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4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:49 pm Page 60 Unit 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; This unit covers: • • • • • • • • • • • animate accusative nominative plural and inanimate accusative plural genitive case accusative, genitive and dative of pronouns possessives, demonstratives possession existence availability, lack talking about people, jobs asking for things possessions 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:49 pm Page 61 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 1222 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 2225 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 32222 61 Lesson 1 Ук Animate accusative, pronoun accusative, people: friends, jobs etc. Listening task 1 Liza introduces her friends Tanya and Vadim. Where is Tanya from and what does she do? Окд 5(? Ко о о офсс? Гд о сс б? Кл( Л$ Кл( Л$ Кл( Л$ Кл( 5( Кл( 5( Л$, . 4, Кл(. Кк дл? -о"ло. # у б0? -г. Кл(, $ 5) 7д"? -, д"), о " 98 $к". 5огд о$к"с(, ,о "о0 одг, 5(, $ 4о$дск. G ,о 7д". О 0о. 5(, судк? -. б). # к" б? сс б) фс, о0 о офсс ( улс. 3.1 ANIMATE ACCUSATIVE SINGULAR. 'HЛ';! ДG Revision: see 2.2. As mentioned in 2.2, when a masculine animate noun (i.e. male people and animals) is the direct object of a verb, the ending does change in the accusative, with hard and soft endings -/-B that in fact come from the genitive: ) 4к. I am reading Pushkin. Ко $дс $ #лкс(? Who here knows Aleksei? Кк $о "лк? What’s the boy called? In the last example, note how the boy is the object of the verb $о - ‘they call’ – in the construction for asking/giving a name. Accusative case singular (2) Masculine inanimate nouns: no change from nominative. Masculine animate nouns: add endings -/-: б – б +кс" – +кс" #д – #дB гос – гсB 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:49 pm Page 62 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 62 Feminine nouns follow the same rule for both inanimate and animate nouns, i.e. with the endings -у/-A (but feminine soft sign nouns do not change). Note also that male names that are feminine in form, e.g. С, 5л(, , decline in accordance with their form, as feminine nouns, and in names all three parts – first name, patronymic, surname – decline: $) лко +у Gоу. I know only Marina Ivanovna. + д8" Су 5л). We’re waiting [for] Sasha and Tolya. 7 $ 7лд" 7лд"о +кс"о? Do you know Vladimir Vladimirovich Maksimov? Note the verb д – ‘wait’ – which here governs the accusative; it conjugates with the stem ending in the consonant: ду д8 д8 д8" д8 ду inf.: д У 1 Put the words in brackets in the correct form. 1 2 3 4 5 7 $ . . . ? (+кс", дко, Олг G, #лкс) $) лко . . .. (+, #(, Кл(, Сл 4) Ко у $ . . . ? (7д" 4, офссо, -д( #д) Кк $о . . . ? (б, сс, "лк, док, с, до) + д8" . . .. (#д, Лс #д, 7ко Гл() 3.2 PRONOUN ACCUSATIVE SINGULAR. 'HЛ';! ДG The accusative forms of the personal pronouns, already met in "0 $о etc., and of ко and о are: "0 б0 г 8 7 г $? Don’t you know him? с с ког о 7 "0 с? Are you asking me? Ког $дс $? Who(m) do you know here? The 3rd person singular pronouns refer to all nouns of that gender and so may be equivalent to ‘it’ in an accusative role as well as ‘him’ or ‘her’; г is the accusative of both о and о. Note also that the accusative pronouns are commonly placed before the verb. 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:49 pm Page 63 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 1222 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 2225 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 32222 63 У( 2–3 2 Answer the questions using pronouns. -": 5 $ С8у? – Д, ( г $). 1 7 $ 7у #лксу? 2 5 о" Сг(? 3 7 $ Гл) Бос? 3 Fill the gaps with appropriate accusative pronouns. 1 Кк . . . $о? – . . . $о 7лд", 7лд" 4. 2 С, ( . . . с)! 3 . . . $дс $? – $) лко К) #л8у. 3.3 FRIENDS, INTRODUCTIONS, USE OF ; ОКNД? JOBS/PROFESSIONS Friends and introductions Revision: see 1.15. Russian has a masculine and feminine form of the word ‘friend’, дуг and одг; одг can refer to a girl/woman friend of either a girl/woman or a man. The plural ду$0 is the general word for ‘friends’: Кл(, о$к"с(. %о "о дуг 7д"/"о0 одг Ол(. Kolya, let me introduce you. This is my friend Vadim/my friend Olya. 7 98 $к"? 5огд о$к"с! %о "о ду$0, Гл( +. You don’t know each other yet? Then let me introduce you! These are my friends, Galya and Misha. If addressing only one of the people you are introducing and that is someone you would use to, then you use the familiar о$к"с(. Note also the following way of suggesting that you get on familiar terms using д – ‘let’s’: Д ! When asking/stating where someone is from you say: 7 окд? Where are you from? $ 4бг/+оск/#гл. I’m from St Petersburg/Moscow/England. Окд asks ‘where from’ and the answer uses the preposition $ for ‘from’ with the genitive case (covered in Lesson 5). 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:49 pm Page 64 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 64 Jobs, professions, work The question ко ,о? asks about someone’s name; in order to ask about what someone does, their job/profession or where they work you can say: К" б? – улс. What do you do? – I’m a journalist. Гд о б? – О к8. Where does he work? – He’s an actor. Ко о о офсс? – О . # 8 "у – . What’s her profession? – She’s a doctor. And her husband’s an engineer. In the question К" б?