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4524 INTENS RUSSIAN 01
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Unit 3
ГЛ#7# 5.'5;
This unit covers:
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animate accusative
nominative plural and inanimate accusative plural
genitive case
accusative, genitive and dative of pronouns
possessives, demonstratives
possession
existence
availability, lack
talking about people, jobs
asking for things
possessions
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Lesson 1 Ук Animate accusative, pronoun accusative, people:
friends, jobs etc.
Listening task 1
Liza introduces her friends Tanya and Vadim. Where is Tanya from and what does she
do? Окд 5(? Ко о о офсс? Гд о сс б?
Кл(
Л$
Кл(
Л$
Кл(
Л$
Кл(
5(
Кл(
5(
Л$, .
4, Кл(. Кк дл?
-о"ло. # у б0?
-г. Кл(, $ 5) 7д"?
-, д"), о " 98 $к".
5огд о$к"с(, ,о "о0 одг, 5(, $ 4о$дск. G ,о
7д".
О 0о. 5(, судк?
-. б).
# к" б?
сс б) фс, о0 о офсс ( улс.
3.1 ANIMATE ACCUSATIVE SINGULAR. 'HЛ';! ДG
Revision: see 2.2. As mentioned in 2.2, when a masculine animate noun (i.e. male
people and animals) is the direct object of a verb, the ending does change in the
accusative, with hard and soft endings -/-B that in fact come from the genitive:
) 4к.
I am reading Pushkin.
Ко $дс $ #лкс(?
Who here knows Aleksei?
Кк $о "лк?
What’s the boy called?
In the last example, note how the boy is the object of the verb $о - ‘they call’ – in
the construction for asking/giving a name.
Accusative case singular (2)
Masculine inanimate nouns: no change from nominative.
Masculine animate nouns: add endings -/-:
б – б
+кс" – +кс"
#д – #дB
гос – гсB
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Feminine nouns follow the same rule for both inanimate and animate nouns, i.e. with
the endings -у/-A (but feminine soft sign nouns do not change). Note also that male
names that are feminine in form, e.g. С, 5л(, , decline in accordance with
their form, as feminine nouns, and in names all three parts – first name, patronymic,
surname – decline:
$) лко +у Gоу.
I know only Marina Ivanovna.
+ д8" Су 5л).
We’re waiting [for] Sasha and Tolya.
7 $ 7лд" 7лд"о +кс"о?
Do you know Vladimir Vladimirovich Maksimov?
Note the verb д – ‘wait’ – which here governs the accusative; it conjugates with
the stem ending in the consonant:
ду
д8
д8
д8"
д8
ду
inf.: д
У 1
Put the words in brackets in the correct form.
1
2
3
4
5
7 $ . . . ? (+кс", дко, Олг G, #лкс)
$) лко . . .. (+, #(, Кл(, Сл 4)
Ко у $ . . . ? (7д" 4, офссо, -д( #д)
Кк $о . . . ? (б, сс, "лк, док, с, до)
+ д8" . . .. (#д, Лс #д, 7ко Гл()
3.2 PRONOUN ACCUSATIVE SINGULAR. 'HЛ';! ДG
The accusative forms of the personal pronouns, already met in "0 $о etc., and of
ко and о are:
"0 б0
г
8
7 г $?
Don’t you know him?
с
с
ког
о
7 "0 с?
Are you asking me?
Ког $дс $?
Who(m) do you know here?
The 3rd person singular pronouns refer to all nouns of that gender and so may be
equivalent to ‘it’ in an accusative role as well as ‘him’ or ‘her’; г is the accusative of
both о and о. Note also that the accusative pronouns are commonly placed before
the verb.
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У( 2–3
2
Answer the questions using pronouns.
-": 5 $ С8у? – Д, ( г $).
1 7 $ 7у #лксу?
2 5 о" Сг(?
3 7 $ Гл) Бос?
3
Fill the gaps with appropriate accusative pronouns.
1 Кк . . . $о? – . . . $о 7лд", 7лд" 4.
2 С, ( . . . с)!
3 . . . $дс $? – $) лко К) #л8у.
3.3 FRIENDS, INTRODUCTIONS, USE OF ; ОКNД? JOBS/PROFESSIONS
Friends and introductions
Revision: see 1.15. Russian has a masculine and feminine form of the word ‘friend’,
дуг and одг; одг can refer to a girl/woman friend of either a girl/woman or
a man. The plural ду$0 is the general word for ‘friends’:
Кл(, о$к"с(. %о "о дуг 7д"/"о0 одг Ол(.
Kolya, let me introduce you. This is my friend Vadim/my friend Olya.
7 98 $к"? 5огд о$к"с! %о "о ду$0, Гл( +.
You don’t know each other yet? Then let me introduce you! These are my friends,
Galya and Misha.
If addressing only one of the people you are introducing and that is someone you would
use to, then you use the familiar о$к"с(. Note also the following way of
suggesting that you get on familiar terms using д – ‘let’s’: Д !
When asking/stating where someone is from you say:
7 окд?
Where are you from?
$ 4бг/+оск/#гл.
I’m from St Petersburg/Moscow/England.
Окд asks ‘where from’ and the answer uses the preposition $ for ‘from’ with the
genitive case (covered in Lesson 5).
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Jobs, professions, work
The question ко ,о? asks about someone’s name; in order to ask about what
someone does, their job/profession or where they work you can say:
К" б? – улс.
What do you do? – I’m a journalist.
Гд о б? – О к8.
Where does he work? – He’s an actor.
Ко о о офсс? – О . # 8 "у – .
What’s her profession? – She’s a doctor. And her husband’s an engineer.
In the question К" б?/К" о б? etc., which is the most
common way of asking what job someone has, к" is the instrumental form of ко and
is expressing the equivalent of ‘working as’ in English (a noun following this verb would
also need to be in the instrumental – ( б) улсо"). But a statement
of what someone does can be expressed straightforwardly by saying: /О/О
фсс etc. Using the phrase о офсс is equivalent to saying who someone
is ‘by profession’.
