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COORDINATION WITHOUT A COORDINATOR AND SUBORDINATION WITHOUT A SUBORDINATOR IN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN COMPLEX SENTENCES: A COMPARATIVE LINGUISTIC STUDY Yuristia Wira Cholifah English Linguistics Department, Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Padjadjaran Email: [email protected] Abstract This paper reports on the coordination without a coordinator and subordination without a subordinator in two languages: English and Bahasa. This paper highlights the way in which the author analyzed articles from three different language sources: C’nS magazine, Indonesian Newspapers by using analysis descriptive method. In detail, this study demonstrates what clauses there are in the complex sentences in English and Bahasa, what relationships are drawn by the clauses of the complex sentences in English and Bahasa, and what similarities and differences are shown by the clauses of the complex sentences in English and Bahasa in the issue of coordination without a coordinator and subordination without a subordinator as mainly outlined by Hodges and Whitten (1984), Sneddon (1996), and Halliday (1994, 2004). Some of the research results are most coordinator omitted in English is and, but in Indonesian are dan, and or, the omission of the coordinator and subordinator in English and Indonesia is replaced by the use of punctuation comma (,) to show the relationship between clauses. Keywords: complex sentences, coordination without a coordinator, subordination without a subordinator, comparative linguistics, English, Indonesian language I. subordination without a subordinator taken as the data in this paper. The data are taken from the articles in C’nS magazine vol. OctoberDecember 2013, and Indonesian GoGirl! magazine edition March, 2011. Thus, the research questions of this article are what kind of clauses are there in the complex sentences in English and Indonesian? What are the similarities and differences between the coordination without a coordinator and subordination without a subordinator in English and Indonesian? Introduction One of human interactions is writing. Through writing, humans can express their ideas in various styles. One of the marks of writing style is the use of complex sentences by using the coordination without a coordinator and subordination without a subordinator. Both are used to give and relate the ideas effectively in a text (Hodges and Whitten, 1984). However, this is sometimes confusing when there is no coordinator or subordinator in a complex sentences to find the correlation between the clauses, whether they coordinate or subordinate to each other. This paper examines one of the writing styles related to the writing style of complex sentences in English and Indonesian articles as the data sources. However, there are only complex sentences that show the coordination without a coordinator and the II. Theoretical Background Sentences are either simple or complex. A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause, accompanied by an intonation contour. A complex sentence is one which consists of more than a single clause. And this second type of sentences is the focus of this study. 67 When two clauses occur in the one sentence they are sometimes linked by conjunctions. Conjunctions both link the clauses and specify the relationship between them. There are two types of conjunction. They are coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions. Coordinating conjunctions or coordinators link two independent clauses (Sneddon, 1996: 337). Another definition is given by Hodges and Whitten (1984) stating that “Coordinate means being of equal structural rank. Coordination gives equal grammatical emphasis of two or more ideas.” So, both agree that coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions that are used to link two or more independent clauses that gives more than one ideas as a complex sentence. Coordination also gives equal emphasis not only to two or more clauses but also to two or more words, phrases, or sentence like shown in these examples below. In coordination without a coordinator, two or more clauses can be coordinated without a coordinator being present. They are simply placed one after the other. It is often called as parataxis. Parataxis is the relation between two like elements of equal status, one initiating and the other continuing (Halliday, 1994: 218). Both the initiating and the continuing are free, in the sense that each could stand as a functioning whole. Halliday (1994) also added that this coordination without a coordinator being present or called as parataxis can be exemplified with the ‘and’ relation. (iv) (v) (i) tacless, abrasive language (coordinate adjectives) (ii) on