/К" о б? etc., which is the most common way of asking what job someone has, к" is the instrumental form of ко and is expressing the equivalent of ‘working as’ in English (a noun following this verb would also need to be in the instrumental – ( б) улсо"). But a statement of what someone does can be expressed straightforwardly by saying: /О/О фсс etc. Using the phrase о офсс is equivalent to saying who someone is ‘by profession’. Some jobs/occupations have masculine and feminine forms, for example, суд/ судк, к8/кс, оф/офк (‘waiter’/’waitress’), ул/ ул (‘schoolteacher’); some do not, for example, (‘doctor’), "у$к and офссо; some, such as улс, have a feminine form улск, but the masculine is more commonly used. This can be an area where social factors affect usage, with a tendency in some cases for the masculine form, as in улс, to be the norm. Many words for professions are borrowed words and have endings derived from other languages, but not all: the ending -л, as in ул and also found in одл (‘teacher’/‘lecturer’ in a university), is equivalent to the ending ‘-er’ in English (professions, ‘doers’). У( 4–5 4 Match the pairs: 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 До сд(, +. 4о$к"с(, ,о "о дуг, Олг. К" б +? Д ! Окд ? Гд б? б г д $ -)-Iк. О кс. 4ок. б) со. Д! О 0о. Fill the gaps with an appropriate word from those given. "у$к кс судк фуболс оф ул 1 2 3 4 О . . . б кл. О . . . б кф. О . . . б олклк. О . . . б . 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:49 pm Page 65 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 1222 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 2225 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 32222 65 3.4 NAMES (2), PATRONYMICS Revision: see 1.16. The formation of the patronymic – со – depends on whether the father’s name ends in a consonant – endings: -о/-о, or a soft sign or - – endings: -/-, for example: father father father G: Gо/Gо Gго: Gго/Gго Сг: Сг/Сг 48: 4/4 -кол: -кол/-кол 'г: 'г/'г Note also the stem formation with names ending -. Care should be taken not to confuse feminine surnames such as 4 and G with patronymics 4 and Gо. Familiar address Note that you will hear the first name forms G, С, 5( etc. both shortened even further when calling people in very familiar address, G, С, 5 etc., and given diminutive forms, Gок, 5к etc. У 6 Write out in Russian what the first names, patronymics and surnames of the following people would be. 1 2 3 Sergei and Marina, whose father is Anton Nosov. Anna and Aleksandr, whose father is Andrei Danilin. Svetlana and Boris, whose father is Viktor Sokolov. Listening task 2, comprehension Marina talks about her friends, neighbour and children. Answer the following questions: 1 2 3 4 5 Окд Гл( +? Ко о о офсс? Ко "у$к? 4о" -к сс Со? Гд 8 #(? 48 'г + #д 48 'г + #д + #д, ,о ду$0? Д, ,о "о ду$0, Гл( +. Окд о? G$ 4бг? Д. Гл( – офссо, + – . # ,о "о сосд, Д" Сокол. Д"у $? 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:49 pm Page 66 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 66 48 'г + #д 48 'г + #д -, " $к". # ко о о офсс? О "у$к. # гд д? - с -к сс Со, оо" о г б ". # до #( 8 б $дс, +оск. Speaking task 1 Ус( кк 1 You are looking at photographs of a family group or group of friends. Ask and talk about the people in the photographs: who they are, what their names are, whether the other person knows them, where they live or where they are from, what they do or where they work. # – 4бг – суд 5( – +оск – судк ", - 4 Сокол – Со – офссо б #д – 4бг Сл – 4бг – "у$к -кол Сок, 7 Сок – -гоод – улс С – 4бг – G – Сб, О"ск – +кс", г б – #"к 8 сс, Гл( – +оск – со б 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:49 pm Page 67 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 1222 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 2225 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 32222 67 Lesson 2 Ук о Possession, identifying Listening task 3 A brother and sister try to sort out whose and where things are: Гд 8 бл? # гд 8 дг? + Д" + Д" + Д" + Ск, ,о бл? %о бл – "о. # гд "о бл? 4ос, $). #-, о о – сол. # , дг "о л о? %о "о дг. 5о, о, с"к. # гд "о0 с"к? #-, о "о0 с"к. 3.5 POSSESSIVES The 1st and 2nd person possessives – "о, о, , – change to agree in gender/plural with the noun they qualify, as does the interrogative , ‘whose’, which is introduced here, while г, 8, do not change in this way since they express possession by literally meaning ‘of him’, ‘of her’, ‘of them’. The table gives the possessives that change in form and , with singular endings for masculine, feminine, neuter, and one plural ending; note the rhyming repetition, which helps in acquisition. Masculine "о о Feminine "о0 о0 ( %о "о л о? Is that my tea or yours? Neuter "о8 о8 8 Plural "о о 5о бл у. Your tickets are here. my your (sing., fam.) our your (pl., polite) whose? Гд с"? Where’s our letter? 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:49 pm Page 68 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 68 Take care to distinguish the pronunciation of "о/о from "о0/о0, "о8/о8, "о/о: the feminine, neuter and plural forms have two syllables with the stress on the second syllable and so the о is reduced. In order to ask ‘whose’ something is the standard formula is with ,о placed between and the noun: :( ,о кг? – %о кг. Whose book is this? – It’s your book. : ,о офл? – %о г офл. Whose briefcase is this? – It’s his briefcase. In due course you will find that Russian uses possessives less than in English, very often leaving them out when there is no emphasis on possession and it is obvious who the possessor is. This is especially so with parts of the body and clothing and is also common with relatives – б, сс, , ддук etc. У( 7–10 7 Choose the correct possessive from the bracket. 1 %о "о сло? – Д, . . .. (о/о0/о8/о) 2 7 у $к"? -? 