Some jobs/occupations have masculine and feminine forms, for example, суд/
судк, к8/кс, оф/офк (‘waiter’/’waitress’), ул/
ул (‘schoolteacher’); some do not, for example, (‘doctor’), "у$к
and офссо; some, such as улс, have a feminine form улск, but
the masculine is more commonly used. This can be an area where social factors affect
usage, with a tendency in some cases for the masculine form, as in улс, to be
the norm. Many words for professions are borrowed words and have endings derived
from other languages, but not all: the ending -л, as in ул and also found in
одл (‘teacher’/‘lecturer’ in a university), is equivalent to the ending ‘-er’ in
English (professions, ‘doers’).
У( 4–5
4
Match the pairs:
1
2
3
4
5
6
5
До сд(, +.
4о$к"с(, ,о "о дуг, Олг.
К" б +?
Д !
Окд ?
Гд б?
б
г
д
$ -)-Iк.
О кс.
4ок.
б) со.
Д!
О 0о.
Fill the gaps with an appropriate word from those given.
"у$к кс судк фуболс оф ул
1
2
3
4
О . . . б кл.
О . . . б кф.
О . . . б олклк.
О . . . б .
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3.4 NAMES (2), PATRONYMICS
Revision: see 1.16. The formation of the patronymic – со – depends on whether
the father’s name ends in a consonant – endings: -о/-о, or a soft sign or - –
endings: -/-, for example:
father
father
father
G: Gо/Gо
Gго: Gго/Gго
Сг: Сг/Сг
48: 4/4
-кол: -кол/-кол
'г: 'г/'г
Note also the stem formation with names ending -. Care should be taken not to
confuse feminine surnames such as 4 and G with patronymics
4 and Gо.
Familiar address
Note that you will hear the first name forms G, С, 5( etc. both shortened even
further when calling people in very familiar address, G, С, 5 etc., and given
diminutive forms, Gок, 5к etc.
У 6
Write out in Russian what the first names, patronymics and surnames of the following
people would be.
1
2
3
Sergei and Marina, whose father is Anton Nosov.
Anna and Aleksandr, whose father is Andrei Danilin.
Svetlana and Boris, whose father is Viktor Sokolov.
Listening task 2, comprehension
Marina talks about her friends, neighbour and children. Answer the following questions:
1
2
3
4
5
Окд Гл( +?
Ко о о офсс?
Ко "у$к?
4о" -к сс Со?
Гд 8 #(?
48 'г
+ #д
48 'г
+ #д
+ #д, ,о ду$0?
Д, ,о "о ду$0, Гл( +.
Окд о? G$ 4бг?
Д. Гл( – офссо, + – . # ,о "о сосд,
Д" Сокол. Д"у $?
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48 'г
+ #д
48 'г
+ #д
-, " $к". # ко о о офсс?
О "у$к.
# гд д?
- с -к сс Со, оо" о г б ". # до #( 8 б $дс, +оск.
Speaking task 1 Ус( кк 1
You are looking at photographs of a family group or group of friends. Ask and talk about
the people in the photographs: who they are, what their names are, whether the other
person knows them, where they live or where they are from, what they do or where
they work.
# – 4бг – суд
5( – +оск – судк
", - 4 Сокол – Со – офссо
б
#д – 4бг
Сл – 4бг – "у$к
-кол Сок, 7 Сок – -гоод – улс
С – 4бг – G – Сб, О"ск – +кс", г б – #"к
8 сс, Гл( – +оск – со
б
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Lesson 2 Ук о
Possession, identifying
Listening task 3
A brother and sister try to sort out whose and where things are: Гд 8 бл? # гд
8 дг?
+
Д"
+
Д"
+
Д"
+
Ск, ,о бл?
%о бл – "о.
# гд "о бл?
4ос, $).
#-, о о – сол. # , дг "о л о?
%о "о дг. 5о, о, с"к.
# гд "о0 с"к? #-, о "о0 с"к.
3.5 POSSESSIVES
The 1st and 2nd person possessives – "о, о, , – change to agree in
gender/plural with the noun they qualify, as does the interrogative , ‘whose’, which
is introduced here, while г, 8, do not change in this way since they express
possession by literally meaning ‘of him’, ‘of her’, ‘of them’.
The table gives the possessives that change in form and , with singular endings for
masculine, feminine, neuter, and one plural ending; note the rhyming repetition, which
helps in acquisition.
Masculine
"о
о
Feminine
"о0
о0
(
%о "о л о?
Is that my tea or yours?
Neuter
"о8
о8
8
Plural
"о
о
5о бл у.
Your tickets are here.
my
your (sing., fam.)
our
your (pl., polite)
whose?
Гд с"?
Where’s our letter?
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Take care to distinguish the pronunciation of "о/о from "о0/о0, "о8/о8,
"о/о: the feminine, neuter and plural forms have two syllables with the stress on
the second syllable and so the о is reduced.
In order to ask ‘whose’ something is the standard formula is with ,о placed between
and the noun:
:( ,о кг? – %о кг.
Whose book is this? – It’s your book.
: ,о офл? – %о г офл.
Whose briefcase is this? – It’s his briefcase.
In due course you will find that Russian uses possessives less than in English, very
often leaving them out when there is no emphasis on possession and it is obvious who
the possessor is. This is especially so with parts of the body and clothing and is also
common with relatives – б, сс, , ддук etc.
У( 7–10
7
Choose the correct possessive from the bracket.
