across gender are more well adjusted
Male Ts and female Fs are more well adjusted
37
10
IV: Attachment
A. What is attachment?
B. Theory of attachment
C. Classifications of attachment (adjusted and
maladjusted)
D. Symptoms of attachment disorders
E. Extant research on attachment & disorders
F. Considerations of type and attachment
38
“…one’s experiences of relations with others
becomes a feature of one’s relations with
oneself.”
Peter Hobsopn (2002, p. 180)
Cited in D. Wallen (2007, p. 99)
39
Co-created relationships of attachment are the
key context for development.
Preverbal experience makes up the core of the
developing self.
The stance of the self toward experience predicts
attachment security better than the facts of
personal history.
40
Theory of Attachment
•
•
•
•
•
Fetus and mother are attached as a unity
Birth is a trauma in the form of separation
Early attachment to mother (figure) essential
Some inadequate attachment is unavoidable
Some infants and children suffer more
profound impairments in attachment
(Attachment is a form of “object relations”)
(See Appendices F and G for possible origins of attachment problems.)
41
11
Classifications of Attachment
Ainsworth: Secure or insecure
– Secure individual has good sense of self
– Insecure individual has undeveloped sense of self:
– Avoidant
– Ambivalent/anxious
– (See symptoms of attachment disorders in infants, Appendix H.)
42
Classifications of Attachment
Secure / Autonomous Attachment:
Free to connect, explore, and reflect
Avoidant / Dismissing Attachment:
Not-so-splendid isolation
Ambivalent / Preoccupied Attachment:
No room for a mind of one's own
D. Wallin (2007), p. 86-91
43
Possible Attachment Problems
Related to Personality Type
• Introvert is in an extraverted family
• Feeling-based person in thinking-based family
• INFP person in an ESTJ family
• Intuitive person in a concrete family
• Perceiver in a judging family
44
V: Borderline Personality
1. DSM-4 diagnostic criteria
2. Proposal of BPD as an attachment disorder
3. Psychological test data on BPD
4. Psychological test data vis-à-vis personality
type
45
12
Borderline Personality Disorder
as Defined by the DSM-IV (adults)
Experience or demonstrate 5 or more of the following symptoms
•
•
•
Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment
Extremes of idealization and devaluation
Unstable self image/sense of self
Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging
(spending, sex, substance, driving; not suicidal or self mutilating)
Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, threats or self-mutilating
Affective instability marked by reactivity of mood lasting few hours
and rarely more than days
Chronic feelings of emptiness
Inappropriate, intense anger/difficulty controlling anger
Transient, stress related paranoid ideation/severe dissociative
•
(See Johnson-Brock Theory of Borderline Personality Disorder, Appendix I)
•
•
•
•
•
•
46
Proposed Theory of BPD
1. BPD, at its basis, is an Attachment Disorder
2. There is always a trauma at the origin of BPD
A. Could be primitive (infancy)
B. Could be later (childhood)
C. Could be a series of traumata
3. There is a consequent lack of a good sense of self
4. A principal symptom is the seeking of self in relationships
5. Symptoms (physical, mood, relational, addictive) mask
underlying
lack of self and insufficient sustaining
attachment
47
MMPI-2 BPD Profiles
48
Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA)
Phenomenon Normal (m) Normal (f) BPD
___________________________________________________________
Shame
34.9
39.4
44.1
Guilt
58.8
57.1
61.9
49
13
MBTI-2 Borderline Population
50
VI: Jung on Type and Adaptation
A. Adapted extraversion
B. Maladapted extraversion
C. Adapted introversion
D. Maladapted introversion
51
Jung on Adaptation-1
Adapted extraversion
“external factors (are) the predominant motivating
force.” (CW 6, p.892)
“ascendency of the object over the course of psychic
events”
“affirms the importance [of the object], (CW 6, par.557)
“open, sociable, jovial, or at least friendly and
approachable”
(CW 6, par. 557)
52
Jung on Adaptation-2
Maladapted extraversion
“An individual who adjusts himself to [the external
world] is admittedly conforming to the style of his
environment, but together with his whole
surroundings he is in an abnormal situation with
respect to the universally valid laws of life. . . . [His]
normality must also depend essentially on whether he
takes account of his subjective needs and
requirements, and this is just his weak point, for the
tendency of his type is so outer-directed that even the
most obvious of all subjective facts, the condition of
his own body, receives scant attention.”
(CW 6, par. 564)
53
14
Jung on Adaptation-3
Maladapted extraversion (continued)
“(He) gets sucked into objects completely and loses
himself in them.”
(CW 6, par. 565)
“The extraverted type is constantly tempted to expend
himself for the apparent benefit of the object, to
assimilate the subject to the object.”
(CW 6, par. 569)
54
Jung on Adaptation-4
Adapted Introversion
“The introverted attitude is normally oriented by the psychic
structure, which is in principle hereditary and is inborn in the
subject. This must not be assumed, however, to be simply
identical with the subject's ego . . .; it is rather the psychic
structure of the subject prior to any ego-development.”
(CW 6, par. 623)
“The really fundamental subject, the self, is far more
comprehensive than the ego, since the former includes the
unconscious, whereas the latter is essentially the focal point of
consciousness.”
(CW 6, par. 623)
55
Jung on Adaptation-5
Maladapted introversion
“But it is a characteristic peculiarity of the introvert,
which is as much in keeping with his own inclination
as with the general [extraverted] bias, to confuse his
ego with the self, and to exalt it as the subject of the
psychic process, thus bringing about the
aforementioned subjectivation of consciousness which
alienates him from the object.”
(CW 6, par. 623)
56
Final Considerations
A. Assessing patients for Borderline features
B. Assessing patients for attachment disorders
C. Assessing oneself for attachment and
borderline features
D. Considerations of transference phenomena
E. Considerations of countertransference
phenomena
(See appendix K for Johnson format for transference, liking, “good for me”
and “not good for me.”)
57
15