the roof or in the attic (compound prepositional phrases) (iii) I have not gone on a diet. Nor do I intend to. (sentences linked by coordinating conjunction) In other side, subordinating conjunctions which is also called subordinators link an independent clause, called the main clause, and a clause which adds further information about the main clause. This is called a subordinate clause. It is always preceded by the conjunctions (Sneddon, 1996: 337). Hodges and Whitten (1984) mentioned that subordinate means “being of lower structural rank” which means that the clauses in this kind of complex sentences cannot be separated one another. It is because they are grammatically dependent on the sentence base (subject + compound predicate) as mention by Edwin Newman in Hodges and Whitten (1984: 255) that clauses in a complex sentence are grammatically subordinate structures that may contain very important ideas. ‘salt and pepper’ implies ‘pepper and salt’, so the relationship is symmetrical or independent ; ‘salt and pepper’, ‘pepper and mustard’ together imply ‘salt and mustard’, so the relationship is transitive. In parataxis, clauses are marked by number: 1, 2, 3, and so on to refer to clauses as being initiating or continuing (Gerot and Wignel, 1994: 92). The use of numerical notation in parataxis is created because there is no dependence of either element on the other; so there is no ordering other than that which is represented by the sequence. For example, (vi) 1 She graduated from high school || 2 and then (she) undertook a trip through the country. In comparison, Sneddon (1996: 340) stated that the coordination without a coordinator in Bahasa can be done not only by omitting ‘dan’ but also ‘atau’ as the conjunctions in complex sentences, or words, or phrases like in these following examples: (vii) 68 Rumahku hancur, sapiku mati, sawahku tak bisa ditanami lagi. ‘My house was destroyed, my (viii) cattle were dead, my fields could not be planted anymore.’ Tiga empat ribu orang bekerja siang-malam di pabrik. ‘Three or four thousand people work day and night in the factory.’ PIANO. I watched HIM CAUGHT BY A SECURITY GUARD. Table (ii): The four types of nonfinite clause with a subject. In each example, the nonfinite clause is capitalized. -ed participle In subordination clauses without a subordinator, this kind of complex sentences is also known as non-finite clauses in English. The subordinate clause has no subject, the action being performed by the same person in both clauses. Deterding and Poedjosoedarmo (2001: 96-98) explained that a nonfinite clause can be shown in four types of nonfinite verb. The four types of nonfinite verb include to-infinitive (e.g. to eat), bare infinitive (e.g. eat), -ing participle (e.g. eating), and –ed participle (e.g. eaten). Each type of nonfinite verb can occur in a nonfinite clause. They also classified nonfinite clauses according to the type of nonfinite verb they contain, and also by whether or not they have a subject. This following table (i) is examples of the four subjectless nonfinite clauses: From the tables above then, it can be inferred that there are eight basic types of nonfinite clause in English according to Deterding and Poedjosoedarmo (2001: 98-99). They also added that subjectless nonfinite clauses, based on their position in a sentence, can function as direct objects like in (v), and (vi) and as an adverbial as in (vii) and (viii), and sometimes it can function as a postmodifier, as in (ix) and (x). (ix) I love PLAYING THE PIANO. (x) I love TO PLAY THE PIANO. (xi) WHILE WATCHING TV, I fell asleep. (xii) TO GIVE HER A SURPRISE, I will call her this evening. (xiii) This is the bus TO TAKE FOR THE AIRPORT. (xiv) He is a teacher RESPECTED BY EVERYONE. Clause Type to-infinitive bare infinitive -ing participle -ed participle Example I want TO STUDY ENGLISH. I don’t dare GO HOME NOW. I love PLAYING THE PIANO. SURPRISED BY A SECURITY GUARD, he ran quickly. Table (i): The four types of subjectless nonfinite clause. In each example, the nonfinite clause is capitalized. Sneddon (1996) stated that in Bahasa, the subordinate clause can occur before the main clause or after the main clause. Here are some examples describing the subordinate clause that occurs before the main clause to indicate the reason for the action of the main clause: (xv) In fact, each of the four types of nonfinite verb can also occur in a nonfinite clause with a subject. This is illustrated in this table below (ii). Clause Type to-infinitive bare infinitive -ing participle (xvi) Example I want JOHN TO STUDY ENGLISH. I didn’t see HER GO HOME. I love YOU PLAYING THE Melihat aku gugup, Zainab jadi reda. ‘Seeing me nervous, Zainab calmed down.’ Berhasil melarikan diri, ia pun mengembara di Eropa. ‘Managing to escape, he then wandered about in Europe.’ In subordinate clause that can follow the main clause, the events in the two clauses occur at the same time. Here are some examples of the 69 subordinate clause after the main clause to express the reason for the action of the main clause. (xvii) (xviii) III. coordinate the two clauses is being omitted. Data 2 It slows and jeopardizes development, threatens ethical values and justice, and destroys the public’s trust in the government. Hakim mengetukkan palu, menutup sidang. ‘The judge beat his gavel, closing the session.’ Ia duduk di kursi, mengayunayunkan kakinya. ‘He sat on the chair, swingin his legs.’ Analysis: This data is a complex sentence. This complex sentence consists of three clauses that are independent or equal structures. The sentence consists of three subjects and three predicates. The subjects refer to the same thing, it pronoun. It is for subject 1, 2, and 3, and slows and jeopardizes, threatens and destroys are predicate 1, 2, and 3. The first clause ‘it slows and jeopardized development’ is the initiating and the second clause ‘it threatens ethical values and justice’ is the first continuing of the first event, and the third clause ‘and it destroys the public’s trust in the government’ is the second continuing of the event from the previous clause. All clauses (1, 2, and 3) can stand alone and can still be understood as a whole. In this complex sentence, the coordinating conjunction ‘and’ to coordinate between clause 1 and 2 is being omitted. Result and Discussion These following are data from English articles on C’nS magazine vol. 13 No. 99 edition NovemberDecember 2013 and Indonesian articles on majalah GoGirl! Edition March, 2011. 3.1 Coordination without a coordinator 3.1.1 Coordination without a coordinator in English complex sentences Data 1 These criminals have had their fun with the money they got illegally, now they have to suffer! Analysis: This data is a complex sentence. This complex sentence consists of two clauses that are independent or equal structures. The sentence consists of two subjects and two predicates. The subjects refer to the same thing, the criminals. The criminals and they are subject 1 and subject 2, and have had and have to suffer are predicate 1 and predicate 2. The first clause ‘The criminals have had their fun with the money they got illegally’ is the initiating and the second clause ‘now they have to suffer!’ is the continuing of the first event. Either the first or the second clause can stand alone and can still be understood as a whole. In this complex sentence, the coordinating conjunction ‘and’ to Data 3 I stepped on it, slipped and hit the floor! BAM…!! Analysis: This data is a complex sentence. This complex sentence consists of three clauses that are independent or equal structures. The sentence consists of three subjects and three predicates. The subjects refer to the same thing, I pronoun. I is for subject 1, 2, and 3, and stepped, slipped and hit are predicate 1, 2, and 3. The 70 first clause ‘I stepped on it’ is the initiating and the second clause ‘I slipped’ is the first continuing of the first event, and the third clause ‘I hit the floor’ is the second continuing of the event from the previous clause. All clauses (1, 2, and 3) can stand alone and can still be understood as a whole. In this complex sentence, the coordinating conjunction ‘and’ to coordinate between clause 1 and 2 is being omitted. 3.1.2 Data 5 Di satu sisi kita beragama, di sisi lain kita mencumbu kemaksiatan. Analysis: This data is a complex sentence. This complex sentence consists of two clauses that are independent or equal structures. The sentence consists of two same subjects and two predicates. The subjects refer to the same thing, kita. Kita is for subject 1 and subject 2, and beragama and mencumbu kemaksiatan are predicate 1 and predicate 2. The first clause ‘di satu sisi kita beragama’ is the initiating and the second clause ‘di sisi lain kita mencumbu kemaksiatan’ is the continuing of the first event. Either the first or the second clause can stand alone and can still be understood as a whole. In this complex sentence, the coordinating conjunction ‘but’ to coordinate the two clauses is being omitted. Coordination without a coordinator in Indonesian complex sentences Data 4 Saya cuma tidur-tiduran, nyoba untuk rileks, buka laptop dan dengerin some soft music. Analysis: This data is a complex sentence. This complex sentence consists of four clauses that are independent or equal structures. The sentence consists of four same subjects and three predicates. The subjects refer to the same thing, saya. Saya is for subject 1, 2, 3, and 4, and tidurtiduran, nyoba untuk rileks, buka laptop and dengerin are predicate 1, 2, 3, and 4. The first