1 %о "о сло? – Д, . . .. (о/о0/о8/о)
2 7 у $к"? -? 5огд о$к"с, ,о . . . ду$0 $ Со,
G 7(. (///)
3 G$, кк . . . "(? (///)
4 Ск, ко ,о? %о . . . сосдк? (///)
5 %о "о кг л . . . ? (о/о0/о8/о)
6 7о ,о о0 к, гд . . . ? ("о/"о0/"о8/"о)
7 Гд . . . с"? Гд . . . офл? # гд . . . с"к? ("о/"о0/"о8/"о)
8 : ,о 9? – . . .. ("о/"о0/"о8/"о)
9 Гд к"? – +о0 к" у, . . . к" ".
(///)
10 : ,о бг? – %о . . . бг, . (///)
11 Гд . . . со? # гд . . . $? (///)
8
Supply г, 8, as appropriate.
1
2
3
4
5
%о 7олд(. # ,о . . . одл. # о ,о . . . сс, Ол(.
%о 7. # ,о . . . "у, Бос. # ,о . . . дк, 5(.
%о С 5". # ,о . . . д, - 4(.
%о +. # ,о . . . д0д( 8(. # ,о . . . ббук ддук.
%о офссо. # ,о . . . .
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Use the nouns (NB: 5–7 are plurals) to ask questions and answer, as in the
examples.
-": убк – %о "о убк л о? – %о "о убк.
бл – %о бл л ? – %о бл.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
кд
ул
д
бу"г
г$
9
бубд
10 Use the nouns to ask ‘whose?’ it is and answer with whichever possessive you
like.
-": кд – 7 $, ,о кд? – Кс(/ д"), ,о
г//"о кд.
1
2
3
4
5
6
л
ксс
к
л
дг
"од
3.6 USE OF CО/C/CО/C (AND О//О/)
The demonstrative ‘this’ has masculine, feminine, neuter, and plural forms:
,о ,
,о
,
Note the change from a hard to a soft stem in the plural. You are familiar with the
neuter form used on its own to introduce statements/questions about identity etc., but
‘this’ can qualify a noun as well, in which case it has different forms according to the
gender/plural of the noun. Compare:
%о "о "од.
%о "о0 к.
%о "о8 .
%о "о длл.
%о "од – "о.
% к – "о0.
%о – "о8.
% длл – "о.
This is my suitcase/pen/wine.
These are my dollars.
This suitcase/pen/wine is mine.
These dollars are mine.
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These forms can replace ,о when asking ‘whose’ something is:
: ,о офл?
Whose is this briefcase?
: , бл?
Whose are these tickets?
Compare similar alternatives in English: ‘Whose briefcase is this?’ and ‘Whose is this
briefcase?’
The different gender forms can also be used on their own when the noun is understood
(where English might use ‘this one’/‘these ones’):
%о ул – "о, ,о – о.
This magazine is mine and that one is yours.
In Russian ,о/,/,о/, tends to be used where English would use both ‘this’ and
‘that’; the Russian for the latter is о//о/ and it tends to be used only in contrast
to ,о/,/,о/,, for example:
%о о – "о8, о – о8.
This beer is mine and that one’s [contrastive] yours.
У( 11–12
11 Rephrase.
-": %о о0 с"к. % с"к – о0.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
%о "о0 к.
%о о фоо.
%о ".
%о г .
%о "о лосд.
%о о0 "к.
%о "о косск.
%о бл.
%о 8 фублк.
%о дг.
12 Put the correct form of ,о/,/,о/, (or о//о/) in the gaps.
1
2
3
4
5
. . . "к – "о0, . . . – о0.
. . . к – "о0, . . . – .
. . . л – "о8, . . . – г.
. . . косск – "о, . . . – о.
. . . с – "о, . . . – 8.
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3.7 USE OF С/
С/
С/
С
The determinative ‘all’ in Russian – also equivalent to ‘the whole’ – has masculine,
feminine, neuter and plural forms:
с
с(
с8 с
7с д !
The whole day is ours!
7с( г $дс?
Is all the group here?
7с , 9 – .
All these things are theirs.
7с , кг – "о!
All these books are mine!
7с8 ,о – о8?
Is all this yours?
The neuter form с8 and the plural form с are used on their own meaning ‘all’ =
‘everything’ and ‘all’ = ‘everyone’:
7с8 у? – Д, , бубд, с – с8 у.
Is everything here? – Yes, wine, sandwiches, cheese – it’s all here.
7с $дс? – Д, #(, Кл(, 5( – с $дс.
Is everyone here? – Yes, Anya, Kolya, Tanya – they’re all here.
У 13
Put the correct form of с/с(/с8/с in the gaps.
1
2
3
4
5
6
. . . с"0 сс к.
. . . околд "о? - " б! – Д. 5огд . . . кофк "о!
Кк оо, о . . . ду$0 $дс.
Гд Кл( С8? #-, о о. Aоо, $, . . . у.
7 с – ,о . . .?
. . . к "о0? +""". – 5огд . . . о "о8!
3.8 POSSESSIVES ETC. IN THE ACCUSATIVE. 'H Л';! ДG
When you need to use "о, ,о etc. in the accusative, you can apply the same rule as
for nouns. In the singular, the feminine forms change:
"о0 – "оI, о0 – оI, – у, – у, ( – A
, – ,у, – у, с( – сA
The inanimate masculine, neuter, and also plural forms (see 3.11) do not change from
the nominative. The possessives г, 8, never change, whatever case the noun they
are attached to is in:
О "о1 кгу.
He is reading my book.
Б ,у кофу.
Have this sweet.
7о$" "о сло.
Take my dictionary.
7о$" с , г$.
Take all these newspapers.
+ сл" 8 "$ку.
We’re listening to her music.
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У 14
Put the words in brackets in the correct form.
1 Ко $ . . .? (,о о", , "$к, ,о сло)
2 7о$" . . .. (г убк, "о0 к, кг)
3 О . . .. ( с", с( с0, о0 окк)
Speaking task 2 Ус( кк 2
In pairs, put pens, books etc. on the table and sort out which of you they belong to.