5огд о$к"с, ,о . . . ду$0 $ Со, G 7(. (///) 3 G$, кк . . . "(? (///) 4 Ск, ко ,о? %о . . . сосдк? (///) 5 %о "о кг л . . . ? (о/о0/о8/о) 6 7о ,о о0 к, гд . . . ? ("о/"о0/"о8/"о) 7 Гд . . . с"? Гд . . . офл? # гд . . . с"к? ("о/"о0/"о8/"о) 8 : ,о 9? – . . .. ("о/"о0/"о8/"о) 9 Гд к"? – +о0 к" у, . . . к" ". (///) 10 : ,о бг? – %о . . . бг, . (///) 11 Гд . . . со? # гд . . . $? (///) 8 Supply г, 8, as appropriate. 1 2 3 4 5 %о 7олд(. # ,о . . . одл. # о ,о . . . сс, Ол(. %о 7. # ,о . . . "у, Бос. # ,о . . . дк, 5(. %о С 5". # ,о . . . д, - 4(. %о +. # ,о . . . д0д( 8(. # ,о . . . ббук ддук. %о офссо. # ,о . . . . 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:49 pm Page 69 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 1222 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 2225 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 32222 9 69 Use the nouns (NB: 5–7 are plurals) to ask questions and answer, as in the examples. -": убк – %о "о убк л о? – %о "о убк. бл – %о бл л ? – %о бл. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 кд ул д бу"г г$ 9 бубд 10 Use the nouns to ask ‘whose?’ it is and answer with whichever possessive you like. -": кд – 7 $, ,о кд? – Кс(/ д"), ,о г//"о кд. 1 2 3 4 5 6 л ксс к л дг "од 3.6 USE OF CО/C/CО/C (AND О//О/) The demonstrative ‘this’ has masculine, feminine, neuter, and plural forms: ,о , ,о , Note the change from a hard to a soft stem in the plural. You are familiar with the neuter form used on its own to introduce statements/questions about identity etc., but ‘this’ can qualify a noun as well, in which case it has different forms according to the gender/plural of the noun. Compare: %о "о "од. %о "о0 к. %о "о8 . %о "о длл. %о "од – "о. % к – "о0. %о – "о8. % длл – "о. This is my suitcase/pen/wine. These are my dollars. This suitcase/pen/wine is mine. These dollars are mine. 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:49 pm Page 70 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 70 These forms can replace ,о when asking ‘whose’ something is: : ,о офл? Whose is this briefcase? : , бл? Whose are these tickets? Compare similar alternatives in English: ‘Whose briefcase is this?’ and ‘Whose is this briefcase?’ The different gender forms can also be used on their own when the noun is understood (where English might use ‘this one’/‘these ones’): %о ул – "о, ,о – о. This magazine is mine and that one is yours. In Russian ,о/,/,о/, tends to be used where English would use both ‘this’ and ‘that’; the Russian for the latter is о//о/ and it tends to be used only in contrast to ,о/,/,о/,, for example: %о о – "о8, о – о8. This beer is mine and that one’s [contrastive] yours. У( 11–12 11 Rephrase. -": %о о0 с"к. % с"к – о0. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 %о "о0 к. %о о фоо. %о ". %о г . %о "о лосд. %о о0 "к. %о "о косск. %о бл. %о 8 фублк. %о дг. 12 Put the correct form of ,о/,/,о/, (or о//о/) in the gaps. 1 2 3 4 5 . . . "к – "о0, . . . – о0. . . . к – "о0, . . . – . . . . л – "о8, . . . – г. . . . косск – "о, . . . – о. . . . с – "о, . . . – 8. 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:49 pm Page 71 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 1222 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 2225 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 32222 71 3.7 USE OF С/ С/ С/ С The determinative ‘all’ in Russian – also equivalent to ‘the whole’ – has masculine, feminine, neuter and plural forms: с с( с8 с 7с д ! The whole day is ours! 7с( г $дс? Is all the group here? 7с , 9 – . All these things are theirs. 7с , кг – "о! All these books are mine! 7с8 ,о – о8? Is all this yours? The neuter form с8 and the plural form с are used on their own meaning ‘all’ = ‘everything’ and ‘all’ = ‘everyone’: 7с8 у? – Д, , бубд, с – с8 у. Is everything here? – Yes, wine, sandwiches, cheese – it’s all here. 7с $дс? – Д, #(, Кл(, 5( – с $дс. Is everyone here? – Yes, Anya, Kolya, Tanya – they’re all here. У 13 Put the correct form of с/с(/с8/с in the gaps. 1 2 3 4 5 6 . . . с"0 сс к. . . . околд "о? - " б! – Д. 5огд . . . кофк "о! Кк оо, о . . . ду$0 $дс. Гд Кл( С8? #-, о о. Aоо, $, . . . у. 7 с – ,о . . .? . . . к "о0? +""". – 5огд . . . о "о8! 3.8 POSSESSIVES ETC. IN THE ACCUSATIVE. 'H Л';! ДG When you need to use "о, ,о etc. in the accusative, you can apply the same rule as for nouns. In the singular, the feminine forms change: "о0 – "оI, о0 – оI, – у, – у, ( – A , – ,у, – у, с( – сA The inanimate masculine, neuter, and also plural forms (see 3.11) do not change from the nominative. The possessives г, 8, never change, whatever case the noun they are attached to is in: О "о1 кгу. He is reading my book. Б ,у кофу. Have this sweet. 7о$" "о сло. Take my dictionary. 7о$" с , г$. Take all these newspapers. + сл" 8 "$ку. We’re listening to her music. 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:49 pm Page 72 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 72 У 14 Put the words in brackets in the correct form. 1 Ко $ . . .? (,о о", , "$к, ,о сло) 2 7о$" . . .. (г убк, "о0 к, кг) 3 О . . .. ( с", с( с0, о0 окк) Speaking task 2 Ус( кк 2 In pairs, put pens, books etc. on the table and sort out which of you they belong to. Lesson 3 Ук Existence, availability, possession, plurals Listening task 4 This dialogue shows how to ask and state whether a kiosk/shop etc. has things. What is there? :о с? 7 кск с "к? ул? к? Д л ? 4окул 4од 4окул 4од 4окул 4од 4окул Ск, олус, у с с "к? Д, с. # ул «Сол»? -. # у с с к? Д, с. %о с8? Д, ,о с8, ссбо. Listening task 5 This dialogue shows how to ask and state whether you/we/I etc. have things. What do they have? :о у с? У с о? ? о? бл? Д л ? С8 С С8 С С8 С С, у с с о? -. :о у с с? У с с . G 98 с о. # бл у б0 с? Д, олус. Бл? 7о, о$". 