clause ‘saya cuma tidurtiduran’ is the initiating and the second clause ‘saya nyoba untuk rileks’ is the first continuing of the first event, the third clause ‘saya buka laptop’ is the second continuing of the event from the previous clause, and the fourth clause ‘saya dengerin some soft music’ is the third continuing of the event from the previous clause. All clauses (1, 2, 3and 4) can stand alone and can still be understood as a whole. In this complex sentence, the coordinating conjunction ‘and’ to coordinate clause 1, 2, and 3 is being omitted. Data 6 Perasaan jadi lebih rileks, stress jadi hilang, kitapun jadi lebih awet muda. Analysis: This data is a complex sentence. This complex sentence consists of three clauses that are independent or equal structures. The sentence consists of three different subjects and three same predicates. Perasaan, stress, and kita are for subject 1, 2, and 3, and jadi is for predicate 1, 2, and 3. The first clause ‘perasaan jadi lebih rileks’ is the initiating and the second clause ‘stress jadi hilang’ is the first continuing of the first event, and the third clause ‘kitapun jadi lebih awet muda’ is the second continuing of the event from the previous clause. All clauses (1, 2, 71 and 3) can stand alone and can still be understood as a whole. In this complex sentence, the coordinating conjunction ‘and’ to coordinate clause 1, 2, and 3 is being omitted. consists of one subordinate clause and one main clause. The subordinate clause preceded the main clause. The sentence consists of one same subject You for two different predicates. One uses nonfinite –ing participle ‘arriving’ with no subject, the other one is modal followed by bare infinitive ‘can rent’ with subject. The first clause, the subordinate ‘arriving on the shore of Larike’ tells the reason of the event of the main clause ‘you can rent a Katinting, a small, narrow boat’. Both clauses cannot be separated because one explains the other one. In this complex sentence, the subordinator ‘because’ and the ‘you’ subject in the subordinate clause are being omitted and changed into nonfinite clause. 3.2 Subordination without a subordinator 3.2.1 Subordination without a subordinator in English complex sentences Data 7 Having a bad feeling, I immediately unfastened the backpack to put it infront. Analysis: This data is a complex sentence. This complex sentence consists of one subordinate clause and one main clause. The subordinate clause ‘having a bad feeling’ preceded the main clause ‘I immediately unfastened the backpack to put it infront’. The sentence consists of one same subject I for two different predicates. One uses nonfinite –ing participle ‘having’ with no subject, the other one is -ed participle ‘unfastened’ with subject. The first clause, the subordinate ‘having a bad feeling’ tells the reason of the event of the main clause ‘I immediately unfastened the backpack to put it infront’. Both clauses cannot be separated because one explains the other one. In this complex sentence, the subordinator ‘because’ and the ‘I’ subject in the subordinate clause are being omitted and changed into nonfinite clause. Data 9 I can’t lend you money, I’m totally in the red. Analysis: This data is a complex sentence. This complex sentence consists of one subordinate clause and one main clause. The main clause preceded the subordinate clause. The sentence consists of one same subject I for two different predicates. Both clauses use no nonfinite clause, but consist of subject and predicate. The first clause in the beginning of the sentence is the main clause ‘I can’t lend you money’. It is explained by the next clause as the subordinate clause ‘I’m totally in the red’ to tell the reason of the main clause. Both clauses cannot be separated because one explains the other one. In this complex sentence, only the subordinator ‘because’ is being omitted. Data 8 Arriving on the shore of Larike, you can rent a Katinting, a small, narrow boat. Analysis: This data is a complex sentence. This complex sentence 72 Data 10 Caught red-handed doing his thing on the carpet, Fido the dog was severely punished. Analysis: This data is a complex sentence. This complex sentence consists of one subordinate clause and one main clause. The subordinate clause preceded the main clause. The sentence consists of one same subject Fido for two different predicates. One uses nonfinite –ed participle ‘caught’ with no subject, the other one is passive sentence ‘was punished’ with subject. The first clause, the subordinate ‘Caught red-handed doing his thing on the carpet’ tells the reason of the event of the main clause ‘Fido the dog was severely punished.’ Both clauses cannot be separated because one explains the other one. In this complex sentence, the subordinator ‘because’ and ‘Fido’ subject in the subordinate clause are being omitted and changed into nonfinite clause by using –ed participle. 