Lesson 3 Ук Existence, availability, possession, plurals
Listening task 4
This dialogue shows how to ask and state whether a kiosk/shop etc. has things. What
is there? :о с? 7 кск с "к? ул? к? Д л ?
4окул
4од
4окул
4од
4окул
4од
4окул
Ск, олус, у с с "к?
Д, с.
# ул «Сол»?
-.
# у с с к?
Д, с. %о с8?
Д, ,о с8, ссбо.
Listening task 5
This dialogue shows how to ask and state whether you/we/I etc. have things. What do
they have? :о у с? У с о? ? о? бл? Д л ?
С8
С
С8
С
С8
С
С, у с с о?
-.
:о у с с?
У с с . G 98 с о.
# бл у б0 с? Д, олус.
Бл? 7о, о$".
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3.9 USE OF С, У С С? ETC. PRONOUN GENITIVE
Use of с
'с comes from the original present tense of ‘to be’ and is now only used in special
circumstances. The most common is to express existence, availability etc. equivalent
to English ‘there is/are’:
'с ос?
Are there (any) questions?
5у с лф?
Is there a telephone here?
7 буф с кф? – Коо, с.
Is there coffee at the snack bar? – Of course there is.
The equivalent in English might also use ‘have’ (‘Does the snack bar have coffee?’/‘Do
they have coffee at the snack bar?’/‘Is there coffee at the snack bar?’), but in Russian
there is no similar verb ‘to have’; note also that there is no equivalent in these
sentences to the generalized ‘they’ in English – you just refer to the place.
Use of у + genitive; pronoun genitive
With people the preposition у, which can have the sense of location ‘at’ someone’s
place and governs the genitive, is used to produce an expression that I/you/we etc. have
something (у has been met when asking how things are with someone: Кк дл? – #
кк у б0/у с?). The first line below gives the genitive forms of the personal
pronouns and ко, which are the same as the accusative forms, and the second line
gives the phrases using у that express ‘I have’, ‘you have’, ‘he has’ etc. – note, however,
that following the preposition у the 3rd person pronouns have an initial - (as generally following nearly all prepositions):
"0
у "0
б0
у б0
г
у г
У 8 к" с лф.
She has a phone in her room.
8
у 8
с
у с
с
у с
У б0 с б?
Have you got a brother?
у ког
у ког
У с кк.
They have a cat.
:о у с с? У с с сок? – Д, с.
What do you have? Have you got juice? – Yes, we do.
Take care to note and remember that the things you have are in Russian the grammatical subject of the sentence – they are what is in your possession – and so are in
the nominative, they are not the object of the verb ‘have’. In a brief answer in the negative you can just use on its own; to expand and say that there isn’t something or
you don’t have something requires + genitive, e.g. У "0 б/сс, which
is covered in Lesson 5.
You may find that с is omitted when existence/availability/possession etc. is not
emphasized at all, but in simple statements and questions you should keep to using it.
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However, с must be omitted when the focus is not on the existence or possession,
but on the location, e.g. ‘who has . . .’, or on the quality, as in description of appearance
(covered in 4.3):
У ког бл? – О у "0.
Who’s got our tickets? – I have.
У г сл лос.
He has fair hair.
У 15
Make up questions and answers using с and the words given, maybe expressing
certainty, probability, possibility.
-": буф/ – 7 буф с ? – Коо, с./-.
у г/сло – У г с сло? – Д, с.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
б/о
кск/окк
у с/"олок
у/кф
у с/до
с/бблок
у б0/$глк
к"/л$о
"/лф
об9/сол(
3.10 THE PLURAL. 'JС
''О СЛJ. SPELLING RULES
The plural
You have already met quite a number of masculine and feminine nouns in the plural, ending - or -, and also the neuter plurals сло, (, у( – ‘words’,
‘expressions’, ‘exercises’. While the vast majority of nouns follow standard patterns in the
plural, there is some variety too (e.g. ду$0, ‘friends’). You should aim to master the main
nominative plural endings and gradually acquire those words that do not conform.
Main nominative plural endings
Masc./Fem. hard
Masc./Fem. soft
Neuter hard/soft
-;
ул – ул<
ос – ос<
дск – дск<
сс – с8с<
-
"у$ – "у$
8( – 8
убл – ублO
9 – 9
-/-
с" – с"
сло – слоE
"со – "сE
$0 – $0B
(But see the spelling rule that follows.)
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Note the stress shift in с8с, с" – ‘sisters’, ‘letters’ (from ending to stem) and
сло, "с – ‘words’, ‘places’ (from stem to ending): such stress shifts are not
uncommon in the plural. Note that indeclinable nouns, e.g. до, фо, кс, may
in context be plurals.
A complicating factor, however, comes into play here, because Russian has certain
spelling rules, the most important of which is as follows.
Spelling rule 1
The letters к, г, 3 and , 6, 7, 9 cannot be followed by the letter < – where this would
be expected you must write instead.
This rule affects a considerable number of nouns in the nominative plural and stems
ending -к- are particularly common:
"лк – "лк (‘boy/s’)
к – к (‘pen/s’)
дук – дук (‘girl/s’, ‘young women’)
кд – кдO (‘pencil/s’)
У( 16–17
16 Put the nouns in brackets in the correct form (NB: some stresses shift).
1
2
3
+", гд с "о . . . ? (ул, длл, 9, с")
7с . . . $дс? (суд, одл, кг, фоогф()
G$, ,о . . . ? (бл, дск, бу"г, "со)
17 Put the underlined words into the plural.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Гд окк? # гд "к?
%о о0 ксс?
%о к?
Гд "о кд?
Г$ сол.
+лк, о ,о к?
