Download Economic Losses and Application Of Classic Swine

Economic Losses and Application Of Classic Swine Fever Control
Program On The Regional Level
1
2
3
4
Teši• M. , Žugi• G. , Kljaji• R. , Rajkovi• M. , Tajdi• N.
1
1 Department of Economics and Statistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
2 Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
3 Veterinary Scientific Institute “Novi Sad”, Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro
4 Veterinary Institute “Kraljevo”, Kraljevo, Serbia and Montenegro
Summary
Classic swine fever (CSF) is infectious disease which has epidemic characteristics in Serbia, and is serious
health and economic problem. The aim of this study was to present epidemiological situation of CSF in
observed region, to perform economic evaluation of current control strategy in our country. In period between
1994 and 2001 control strategy was based upon swine vaccination, which had not achieved satisfactory
results.
Introduction
Classic swine fever (CSF) is serious viral infectious disease of wild and domestic swine. Because of its great
epizootiological and economic significance for swine production, it is assorted on List A of Office
International des Epizootie (OIE) (1, 3, 6). According to regulations of international trade, marketing of live
swine and production of swine products are forbidden in countries where this disease emerged. In our
country, during occurrence of CSF marketing prohibition is referred to region only, which is unjustifiable and
unreasonable measure.
Losses which arise in case of CSF appearance in countries with developed swine production and dense
population exceed hundreds of million euros, or even more, which was shown in European countries at the
end of former century. The disease emerged with different dynamics in almost quarter of the world countries.
The disease is spread over whole European continent, and is present in almost half of European countries
(2, 4, 5).
CSF control program basically is based either on vaccination or on non-vaccination. In both cases stampingout method and other pre-defined veterinary and sanitary measures in endangered yard are applied (4, 5, 7,
8).
CSF emergence is somewhat more often in observed region than in the rest of Serbia. The reasons for
constant CSF reappearance in any of 25 communities are region non-homogeneity, different ways of swine
breeding, and, in most cases, uncontrolled purchase of swine from regions where this disease is endemically
present.
Material and methods
In this study we used official documentation of Veterinary institute and veterinary stations located in
observed region in period from 1994. to 2004., with special interest in period from 1994. to 2001., when
vaccination for swine owners was free, and in period from 2002. to 2004., when expenses were defrayed by
owners. We analyzed number of registered foci of CSF, number of vaccinated swine, vaccination efficiency,
and economic losses caused by disease emergence, and provided program for disease control on observed
region. We used descriptive statistics for analysis of acquired data, and fro program development we used
current prices from 2005.
Results
During period from 1994. to 2004. average number of registered CSF foci in observed region was 26.55,
which was one fifth of average number of CSF foci on national level (109.36). But, in period from 1994. to
2001., when vaccination was free for owners, average number of CSF foci was 28.13, and in last three
years, when owners paid for vaccination, was by 16% less in respect to whole period, while on national level
this ratio was 14.53% and 46.51%, respectively. CSF foci appearance varied by year in observed region
(graph 1.). High incidence was recorded in 2003. with 55.41%, in 2000. with 42.08%, in 1998. with 35.29%,
and 2002. with 30%, and lowest incidence was recorded in 1997. and 1994. with 6.06% and 7.38%
respectively.
Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, 2006
Available at www.sciquest.org.nz
60
50
Prosek perioda
40
30
24.28
20
10
0
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Graph 1. Participation of number of registered foci in observed region
regarding to national level
Vaccination efficiency was analyzed from susceptible/vaccinated swine ratio. Average percent of vaccinated
swine on national level during observed period was 55.82%, and in observed region 44.26%. During free
vaccination these values were 64.66% and 52.74%, while during period when owners paid for vaccination
were 32.25% and 21.8% respectively (table 1.) Statistically significant difference was found between these
values both on regional and national level between these periods (p < 0.05).