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:49 pm Page 73 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 1222 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 2225 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 32222 73 3.9 USE OF С, У С С? ETC. PRONOUN GENITIVE Use of с 'с comes from the original present tense of ‘to be’ and is now only used in special circumstances. The most common is to express existence, availability etc. equivalent to English ‘there is/are’: 'с ос? Are there (any) questions? 5у с лф? Is there a telephone here? 7 буф с кф? – Коо, с. Is there coffee at the snack bar? – Of course there is. The equivalent in English might also use ‘have’ (‘Does the snack bar have coffee?’/‘Do they have coffee at the snack bar?’/‘Is there coffee at the snack bar?’), but in Russian there is no similar verb ‘to have’; note also that there is no equivalent in these sentences to the generalized ‘they’ in English – you just refer to the place. Use of у + genitive; pronoun genitive With people the preposition у, which can have the sense of location ‘at’ someone’s place and governs the genitive, is used to produce an expression that I/you/we etc. have something (у has been met when asking how things are with someone: Кк дл? – # кк у б0/у с?). The first line below gives the genitive forms of the personal pronouns and ко, which are the same as the accusative forms, and the second line gives the phrases using у that express ‘I have’, ‘you have’, ‘he has’ etc. – note, however, that following the preposition у the 3rd person pronouns have an initial - (as generally following nearly all prepositions): "0 у "0 б0 у б0 г у г У 8 к" с лф. She has a phone in her room. 8 у 8 с у с с у с У б0 с б? Have you got a brother? у ког у ког У с кк. They have a cat. :о у с с? У с с сок? – Д, с. What do you have? Have you got juice? – Yes, we do. Take care to note and remember that the things you have are in Russian the grammatical subject of the sentence – they are what is in your possession – and so are in the nominative, they are not the object of the verb ‘have’. In a brief answer in the negative you can just use on its own; to expand and say that there isn’t something or you don’t have something requires + genitive, e.g. У "0 б/сс, which is covered in Lesson 5. You may find that с is omitted when existence/availability/possession etc. is not emphasized at all, but in simple statements and questions you should keep to using it. 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:49 pm Page 74 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 74 However, с must be omitted when the focus is not on the existence or possession, but on the location, e.g. ‘who has . . .’, or on the quality, as in description of appearance (covered in 4.3): У ког бл? – О у "0. Who’s got our tickets? – I have. У г сл лос. He has fair hair. У 15 Make up questions and answers using с and the words given, maybe expressing certainty, probability, possibility. -": буф/ – 7 буф с ? – Коо, с./-. у г/сло – У г с сло? – Д, с. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 б/о кск/окк у с/"олок у/кф у с/до с/бблок у б0/$глк к"/л$о "/лф об9/сол( 3.10 THE PLURAL. 'JС ''О СЛJ. SPELLING RULES The plural You have already met quite a number of masculine and feminine nouns in the plural, ending - or -, and also the neuter plurals сло, (, у( – ‘words’, ‘expressions’, ‘exercises’. While the vast majority of nouns follow standard patterns in the plural, there is some variety too (e.g. ду$0, ‘friends’). You should aim to master the main nominative plural endings and gradually acquire those words that do not conform. Main nominative plural endings Masc./Fem. hard Masc./Fem. soft Neuter hard/soft -; ул – ул< ос – ос< дск – дск< сс – с8с< - "у$ – "у$ 8( – 8 убл – ублO 9 – 9 -/- с" – с" сло – слоE "со – "сE $0 – $0B (But see the spelling rule that follows.) 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:49 pm Page 75 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 1222 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 2225 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 32222 75 Note the stress shift in с8с, с" – ‘sisters’, ‘letters’ (from ending to stem) and сло, "с – ‘words’, ‘places’ (from stem to ending): such stress shifts are not uncommon in the plural. Note that indeclinable nouns, e.g. до, фо, кс, may in context be plurals. A complicating factor, however, comes into play here, because Russian has certain spelling rules, the most important of which is as follows. Spelling rule 1 The letters к, г, 3 and , 6, 7, 9 cannot be followed by the letter < – where this would be expected you must write instead. This rule affects a considerable number of nouns in the nominative plural and stems ending -к- are particularly common: "лк – "лк (‘boy/s’) к – к (‘pen/s’) дук – дук (‘girl/s’, ‘young women’) кд – кдO (‘pencil/s’) У( 16–17 16 Put the nouns in brackets in the correct form (NB: some stresses shift). 1 2 3 +", гд с "о . . . ? (ул, длл, 9, с") 7с . . . $дс? (суд, одл, кг, фоогф() G$, ,о . . . ? (бл, дск, бу"г, "со) 17 Put the underlined words into the plural. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Гд окк? # гд "к? %о о0 ксс? %о к? Гд "о кд? Г$ сол. +лк, о ,о к? Further points 1 With some masculine nouns, the addition of the plural ending (or, in fact, any other ending) leads to the disappearance of the vowel о or when this is the penultimate letter, for example: о – о (‘father/s’) д – д (‘day/s’) 2 "к – "к (‘American/s’) ок – к (‘drink/s’) The words ", ‘mother’ and до, ‘daughter’ extend the stem by the addition of -- and have plurals " and д; the neuter nouns "(, ‘time’ and "(, ‘name’ extend the stem by the addition of -- and have plurals " and ". 