Further points
1
With some masculine nouns, the addition of the plural ending (or, in fact, any
other ending) leads to the disappearance of the vowel о or when this is the
penultimate letter, for example:
о – о (‘father/s’)
д – д (‘day/s’)
2
"к – "к (‘American/s’)
ок – к (‘drink/s’)
The words ", ‘mother’ and до, ‘daughter’ extend the stem by the addition of
-- and have plurals " and д; the neuter nouns "(, ‘time’ and
"(, ‘name’ extend the stem by the addition of -- and have plurals " and
".
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3
Some masculine nouns have a plural in stressed -E (-P):
до" – до"E (‘house/s’)
год – гоодE (‘town/s’, ‘cities’)
4
офссо – офссоE (‘professor/s’)
со – соE (‘passport/s’)
A few nouns have a plural in -=B, for example:
дуг – ду$=P (‘friend/s’)
б – б=B (‘brother/s’)
Other examples include с – со0 (‘son/s’) and до – д( (‘tree/s’) (historically, this ending was a feminine singular ending for a collective noun, as it still is in
с"0, ‘family’).
5
Note the following: л1д, ‘people’; одл, ‘parents’; д, ‘children’; сосд,
‘neighbours’; б0, ‘guys’, ‘lads’; дг, ‘money’; 0блок, ‘apples’.
Л1д serves as the plural of лок (‘man’/‘person’) to mean ‘people’; одл,
‘parents’ is the regular plural of одл, which is rarely used; д means
‘children’, while in most contexts a child in the singular is more specifically either
"лк, ‘boy’ or док, ‘girl’/‘little girl’ (a child more generally or as a ‘baby’ is
б8ок); the singular сосд is hard, but сосд is soft; the closest equivalent to
б0 is probably ‘guys’ or ‘lads’ – it is used to refer to a group of young people,
most often to address (if children – ‘kids’); дг, ‘money’ is in fact the plural of
a word for a very old coin; the neuter noun 0блоко, ‘apple’ has an irregular plural
0блок.
У 18
Choose from among the plural forms given under Further points 1 to 5 an appropriate
word to fill in each of the gaps.
1
2
3
4
5
. . ., о " дл?
4о$к"с(, ,о "о . . ., 7( Кл(.
4, гд "о . . .? – 7о о, сол.
%о . . ., Сг 4ло Лс Gо.
Д, ск, гд . . .?
3.11 ACCUSATIVE PLURAL, INANIMATE. 'HЛ';! ДG
Any noun that designates something inanimate uses the nominative plural form for the
accusative plural as well (while any animate noun has the genitive ending in the
accusative plural, like masculine animate nouns in the singular) and the same applies
to possessives, demonstratives etc.:
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Д, олус, г$.
Can I have the newspapers, please?
4, д косск.
Dad, can I have the trainers?
Дук, о$" кг.
Girls, take our books.
Gок, б , кофк.
Irochka, have these sweets.
У 19
Put the words in brackets in the correct plural form.
1
2
3
Д, олус, . . .. (ксс, бубд, "к, лск)
5(, д, олус, . . .. (кг, к, "о бл, с")
7о$" . . .. (к, , дск, кд, ул)
Lesson 4 Ук 8
Asking for things
Listening task 6
A young man is getting something to eat and drink in a snack bar. What does he want?
:о о ?
Офк
С8
Офк
С8
Офк
С8
Офк
+олод лок, о "?
+ о, олус. У с с о?
-.
# о у с с?
У с с сок, "л( од, кф – о о?
Д " сок, олус. G 98 бубд с со".
4олус. 7о бубд.
Listening task 7
Nina offers Sasha and Olya tea or coffee. :о С? # Ол(?
-
С
-
С
-
Ол(
-
С, л кф?
о кф. Кф с?
'с, коо. С со"?
Д. -о б$ "олок, олус.
Ол(, о бд?
бду , сл "о.
Aоо. .
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3.12 PRONOUN DATIVE. ДMЛ';! ДG. ASKING FOR THINGS
Revision: see 2.2. So far when asking for things we have left out the recipient, i.e. ‘give
(me)’. In Russian, this requires the dative case, the case of the indirect object, someone
for whose benefit something is done, often rendered by the prepositions ‘to’ or ‘for’ in
English (or else indicated by word order). The dative forms of the personal pronouns
and ко are:
"
б
"
"
Д " бубд, олус.
Give me a sandwich, please.
"
"
ко"
:о "? – + дку.
What for you? – Vodka for me.
Ко" ? – +, олус. – # ко" кф?
lit.: For whom tea? – (For) Me, please. – And for whom coffee?
Note the spelling difference between ", with no -- as second letter, and the
accusative/genitive "0. Note that д can be left out, making the expression more
informal (when asking for food/drink), but when this happens дку (and ) are still
in the accusative because д is understood. The non-literal equivalents of the
examples would be ‘Who wants tea?’ etc.
У 20
Answer the question using "/д ("), олус with each word in the appropriate form (accusative).
-": :о "? – + , олус/Д, олус, .
:о "/б?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7дк.
Бубд.
+оо.
4о.
Сг.
Ккс.
3.13 ASKING FOR THINGS WITH J'О, 2ОN ETC., БNДУ ETC.
There are some other ways of asking for things too.
One such way is to use "о, ‘it is possible’, followed by the accusative:
+о ?
Can I have tea?
+о ку? – Д, о$".
Can I have a pen? – Yes, here you are.
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Another way is to use the mixed conjugation verb о, ‘want’/‘wish’:
оL
7=
-
оO&
оO-
оP-
inf.: о
:о о? – о сок.
What do you want? – I want juice.
5 о? Б, б.
Do you want cake? Do have some.
Ко кф? С "олок", л б$? – # ( о . С л"о".
Who wants coffee? With milk or without? – I want tea. With lemon.
Note the following about this anomalous verb:
1
2
3
the stress shifts
the stem changes
the singular endings are familiar, the plurals are familiar in the last letter (or
two) but not in the vowel before that – they are in fact the 2nd conjugation
endings, introduced in 4.7.