Redni broj
Period
n
1
2
3
1994-2004
1994-2001
2002-2004
11
8
3
1
2
3
1994-2004
1994-2001
2002-2004
11
8
3
Mean
SD
National level
55.82
19.26
64.66
14.15
32.25
3.01
Regional level
44.26
18.14
52.74
12.85
21.58
1.95
CV
34.50
21.88
9.33
40.98
24.36
9.04
Table 1. Efficiency of vaccination in observed region
and on national level
Average number of slaughtered and perished of diseased swine in observed region was 13.08 swine per
infected place during whole period, which was almost three times lower than on national level. The average
participation per year of observed region in total national losses caused by CSF was 8.99%.
Discussion
According to analysis of CSF control program, which was based on vaccination of all susceptible swine twice
per year and stamping-out method in infected yard, it is perceived that it did not achieved satisfactory results
during observed period. Large assets were spent on free vaccination, but despite it number of protected
swine reduced. The real picture is seen after cessation of free vaccination, when vaccination is performed
only by interested owners, despite its mandatory for all swine owners. These are the reasons for making new
program for prevention, control and eradication of CSF. Because CSF is diseases from OIE A list, it is
obligation for every member country that, besides adequate regulations, has defined strategy for CSF
control. For development of consistent CSF control program, it is necessary to define susceptible population
with mandatory registration of all households and swine marking. It is our opinion that combined program
should be used, which include stamping-out combined with emergency vaccination with conventional or
marker vaccines. Based on performed analysis during observed period, and with ten-fold increase in
Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, 2006
Available at www.sciquest.org.nz
expenses of veterinary and sanitary surveillance and fixed level of vaccination in last year, proposed control
program on national level is about two to three times cheaper than program of free and mandatory
vaccination, which was applied in past years. We think that such program on both regional and national level
is reality and good fundament for improvement of epidemiological situation, which should, in the near future,
stop unnecessary vaccination and focus only on veterinary and sanitary measured of disease control.
Literature
1. Elbers AR, H. Moser, HM. Ekker, PA Crauwels, JA. Stegman, JA. Smak, FH. Plumers (2001):
Tracing systems used during the epidemic of classical swine fever in the Netherlands 1997-1998.
Rev. Sci. Tech. 2001 Aug; 20(2):614-629.
2. Lazi• S., •uri•i• Bosiljka, Jovi•in M., Došen R., Lali• M. (1999): Epizootiološki i zdravstvenoekonomski problemi u saniranju i eradikaciji nekih virusnih oboljenja doma•ih životinja. Zbornik
radova i kratkih sadržaja, 11. savetovanje veterinara Srbije, Zlatibor, 102-106.
3. Lon•arevi• LA I saradnici (1995): Klasi•na kuga svinja. Monografija, Nau•ni institute za veterinarstvo
Srbije, Beograd.
4. Mangen MJ, Nielen M, Burrel AM (2002): Simulated effect of pig-population density on epidemic size
and choice of control strategy for classical fever epidemic in The Netherlands. Prev. Vet. Med 56,
141-163.
5. Mintiens K, Deluyaker H, Laevens H, Koenen F, Dewulf J, De Kruif A (2001): Descriptive
epidemiology of a classical swine fever outbreak in the Limburg Province of Belgium in 1997. J Vet
Med Belg, 48 (2):143-149.
6. Panjevi• •. (1994): Klasi•na kuga svinja – klinika i imunoprofilaksa. Veterinarski glasnik 48, 5-6,
355-357.
7. Saatkamp HW, Dijkhuizen AA, Geers R, Huirne RB, Noordhuizen JP, Goodseels V (1997):
Economic evaluation of national identification and recording systems for pigs in Belgium. Prev Vet
Med 1997 May; 30(2):121-135.
8. Teši• M., Kljaji• R., Uš•ebrka Gordana, Tajdi• Nada, Mirilovi• M. (2003): Ekonomski I društveni
zna•aj kontrole zdravlja životinja. Savremena poljoprivreda, 52(3-4), 491-495.
Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, 2006
Available at www.sciquest.org.nz