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:49 pm Page 76 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 76 3 Some masculine nouns have a plural in stressed -E (-P): до" – до"E (‘house/s’) год – гоодE (‘town/s’, ‘cities’) 4 офссо – офссоE (‘professor/s’) со – соE (‘passport/s’) A few nouns have a plural in -=B, for example: дуг – ду$=P (‘friend/s’) б – б=B (‘brother/s’) Other examples include с – со0 (‘son/s’) and до – д( (‘tree/s’) (historically, this ending was a feminine singular ending for a collective noun, as it still is in с"0, ‘family’). 5 Note the following: л1д, ‘people’; одл, ‘parents’; д, ‘children’; сосд, ‘neighbours’; б0, ‘guys’, ‘lads’; дг, ‘money’; 0блок, ‘apples’. Л1д serves as the plural of лок (‘man’/‘person’) to mean ‘people’; одл, ‘parents’ is the regular plural of одл, which is rarely used; д means ‘children’, while in most contexts a child in the singular is more specifically either "лк, ‘boy’ or док, ‘girl’/‘little girl’ (a child more generally or as a ‘baby’ is б8ок); the singular сосд is hard, but сосд is soft; the closest equivalent to б0 is probably ‘guys’ or ‘lads’ – it is used to refer to a group of young people, most often to address (if children – ‘kids’); дг, ‘money’ is in fact the plural of a word for a very old coin; the neuter noun 0блоко, ‘apple’ has an irregular plural 0блок. У 18 Choose from among the plural forms given under Further points 1 to 5 an appropriate word to fill in each of the gaps. 1 2 3 4 5 . . ., о " дл? 4о$к"с(, ,о "о . . ., 7( Кл(. 4, гд "о . . .? – 7о о, сол. %о . . ., Сг 4ло Лс Gо. Д, ск, гд . . .? 3.11 ACCUSATIVE PLURAL, INANIMATE. 'HЛ';! ДG Any noun that designates something inanimate uses the nominative plural form for the accusative plural as well (while any animate noun has the genitive ending in the accusative plural, like masculine animate nouns in the singular) and the same applies to possessives, demonstratives etc.: 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:49 pm Page 77 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 1222 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 2225 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 32222 77 Д, олус, г$. Can I have the newspapers, please? 4, д косск. Dad, can I have the trainers? Дук, о$" кг. Girls, take our books. Gок, б , кофк. Irochka, have these sweets. У 19 Put the words in brackets in the correct plural form. 1 2 3 Д, олус, . . .. (ксс, бубд, "к, лск) 5(, д, олус, . . .. (кг, к, "о бл, с") 7о$" . . .. (к, , дск, кд, ул) Lesson 4 Ук 8 Asking for things Listening task 6 A young man is getting something to eat and drink in a snack bar. What does he want? :о о ? Офк С8 Офк С8 Офк С8 Офк +олод лок, о "? + о, олус. У с с о? -. # о у с с? У с с сок, "л( од, кф – о о? Д " сок, олус. G 98 бубд с со". 4олус. 7о бубд. Listening task 7 Nina offers Sasha and Olya tea or coffee. :о С? # Ол(? - С - С - Ол( - С, л кф? о кф. Кф с? 'с, коо. С со"? Д. -о б$ "олок, олус. Ол(, о бд? бду , сл "о. Aоо. . 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:49 pm Page 78 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 78 3.12 PRONOUN DATIVE. ДMЛ';! ДG. ASKING FOR THINGS Revision: see 2.2. So far when asking for things we have left out the recipient, i.e. ‘give (me)’. In Russian, this requires the dative case, the case of the indirect object, someone for whose benefit something is done, often rendered by the prepositions ‘to’ or ‘for’ in English (or else indicated by word order). The dative forms of the personal pronouns and ко are: " б " " Д " бубд, олус. Give me a sandwich, please. " " ко" :о "? – + дку. What for you? – Vodka for me. Ко" ? – +, олус. – # ко" кф? lit.: For whom tea? – (For) Me, please. – And for whom coffee? Note the spelling difference between ", with no -- as second letter, and the accusative/genitive "0. Note that д can be left out, making the expression more informal (when asking for food/drink), but when this happens дку (and ) are still in the accusative because д is understood. The non-literal equivalents of the examples would be ‘Who wants tea?’ etc. У 20 Answer the question using "/д ("), олус with each word in the appropriate form (accusative). -": :о "? – + , олус/Д, олус, . :о "/б? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7дк. Бубд. +оо. 4о. Сг. Ккс. 3.13 ASKING FOR THINGS WITH J'О, 2ОN ETC., БNДУ ETC. There are some other ways of asking for things too. One such way is to use "о, ‘it is possible’, followed by the accusative: +о ? Can I have tea? +о ку? – Д, о$". Can I have a pen? – Yes, here you are. 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:49 pm Page 79 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 1222 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 2225 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 32222 79 Another way is to use the mixed conjugation verb о, ‘want’/‘wish’: оL 7= - оO& оO- оP- inf.: о :о о? – о сок. What do you want? – I want juice. 