Note also с "олок"/с л"о", ‘with milk/lemon’: this is the preposition с with the
masculine/neuter instrumental ending -о", while the feminine ending -о is shown in
бубд с колбс, ‘an open sandwich with sausage’; the preposition б$, ‘without’,
governs the genitive, as in б$ "олок.
A third way to ask for food/drink (just for this) is to use the future tense of б, ‘to
be’, 1st conjugation: бду, бд . . ., which is used where in English you would say
‘will you have?’ etc., i.e. for food/drink in a familiar context (or restaurant):
бду
бд
бд
бд"
бд
бду
5 бд "оо?
Will you have ice cream?
inf.: б
: бд?
Will you have tea?
бду кф. # ?
I’ll have coffee. And you?
Note that there is no equivalent to ‘have’, because you are saying ‘will you be
(eating/drinking)’ only the verb ‘eat’/‘drink’ is understood.
У( 21–23
21 Ask for the following things using "о.
1
2
3
4
5
кофк
к
о
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22 Choose from о, , and о to fill in the gaps.
1
2
3
4
5
:о . . . ? – + кф, олус, с "олок".
Ко . . . с со"? # ко б$?
. . . о, сл "о.
+кс", . . . бубд? С со" л с колбс?
.б0, . . . "оо?
23 Repeat Exercise 22 using бду, бд, бд and бд.
3.14 WAYS OF EXPRESSING ‘ALSO’, ‘AS WELL’, ‘TOO’, ‘WHAT ELSE?’.
‘BOTH . . . AND’, ‘EITHER . . . OR’
There are several ways of expressing ‘also’, ‘too’ etc. in Russian, and, as in English,
word order/position in the sentence can be a crucial factor.
Points to note
1
2
3
is very common in this usage in initial position.
is also very common, but must never be placed at the beginning of a
sentence (where you should use , 98 or 98); instead, like ‘too’ in English,
always refers back, following the word to which it applies.
98 has the sense of ‘also’ = ‘in addition’ and readily answers the question о
98?, ‘what else?’:
Кл( . – . / G ( о .
Kolya wants wine. – Me too/ I also want wine.
G #( $дс. / #( $дс.
Anya’s here as well/too/also.
:о 98 о? – '98 бубд, олус. Д, 98 о.
What else do you want? – Also a sandwich, please. Yes, and cake too.
In due course, you will meet another possibility for ‘also’, к, which can be placed
first and is found in combination with – к.
Note also that . . . means ‘both. . . and’; ‘either. . . or’ is л . . . л.
У( 24–25
24 Rephrase. -":
1
2
#( $дс. – G #( $дс.
G ( о сок. – о сок.
Кл( у? – Д, Кл( у.
7 с л"о".
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G 7ко : " б.
G 5" " 8.
25 Make one request and then another.
-": Д л"од, олус. G 98 бубд.
Д, олус, ул. G 98 г$у.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
кф, о
о, бубд с со"
блок, к
к, кд
окк, "к
л, ксс
$глк, ск
Speaking task 3 Ус( кк 3
You are offering some friends a drink and a snack. Ask/say some or all of the following,
varying and adding as appropriate or as you wish:
Ask what they want or whether they want one thing or another
say what you have, and offer something else as well
ask about milk/sugar if appropriate
say you’ll have the same etc.
Respond, ask what there is and continue as appropriate
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UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5;
Reading comprehension task: .сск( л
Look over these authors and book titles from Russian literature and then do the tasks
that follow.
1
2
How many of the titles do you recognize or can guess or understand?
Identify the plurals, adjectives and genitives.
Why not ask for/make a recommendation and make a visit to the library/bookshop . . .
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Lesson 5 Ук 0
Genitive case, possession, absence, lack
Listening task 8
A disorganized student asks a lot of questions about who has what. :( ,о кг? #
,о убк? :о с?/:г ? У ког с сло?
4(
С(
4(
С(
4(
С(
4(
С(
4(
С(
%о о0 кг?
-, ,о кг G.
# ,о убк?
Кс(, +кс".
#-. Ск, у б0 с блок?
-. Бу"г с, блок .
# $, у ког с сло?
Д. У Сг( с сло. G у +.
# гд о?
4ос, $).
3.15 GENITIVE CASE. ОДHЛ';! ДG
Uses of the genitive
The genitive case links/relates two nouns to express relation, possession, content,
quality, attribute etc.:
б G
ло фл" кг С
Ira’s brother start of the film Sasha’s book
булк bottle of wine
оск "(
tram stop
This use works in the same way as ‘of’ or the ending ’s in English, or sometimes where
one noun links with or describes another in English when placed in front, e.g. ‘tram
stop’ = ‘stop of tram’, or when naming, e.g. ‘Lermontov Street’ = ‘Street of Lermontov’,
л Л"оо. In Russian, the noun in the genitive comes second, while the other
noun may be in any case:
Д, олус, булку .
Can I have a bottle of wine, please?
О 8 год.
She lives in the centre of town.
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The genitive is also used:
•
•
•
with to express absence, non-availability, non-possession etc., e.g. "олок, ‘there’s no milk’ (see 3.16)
in expressions of quantity and number, e.g. "го , ‘a lot of beer’, олкл
с, ‘half a kilo of cheese’ (see 5.11–5.12)
with many prepositions (see Appendix VI).
Genitive singular endings
In the genitive and the other remaining singular cases, the masculine and neuter share
the same declension.
Genitive singular
Masculine/neuter
Feminine
-/-
л"од – л"од
о – оE
г – гB
одл – одлB
"олок – "олокE
об9 – об9B
-;/- (with spelling rule)
9 – 9<
сс – ссQ
кг – кг
.осс( – .осс
Сб – Сб
" – "
Further points
1
The feminine genitive ending, like the nominative plural, may be affected by
Spelling rule 1 (see 3.10), e.g.: кг – кг, к – к.