3.2.2 subordinate ‘khawatir sang adik bakal ngambek’ tells the reason of the event of the main clause ‘Will menyanggupi permintaan Harry.’ Both clauses cannot be separated because one explains the other one. In this complex sentence, the subordinator ‘because’ and ‘Will’ subject in the subordinate clause are being omitted. Data 12 Nggak nunggu lama, Maudy dapetin ‘belt’ warna hijau tosca. Analysis: This data is a complex sentence. This complex sentence consists of one subordinate clause and one main clause. The subordinate clause preceded the main clause. The sentence consists of one same subject Maudy for two different predicates. In this sentence, there is subject omission in the subordinate clause. The subject ‘Maudy’ in the main clause refers to the same omitted subject in the subordinate clause. The first clause, the subordinate ‘nggak nunggu lama’ tells the reason of the event of the main clause ‘Maudy dapetin belt warna hijau tosca.’ Both clauses cannot be separated because one explains the other one. In this complex sentence, the subordinator ‘because’ and ‘Maudy’ subject in the subordinate clause are being omitted. Subordination without a subordinator in Indonesian complex sentences Data 11 Khawatir sang adik bakal ngambek, Will menyanggupi permintaan Harry. Analysis: This data is a complex sentence. This complex sentence consists of one subordinate clause and one main clause. The subordinate clause preceded the main clause. The sentence consists of one same subject Fido for two different predicates. In this sentence, there is subject omission in the subordinate clause. The subject ‘Will’ in the main clause refers to the same omitted subject in the subordinate clause. The first clause, the IV. Conclusion In conclusion, this paper has described complex sentences on the issue coordination without a coordinator and subordination without a subordinator in English and Indonesian articles, C’nS magazine vol. October-December 2013, and Indonesian GoGirl! magazine edition March, 2011. As a result, this research shows some points about this coordination without a 73 coordinator and subordination without a subordinator issue. First, both coordinator sand subordinators of complex sentences that consist of independent-independent clauses, and subordinate-main clause and vice versa can be omitted. Second, there are similarities and differences between coordination without a coordinator and subordination without a subordinator in English and Indonesian complex sentences. The similarities are that both the omission of coordinator and subordinator can be omitted in English and Indonesian complex sentences, the clauses in the complex sentences can be correlated only by adding comma to distinguish their relationship, and not only the subordinator and the coordinator can be omitted but also the same subject in the clauses can too. In the subordinate clause without a subordinator, the markers are mostly the subordinating conjunction because both in English and Indonesian. The differences between coordination without a coordinator and subordination without a subordinator in English and Indonesia are that some markers as coordinator omitted in English are mostly and, while in Indonesian are mostly dan and or. In Indonesian subordination without a subordinator, the tenses cannot affect the use of the type of nonfinite verbs like in English. Since this research only focuses on the omission of coordinator and subordinator in clauses level, it is hoped that the future research on this issue will cover all level of the omission of coordinator and subordinator, not only on clauses level. Finally, hope this research can help readers understand the complex sentences in two languages, English and Indonesian, especially on the issue of the coordination without a coordinator and subordination without a subordinator. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. References 1. Deterding, D. H., and Poedjosoedarmo, Gloria R. (2001). The Grammar of English: Morphology and Syntax for English Teachers 74 in Southeast Asia. Singapore: pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd. Gerot, Linda., and Wignell, Peter. (1994). Making Sense of Functional Grammar: first edition. Australia: Antipodean Educational Enterprises. Hodges, J. C., and Whitten, M. E. (1984). Harbrace College Handbook: tenth edition. USA: HBJ Publisher. Halliday, M. A. K. (1994). Introduction to Functional Grammar. London, New York: Arnold Press. Halliday, M. A. K. (2004). Introduction to Functional Grammar: third edition. London, New York: Arnold Press. Sneddon, J. N. (1996). Indonesian: A Comprehensive Grammar. London and New York: Routledge.