5 о? Б, б. Do you want cake? Do have some. Ко кф? С "олок", л б$? – # ( о . С л"о". Who wants coffee? With milk or without? – I want tea. With lemon. Note the following about this anomalous verb: 1 2 3 the stress shifts the stem changes the singular endings are familiar, the plurals are familiar in the last letter (or two) but not in the vowel before that – they are in fact the 2nd conjugation endings, introduced in 4.7. Note also с "олок"/с л"о", ‘with milk/lemon’: this is the preposition с with the masculine/neuter instrumental ending -о", while the feminine ending -о is shown in бубд с колбс, ‘an open sandwich with sausage’; the preposition б$, ‘without’, governs the genitive, as in б$ "олок. A third way to ask for food/drink (just for this) is to use the future tense of б, ‘to be’, 1st conjugation: бду, бд . . ., which is used where in English you would say ‘will you have?’ etc., i.e. for food/drink in a familiar context (or restaurant): бду бд бд бд" бд бду 5 бд "оо? Will you have ice cream? inf.: б : бд? Will you have tea? бду кф. # ? I’ll have coffee. And you? Note that there is no equivalent to ‘have’, because you are saying ‘will you be (eating/drinking)’ only the verb ‘eat’/‘drink’ is understood. У( 21–23 21 Ask for the following things using "о. 1 2 3 4 5 кофк к о 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:49 pm Page 80 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 80 22 Choose from о, , and о to fill in the gaps. 1 2 3 4 5 :о . . . ? – + кф, олус, с "олок". Ко . . . с со"? # ко б$? . . . о, сл "о. +кс", . . . бубд? С со" л с колбс? .б0, . . . "оо? 23 Repeat Exercise 22 using бду, бд, бд and бд. 3.14 WAYS OF EXPRESSING ‘ALSO’, ‘AS WELL’, ‘TOO’, ‘WHAT ELSE?’. ‘BOTH . . . AND’, ‘EITHER . . . OR’ There are several ways of expressing ‘also’, ‘too’ etc. in Russian, and, as in English, word order/position in the sentence can be a crucial factor. Points to note 1 2 3 is very common in this usage in initial position. is also very common, but must never be placed at the beginning of a sentence (where you should use , 98 or 98); instead, like ‘too’ in English, always refers back, following the word to which it applies. 98 has the sense of ‘also’ = ‘in addition’ and readily answers the question о 98?, ‘what else?’: Кл( . – . / G ( о . Kolya wants wine. – Me too/ I also want wine. G #( $дс. / #( $дс. Anya’s here as well/too/also. :о 98 о? – '98 бубд, олус. Д, 98 о. What else do you want? – Also a sandwich, please. Yes, and cake too. In due course, you will meet another possibility for ‘also’, к, which can be placed first and is found in combination with – к. Note also that . . . means ‘both. . . and’; ‘either. . . or’ is л . . . л. У( 24–25 24 Rephrase. -": 1 2 #( $дс. – G #( $дс. G ( о сок. – о сок. Кл( у? – Д, Кл( у. 7 с л"о". 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:50 pm Page 81 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 1222 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 2225 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 32222 3 4 81 G 7ко : " б. G 5" " 8. 25 Make one request and then another. -": Д л"од, олус. G 98 бубд. Д, олус, ул. G 98 г$у. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 кф, о о, бубд с со" блок, к к, кд окк, "к л, ксс $глк, ск Speaking task 3 Ус( кк 3 You are offering some friends a drink and a snack. Ask/say some or all of the following, varying and adding as appropriate or as you wish: Ask what they want or whether they want one thing or another say what you have, and offer something else as well ask about milk/sugar if appropriate say you’ll have the same etc. Respond, ask what there is and continue as appropriate 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 82 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:50 pm Page 82 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; Reading comprehension task: .сск( л Look over these authors and book titles from Russian literature and then do the tasks that follow. 1 2 How many of the titles do you recognize or can guess or understand? Identify the plurals, adjectives and genitives. Why not ask for/make a recommendation and make a visit to the library/bookshop . . . 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:50 pm Page 83 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 1222 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 2225 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 32222 83 Lesson 5 Ук 0 Genitive case, possession, absence, lack Listening task 8 A disorganized student asks a lot of questions about who has what. :( ,о кг? # ,о убк? :о с?/:г ? У ког с сло? 4( С( 4( С( 4( С( 4( С( 4( С( %о о0 кг? -, ,о кг G. # ,о убк? Кс(, +кс". #-. Ск, у б0 с блок? -. Бу"г с, блок . # $, у ког с сло? Д. У Сг( с сло. G у +. # гд о? 4ос, $). 3.15 GENITIVE CASE. ОДHЛ';! ДG Uses of the genitive The genitive case links/relates two nouns to express relation, possession, content, quality, attribute etc.: б G ло фл" кг С Ira’s brother start of the film Sasha’s book булк bottle of wine оск "( tram stop This use works in the same way as ‘of’ or the ending ’s in English, or sometimes where one noun links with or describes another in English when placed in front, e.g. ‘tram stop’ = ‘stop of tram’, or when naming, e.g. ‘Lermontov Street’ = ‘Street of Lermontov’, л Л"оо. In Russian, the noun in the genitive comes second, while the other noun may be in any case: Д, олус, булку . Can I have a bottle of wine, please? О 8 год. She lives in the centre of town. 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:50 pm Page 84 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 84 The genitive is also used: • • • with to express absence, non-availability, non-possession etc., e.g. "олок, ‘there’s no milk’ (see 3.16) in expressions of quantity and number, e.g. "го , ‘a lot of beer’, олкл с, ‘half a kilo of cheese’ (see 5.11–5.12) with many prepositions (see Appendix VI). Genitive singular endings In the genitive and the other remaining singular cases, the masculine and neuter share the same declension. Genitive singular Masculine/neuter Feminine -/- л"од – л"од о – оE г – гB одл – одлB "олок – "олокE об9 – об9B -;/- (with spelling rule) 9 – 9< сс – ссQ кг – кг .