2
As noted with the plurals (see 3.10) fill vowels may disappear in some masculine
nouns, e.g.: о – о, д – д(, ок – к.
3
In some nouns the genitive form differs from the nominative plural only in stress
(see 3.10), while the endings are written the same, e.g.: сс – с8с, "с –
"с, офссо – офссо.
4
Note again the extended stem of " and до (see 3.10), genitives: ",
д, and of "( and "(, genitives: ", ".
У 26
Put the words in brackets in the correct form.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Д, олус, булку . . .. (л"од, , о, од)
:( ,о к? – Кс(, . . .. (#(, # 4, одл)
Ко ,о? – 7 $? %о "у . . .. (5", Олг 4)
4о$к"с. %о 7, сс . . .. (5л(, +, +кс")
%о о дг? – -, ,о дг . . .. (ббук, д0д(, С(, 7д")
Сокол . . .. (год, +оск, 4бг)
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Further uses of the genitive to note for the future
•
The so-called ‘partitive’ genitive is used to express the sense of ‘some’ = a certain
amount, e.g. ), ‘some tea’, од, ‘some water’ etc. (note that ) here is a
special form, not the regular genitive).
•
Certain verbs may be followed by an object in the genitive as well as in the
accusative, such as verbs of wanting, requesting, expecting: the accusative is
used for a specific, concrete object, the genitive is used for a general or abstract
object, e.g.: ( ду бус U 9 – ‘ I am waiting for the No. 9 bus’, ( ду бус,
‘I am waiting for a bus’, :о ?, ‘What do you want?’ (e.g. food, drink),
:г ?, ‘What do you want?’ (something abstract or general – life
goals etc.).
•
The object of a negated verb may also be in the genitive rather than the
accusative (see 6.8).
•
Some verbs govern the genitive, e.g. :о ксс( 5" . . ., ‘As far as Tamara
is concerned . . .’ (this verb is met in Unit 7; other verbs will be met as you
progress in Russian).
•
The genitive is used to express ‘time when’ with dates of the month (see 7.22).
•
The genitive can be used to express the object of comparison, e.g. о с
"0, ‘he is older than me’ (see 8.13).
3.16 ' + GENITIVE
The negative of с is , which is historically a contraction of с; is used
with the genitive for what does not exist, is not available, is not possessed etc.:
7 к "бл.
There’s no furniture in the flat.
У "0 сс.
I don’t have a sister.
У г д к.
He doesn’t even have a pen.
Note that there is no subject (nominative) in this construction. A colloquial alternative
for that you will hear in this sense is у, as in the answer , у, ‘no, there
isn’t any’.
У 27
Answer the following in the negative.
-": – У с с о? – -, у с .
1
2
3
4
7 "г$ с ? – # дк? – # о?
У б0 с бу"г? – # ко? – # к? – # кд?
У с с с? – # колбс? – # лб? – -у, ?
У б0 к" с лф? – # л"? – # д? – # ксло?
– # кф? – -у, ко?
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3.17 THE PREPOSITION У + GENITIVE. ДЛJГ У. USE OF С
О!
У
+ genitive
The construction using у + genitive to express possession (or non-possession with )
can now be used with nouns as well as pronouns:
У #д( с "?
Does Andrei have a car?
У Гл ко"1.
Galya does not have a computer.
The reflexive possessive со
There is a restriction on the use of г, 8, as possessives, since they cannot refer
back to the subject, i.e. in the sentence ‘he is reading his book’ using г would mean
someone else’s book. Russian has a reflexive possessive, со/со0/со8/со, which,
except in the construction with у, is not generally used in the nominative since its role
is to refer to the subject:
О $ со1 ол.
He knows his role.
У Л$ с со ко"1.
Liza has her own computer.
The difference of meaning occurs only with a 3rd person reference; when the subject
is 1st or 2nd person either "о/о etc. or со etc. can be used.
У( 28–29
28 Replace the nouns with pronouns and vice versa.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
У G с б?
У 8 с лосд?
У г с собк?
Гд "о0 кг? – О у #.
У С8 К с сс?
У ког с л? – -о, у г с.
У ког "о лск? – О у 8.
29 Put in the words in brackets in the correct form.
1
2
3
4
5
6
У . . . с сло? (-кол)
У . . . с д. (Сг Сг)
Кк сгд, у . . . убк. (+)
Д у . . . бу"г. # у ког с? (- #лкс)
У . . . с со0 "? (7ко 4)
У . . . с со "гоф. (Кл()
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3.18 USE OF Л
Л is a particle that can be used to indicate a question, although a question can be indicated without it. But it must be used for reported/implied questions where English uses
‘if’ = ‘whether’: ‘I don’t know if/whether there’s any milk’, ‘He is asking if/whether we
know the answer’. In spoken Russian it is often avoided by using the direct question
construction: ‘I don’t know, is there any milk?’ When using л the word order has to
be changed, with the word that carries the focus of the question placed first, then л
and then the rest of the sentence. Handling л does not always come easily, but it can
be approached by first acquiring common combinations, for example с л . . ., or
else by avoiding the construction in speech:
- с, с л у с с/у с с с?
Nina is asking if/whether we have any sugar.
In accordance with the way that Russian often phrases questions negatively, an alternative to с у б0/у с . . .? is л у б0/у с . . .?:
-, л у б0 ко?
Natasha, you don’t happen to have an envelope, do you?
Note also the use of д л?, ‘isn’t that true/right/so?’, ‘don’t you think?’,
‘wouldn’t you say?’ at the end of a question:
О ол( кс, д л?
She’s an excellent actress, don’t you think?
