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Download Participles Participles are verbal adjectives. As adjectives
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Participles Participles Participles are verbal adjectives. As adjectives, participles must agree with the noun they qualify in case, number, and gender. As verbs, participles have tense and voice, are modified by adverbs, and govern objects and indirect objects. Latin verbs have only three participles: Present, Future and Past (Perfect). The present and future participles are always active; the past participle is usually passive—as we will learn in M&F, Unit Eleven (pp. 76–68), there is one class of verbs (deponents) whose past participle is always active. NB: There is no present passive participle, and only deponents have a perfect active participle (and thereby lack a perfect passive participle). I. Present Active Participle The present participle (always active) is formed by adding -ns to the present stem, e.g., optans, implens, ducens, incipiens, audiens. It declines as a third declension adjective, whose paradigm will be learned in Unit Eight (p. 127). The present participle denotes an incomplete action contemporaneous with the main verb. Our word ‘present’ is itself derived from the present participle of praesum (to preside or be present at): praesens, genitive praesentis. This can provide a clue to the formation and translation of the present participle. II. Future Active Participle The future participle (always active) is formed by inserting -ur- before -us (-a, -um) of the fourth principle part, e.g., optaturus, impleturus, ducturus, incepturus, auditurus. It declines as a first and second declension adjective (i.e., like bonus, -a, -um.) The future participle denotes an action subsequent to the main verb. The gerundive, a verbal adjective passive in meaning, is sometimes used as a future passive participle. It is formed by adding -ndus (-a, -um) to the present stem, e.g., optandus, implendus, ducendus, incipiendus, audiendus. It declines like a first and second declension adjective. Note that our word ‘future’ is itself derived from the future participle of sum: futurus. This can provide a clue to formation and translation of the future participle. III. Perfect Passive Participle The past participle (always passive, save for deponent verbs) is the fourth principle part, e.g., optatus, impletus, ductus, inceptus, auditus. It declines as a first and second declension adjective (i.e., like bonus, -a, -um). While the past participle is often regularly formed in most first and second conjugation verbs (amatus, coronatus, clamatus – deletus, impletus [but habitus]), the past participle of third and fourth conjugation verbs is best regarded as unpredictable and should be memorized. The past participle denotes an action which is prior to the main verb. Our word ‘perfect’ (e.g., the perfect system) is iteslf derived from the perfect passive participle of perficio (‘to complete or finish’); hence, perfectum is ‘something having been completed’. This can provide an occasional clue to the formation and translation of the perfect participle.