осс( – .осс Сб – Сб " – " Further points 1 The feminine genitive ending, like the nominative plural, may be affected by Spelling rule 1 (see 3.10), e.g.: кг – кг, к – к. 2 As noted with the plurals (see 3.10) fill vowels may disappear in some masculine nouns, e.g.: о – о, д – д(, ок – к. 3 In some nouns the genitive form differs from the nominative plural only in stress (see 3.10), while the endings are written the same, e.g.: сс – с8с, "с – "с, офссо – офссо. 4 Note again the extended stem of " and до (see 3.10), genitives: ", д, and of "( and "(, genitives: ", ". У 26 Put the words in brackets in the correct form. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Д, олус, булку . . .. (л"од, , о, од) :( ,о к? – Кс(, . . .. (#(, # 4, одл) Ко ,о? – 7 $? %о "у . . .. (5", Олг 4) 4о$к"с. %о 7, сс . . .. (5л(, +, +кс") %о о дг? – -, ,о дг . . .. (ббук, д0д(, С(, 7д") Сокол . . .. (год, +оск, 4бг) 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:50 pm Page 85 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 1222 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 2225 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 32222 85 Further uses of the genitive to note for the future • The so-called ‘partitive’ genitive is used to express the sense of ‘some’ = a certain amount, e.g. ), ‘some tea’, од, ‘some water’ etc. (note that ) here is a special form, not the regular genitive). • Certain verbs may be followed by an object in the genitive as well as in the accusative, such as verbs of wanting, requesting, expecting: the accusative is used for a specific, concrete object, the genitive is used for a general or abstract object, e.g.: ( ду бус U 9 – ‘ I am waiting for the No. 9 bus’, ( ду бус, ‘I am waiting for a bus’, :о ?, ‘What do you want?’ (e.g. food, drink), :г ?, ‘What do you want?’ (something abstract or general – life goals etc.). • The object of a negated verb may also be in the genitive rather than the accusative (see 6.8). • Some verbs govern the genitive, e.g. :о ксс( 5" . . ., ‘As far as Tamara is concerned . . .’ (this verb is met in Unit 7; other verbs will be met as you progress in Russian). • The genitive is used to express ‘time when’ with dates of the month (see 7.22). • The genitive can be used to express the object of comparison, e.g. о с "0, ‘he is older than me’ (see 8.13). 3.16 ' + GENITIVE The negative of с is , which is historically a contraction of с; is used with the genitive for what does not exist, is not available, is not possessed etc.: 7 к "бл. There’s no furniture in the flat. У "0 сс. I don’t have a sister. У г д к. He doesn’t even have a pen. Note that there is no subject (nominative) in this construction. A colloquial alternative for that you will hear in this sense is у, as in the answer , у, ‘no, there isn’t any’. У 27 Answer the following in the negative. -": – У с с о? – -, у с . 1 2 3 4 7 "г$ с ? – # дк? – # о? У б0 с бу"г? – # ко? – # к? – # кд? У с с с? – # колбс? – # лб? – -у, ? У б0 к" с лф? – # л"? – # д? – # ксло? – # кф? – -у, ко? 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:50 pm Page 86 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 86 3.17 THE PREPOSITION У + GENITIVE. ДЛJГ У. USE OF С О! У + genitive The construction using у + genitive to express possession (or non-possession with ) can now be used with nouns as well as pronouns: У #д( с "? Does Andrei have a car? У Гл ко"1. Galya does not have a computer. The reflexive possessive со There is a restriction on the use of г, 8, as possessives, since they cannot refer back to the subject, i.e. in the sentence ‘he is reading his book’ using г would mean someone else’s book. Russian has a reflexive possessive, со/со0/со8/со, which, except in the construction with у, is not generally used in the nominative since its role is to refer to the subject: О $ со1 ол. He knows his role. У Л$ с со ко"1. Liza has her own computer. The difference of meaning occurs only with a 3rd person reference; when the subject is 1st or 2nd person either "о/о etc. or со etc. can be used. У( 28–29 28 Replace the nouns with pronouns and vice versa. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 У G с б? У 8 с лосд? У г с собк? Гд "о0 кг? – О у #. У С8 К с сс? У ког с л? – -о, у г с. У ког "о лск? – О у 8. 29 Put in the words in brackets in the correct form. 1 2 3 4 5 6 У . . . с сло? (-кол) У . . . с д. (Сг Сг) Кк сгд, у . . . убк. (+) Д у . . . бу"г. # у ког с? (- #лкс) У . . . с со0 "? (7ко 4) У . . . с со "гоф. (Кл() 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:50 pm Page 87 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 1222 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 2225 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 32222 87 3.18 USE OF Л Л is a particle that can be used to indicate a question, although a question can be indicated without it. But it must be used for reported/implied questions where English uses ‘if’ = ‘whether’: ‘I don’t know if/whether there’s any milk’, ‘He is asking if/whether we know the answer’. In spoken Russian it is often avoided by using the direct question construction: ‘I don’t know, is there any milk?’ When using л the word order has to be changed, with the word that carries the focus of the question placed first, then л and then the rest of the sentence. Handling л does not always come easily, but it can be approached by first acquiring common combinations, for example с л . . ., or else by avoiding the construction in speech: - с, с л у с с/у с с с? Nina is asking if/whether we have any sugar. In accordance with the way that Russian often phrases questions negatively, an alternative to с у б0/у с . . .? is л у б0/у с . . .?: -, л у б0 ко? Natasha, you don’t happen to have an envelope, do you? Note also the use of д л?, ‘isn’t that true/right/so?’, ‘don’t you think?’, ‘wouldn’t you say?’ at the end of a question: О ол( кс, д л? She’s an excellent actress, don’t you think? Speaking task 4 Ус( кк 4 Ask about things/possessions. For each list ask a series/variety of questions, who something belongs to, whether it’s the other person’s, whether it belongs to the named person. 1 2 3 4 к до к G 7д" 4( С дг сг с околд + 7д" Л1д #д бл $глк косск о + Ол( 4( С8 Respond as appropriate. Speaking task 5 Ус( кк 5 Ask whether someone has something (of their own). 1 2 #лкс 4ло Гл( " убк лосд бу"г собк сло 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:50 pm Page 88 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 88 7 -кол 7ко 3 4 б ко"1 сс л кк "гоф Say whether they have it or not. ✍ Writing tasks 1–2 4с" $д( 1–2 1 Read back through the dialogues in this chapter and then make up four dialogues of your own: (a) asking about people/friends; (b) asking about whose things are; (c) asking for things; (d) asking about possessions. 2 Write a brief account of the Sokolov family, Vera and Aleksei and their children Kolya and Tanya, based on the information that follows about what they do and where they live and work. Сокол, 7. Сокол, #. Сокол, -. Сокол, 5. 4офсс( к8 улс "у$к Гд 8 +оск +оск 4бг +оск Words and expressions СлоE Гд б олклк г$ окс <+F( B These words and expressions have all been used in this unit. Identify the nouns and add their gender; complete the conjugation of the verbs. As in the first two units, test your vocabulary and compare wordlists and expressions for the topics/categories covered in this unit, either new, e.g. professions, clothing, household goods and furniture, or as a continuation of lists already under way, e.g. people/relations, food/drink. VOCABULARY к8, кс бг б$ + gen. б$ с/"олок бл булк б future: бду, бд . . . о бд? ( бду /// лосд с/с(/с8/с actor, actress luggage without ticket bottle to be what will you have? (drink, eat) your (pl., polite) bicycle all, the whole 9 (f.) ос сгд год г д д д док дук дг (pl.) до, pl. д( д (pl.) thing question doctor always town, city group let’s call each other even dacha little/young girl young woman, girl money tree, wood (material) children 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:50 pm Page 89 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 1222 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 2225 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 32222 д дко дск длл до (f.), pl. д дк дуг, (pl.) ду$0 г 8 сл с 98, 98 д ду, д8 . . . улс, улск $глк $ (inf. $) , #( у ... $ + gen., $ 4бг/+оск к л . . . л кк ксс ккс колбс бубд с колбс ко"1 ко кк ксло ко (f.) косск (pl.) л" л . . ., д л? л" с л"о" л1д "гоф "к "лк "к " (f.), pl. " " "бл (f.) "0, б0, г, 8 с, с, , ког, о 89 sofa, divan director, school head teacher disk (floppy) dollar daughter friend his her if there is/are also, in addition to wait (for) wife journalist lighter that/it means, so and, also, too both. . . and from caviar either. . . or engineer their as, like cassette cake (e.g. brownie) sausage, salami salami sandwich computer envelope cat armchair bed (piece of furniture) trainers lamp particle indicating question don’t you think/isn’t that right? lemon tea with lemon people cassette etc. player vest, T-shirt boy stamp mother car, machine furniture pronoun accusatives "со "л( од ", б, ", ", ", ", ко" ко" кф? " .д. "о/"о0/"о8/"о "о + acc. "о ку? "олод, "олод лок "оо "у "у$к ок ло /// " б + gen. окс окк окд фс оф, офк л (indecl.) к о лск л одг о$к"с(, о$к"с окул олклк офл (m.) одл од офсс(, о офсс ко о/о о офсс? б, к" о/о б? б8ок б0 (pl.) одл (pl.) ол (f.) с + instr., с со", с со" .д. с со/со0/со8/со с"0 сг сло (m.) собк place mineral water pronoun datives who wants coffee? tea for me etc. my can I have . . .? young, young man ice cream husband musician drink beginning, start our it can’t be, no way there is no . . . orchestra postcard where from office waiter, waitress (over)coat park biscuit Danish pastry record, vinyl personal stereo friend (girl) let me introduce you customer, shopper health centre briefcase lecturer sales assistant profession, by profession what does he/she do? what does he/she do/ work as? child, baby guys, lads parents role with sweater reflexive possessive family cigarette dictionary dog 4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01 PT/gk 13/9/06 3:50 pm Page 90 UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5; 90 сосд, сосдк, pl. сосд ск с с), с . . . сол( суд, судк с, pl. со0 с о/о0/о8/о л$о огд лко о о//о/ у + gen.: у "0/б0/ с/с (с) убк ул, ул фсс фо, фоогф( фоо фуболс фублк neighbour match (for lighting) to ask dining room, canteen student son cheese your television then, in that case too, also only cake, gateau that I etc. have textbook teacher financier photograph camera footballer sweatshirt лб о о, , о", о, о0 о0 /(/8/ "од к кф ,о/,/,о/, 0блоко bread to want, wish although whose suitcase (fur) cap/hat cupboard this, that apple Revise the numerals 1–20 and learn the numerals 30–100: д сок (дс0 сдс0 с"дс( с"дс( д(со со Note how in 50–80 there is a soft sign in the middle but not at the end (i.e. the opposite of the teens).