Speaking task 4 Ус( кк 4
Ask about things/possessions. For each list ask a series/variety of questions, who
something belongs to, whether it’s the other person’s, whether it belongs to the named
person.
1
2
3
4
к
до
к
G
7д"
4(
С
дг
сг
с
околд
+
7д"
Л1д
#д
бл
$глк
косск
о
+
Ол(
4(
С8
Respond as appropriate.
Speaking task 5 Ус( кк 5
Ask whether someone has something (of their own).
1
2
#лкс 4ло
Гл(
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UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5;
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7 -кол
7ко
3
4
б ко"1 сс л кк "гоф Say whether they have it or not.
✍
Writing tasks 1–2 4с" $д( 1–2
1
Read back through the dialogues in this chapter and then make up four dialogues
of your own: (a) asking about people/friends; (b) asking about whose things are;
(c) asking for things; (d) asking about possessions.
2
Write a brief account of the Sokolov family, Vera and Aleksei and their children
Kolya and Tanya, based on the information that follows about what they do and
where they live and work.
Сокол, 7.
Сокол, #.
Сокол, -.
Сокол, 5.
4офсс(
к8
улс
"у$к
Гд 8
+оск
+оск
4бг
+оск
Words and expressions СлоE
Гд б
олклк
г$
окс
<+F( B
These words and expressions have all been used in this unit. Identify the nouns and
add their gender; complete the conjugation of the verbs. As in the first two units, test
your vocabulary and compare wordlists and expressions for the topics/categories
covered in this unit, either new, e.g. professions, clothing, household goods and furniture, or as a continuation of lists already under way, e.g. people/relations, food/drink.
VOCABULARY
к8, кс
бг
б$ + gen.
б$ с/"олок
бл
булк
б
future: бду, бд . . .
о бд?
( бду ///
лосд
с/с(/с8/с
actor, actress
luggage
without
ticket
bottle
to be
what will you have?
(drink, eat)
your (pl., polite)
bicycle
all, the whole
9 (f.)
ос
сгд
год
г
д д
д
док
дук
дг (pl.)
до, pl. д(
д (pl.)
thing
question
doctor
always
town, city
group
let’s call each other even
dacha
little/young girl
young woman, girl
money
tree, wood (material)
children
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д
дко
дск
длл
до (f.), pl. д
дк
дуг, (pl.) ду$0
г
8
сл
с
98, 98
д
ду, д8 . . .
улс, улск
$глк
$ (inf. $)
, #( у
...
$ + gen., $
4бг/+оск
к
л . . . л
кк
ксс
ккс
колбс
бубд с колбс
ко"1
ко
кк
ксло
ко (f.)
косск (pl.)
л"
л
. . ., д л?
л"
с л"о"
л1д
"гоф
"к
"лк
"к
" (f.), pl. "
"
"бл (f.)
"0, б0, г, 8
с, с, , ког, о
89
sofa, divan
director, school head
teacher
disk (floppy)
dollar
daughter
friend
his
her
if
there is/are
also, in addition
to wait (for)
wife
journalist
lighter
that/it means, so
and, also, too
both. . . and
from
caviar
either. . . or
engineer
their
as, like
cassette
cake (e.g. brownie)
sausage, salami
salami sandwich
computer
envelope
cat
armchair
bed (piece of furniture)
trainers
lamp
particle indicating
question
don’t you think/isn’t that
right?
lemon
tea with lemon
people
cassette etc. player
vest, T-shirt
boy
stamp
mother
car, machine
furniture
pronoun accusatives
"со
"л( од
", б, ", ", ", ", ко"
ко" кф? " .д.
"о/"о0/"о8/"о
"о + acc.
"о ку?
"олод, "олод
лок
"оо
"у
"у$к
ок
ло
///
" б
+ gen.
окс
окк
окд
фс
оф, офк
л (indecl.)
к
о
лск
л
одг
о$к"с(,
о$к"с
окул
олклк
офл (m.)
одл
од
офсс(, о офсс
ко о/о о
офсс?
б, к" о/о
б?
б8ок
б0 (pl.)
одл (pl.)
ол (f.)
с + instr., с со",
с со" .д.
с
со/со0/со8/со
с"0
сг
сло (m.)
собк
place
mineral water
pronoun datives
who wants coffee? tea
for me etc.
my
can I have . . .?
young, young man
ice cream
husband
musician
drink
beginning, start
our
it can’t be, no way
there is no . . .
orchestra
postcard
where from
office
waiter, waitress
(over)coat
park
biscuit
Danish pastry
record, vinyl
personal stereo
friend (girl)
let me introduce you
customer, shopper
health centre
briefcase
lecturer
sales assistant
profession, by profession
what does he/she do?
what does he/she do/
work as?
child, baby
guys, lads
parents
role
with
sweater
reflexive possessive
family
cigarette
dictionary
dog
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UNIT 3 ГЛ#7# 5.'5;
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сосд, сосдк, pl.
сосд
ск
с
с),
с . . .
сол(
суд, судк
с, pl. со0
с
о/о0/о8/о
л$о
огд
лко
о
о//о/
у + gen.: у "0/б0/
с/с (с)
убк
ул, ул
фсс
фо, фоогф(
фоо
фуболс
фублк
neighbour
match (for lighting)
to ask
dining room, canteen
student
son
cheese
your
television
then, in that case
too, also
only
cake, gateau
that
I etc. have
textbook
teacher
financier
photograph
camera
footballer
sweatshirt
лб
о
о, , о", о, о0
о0
/(/8/
"од
к
кф
,о/,/,о/,
0блоко
bread
to want, wish
although
whose
suitcase
(fur) cap/hat
cupboard
this, that
apple
Revise the numerals 1–20 and learn the
numerals 30–100:
д
сок
(дс0
сдс0
с"дс(
с"дс(
д(со
со
Note how in 50–80 there is a soft sign in the
middle but not at the end (i.e. the opposite of
the teens).