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"
A HANDBOOK
OF T{IF
lIAKUA
as
LANGUAGF.
spoken
in the
Archdeaconry of
Ruvu~a
For the Universities' l!ission to
Centro.l Africa
by
H. W. Woodwarn, ? ? f' .
•
Archdeacon of ).' agi1a, Ponde
Tanganyika Territory
1915
/'
•
,.
~':: c
'"
G,mSOT
H E
•
A K U A
LAN G U AGE
-
•
~e "Collections f'or a Handbook of' th E" Makua It by the Rev.
Chauncey Maples (af'terwards Bishop of' Likoma), were published
in 1~. In t h e introduction he saHl, "The Makua lanp-uage iSla
step f'urther f'rom SWahili than Yao, and is on the whole more
dif'f'icult to acquire upon a basis of a knowledge ot! SWahili".
His "Collections" are f airlY accurate as f'ar as they go, but
they are insuf'ficient f' or gaining a working knowledge of' Makua.
This book is a revision of' those "Colleotions" with many additions which are essential to a practical and precise understan{'l.ing of' the language. vaples says "the Makuas are a very
larp"e and extensive tribe, inhabiting the country that lies at
the back of Mosambique, stretching inland f'or several hundred
miles. Here they swarm and build large towns, but a considerable number of' the tribe h ave detached themselves f'rom the main .
body kaXR and spread to the north, settling at various spots on
the Ruvuma, both above and below tk its junction with the Lujenda".
.
The IX Classes of' Substantives given by Maples are here reduced to VI.
pI. atu
Mtu, nakuo pl. atu, anakuo
I Mtu
I
II Mshamiro
mishamiro
II M;lsllamiro
mishruniro
III Nfl kuo
analmo
III Ihatha, Itu
ihatha , chitu
IV Ntinji
matinji
IV Ntinji
matinji
V Uthakala
mathakalo
V
Ulupela
malupelo
VI Mwamunku
ashimiunku VI Vachitu
VII Ihatha
ihatha
VIII Yolia
chel ia
IX Vachitu
In the f'irst c olumn I and III practically f'orm but one class.
The plurals are f'ormed in the SDme way and they take the same
concords. Foth h Ave a n ob jective prpf'ix but not the other
Classes. VI cannot properl y be reckoned a s a separate Class be_
cause each Class ma~¢ be made diminutive by pref'ixing mwa- and
is then/ treated a s belonging to Class, I tak ing the c0ncords of'
that Cl a ss, but , if' the plural is f' or med by mi- it takes the ~
concords appropriate to Class I T. Clas s e E' VII and VIII are combined and form Class III. Class VTII had real'y but one word,
itu, t hing; chitu, things . Words like yolia, cholin , f'ood, are
made f'rom verbs (like t h e Swahili chakula, vyakula)knaturally
come into this Class. They take the same concords a s ihatha in
both the singular and plural. This is now the third cla ps as
it reprpsents the Swahili t r ird c l a ss.
Maples say's that d f'ind s no plac e in ~~akua. It occurs however, in ikondoro, sheep, and in indarama, money, but these are
probab ly of f'oreign origin ; but ushinde ra, to be last; and underush a , to despise, appear to be true Ma kua words. D never occurs al r ne b ut always as nd. F, wh ich is omitted cy Ma ples, i ,
f'oun d in mum~f'yu, suf'f'ering, and in kurya, to miss (' ut it
also appears as kupy a) , but Swa' il i f' generally be c o ~ es h or k.
..
H
In 1911 some "Translations with notes" by the Rev. Canon Porter were printed, but unfortunately they contain so many typographical errors besides other mistakes that they are useless
for the purpose intended.
In addition to the short vocabularies in this book there is
a larger one in manuscript containing about 2500 words.
Interned at Kilimatinde, G.E.A.
November, 1915
H.W.Woodward.
S. S. M.
(1)
--
THE
MARUA
ALPHABET
• The Maku~Phabet consists of twenty-seven letters as follows::
A, B, Ch, E, ,H, I ,K&!"M,N, Nd , Ng,Ng'k 0, P ,R, Sh, T, TH, TTh, U, V,Y., w, Y.
Vowels. The sound of the simple vowels are most nearly represented by the same vowels in Italian, or
a, BS in father
e, as in pay
i, as in keep
0, as in for
u, as in food
e and i are often treated as one when occurring as a noun prefix, and in the ending of neuter verb s, -ell. or -ill.
Consonants have the same power as in Eng lish generally.
b :::: b in bare
ch :::: ch in cherry
f :::: f in f'ig
f' however, very seldom occurs and only in combination with y.
e.g. ukufya, to miss
h :::: h in hat
~
j
~ j in joy
k :::. k in keep
k, the original gamma has disappeared in Makua, as in mono,hand.
~
1 approches the English 1. 1 and r may not be interA
change~ in MakuaAas in many other Bantu dialects.
m
m in man
n
n in no
m and n are f'requently interchanged. mtu or ntu, man
nd :::: nd in fender
ng :::. ng in finger
ng'= ng in singer
p =- p in paint
r is strongly trilled as in the French rien (C. M .~
When r follows n, a d-sound often seems to intervene,but it
should not be written, e.g. nroe sounds like ndroe or ndrwe.
sh = sh in shirt
t '"' t in teach
th is sounded by pressing the flat of' the tongue
against the f'ront teeth of' the upper jaw with the tip slightly
prOjecting, and then bringing it away sharply so a s to give it
the ef'fect of an explosive letter (C.M. )
tth occurs in thitthi, father, and other words. This
sound must be learnt f'rom a native. It seems not to be used at
the beginning of a word.
v .. v in van
v is a lip v f c rmed by bringing the lips together.
w := W in win
y ::: y in yonder
stxt:
Two consonants together are of f'requent occurlence in Makua.
This is caused by the elision of a vowel, e.g. athumme, &c.
See s. 50.
•
• •
When v is preoeeded by m, v becomes m; e.g. mmelo, II. broom,
f'or mvelo (pl.mivelo). mmahs, · give him, for mvahe.
N:r;
=
=
(2)
Assimilation of' vowels
aa becomes
ai
,,
,,
ao
au
,,
ia
,,
,,
1ai
1e
,,
11
io
iu
oa
oe
oi
00
ou
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
,,
a
e
0
0
a
e
e
e
o
u
a
e
e
o
u
yahotuna
f'or
mkewia
,,
yoponle
,,
molupale
,,
,,
kahoroa
heve
,,
kihete
,,
aheve
,,
ohona
,,
kihuwatene , ,
,,
mhakela
nemenle
,,
chinera
,,
,,
ahova
wolupale
f'or
yaahotuna
mka1wia
yaoponle
maulupale
kiahoroa
hia1ve
k1hiete
ahiive
oh10na
kihiuwatene
mhoakela
noemenle
vhinoira
ahoova
wo ulupale
Sometimes ou becomes 0, ihmma f'or ihouma.
The initial i or e of' words in class III is of'ten elided, as
wo'kuru, f'or wo ikuru, and the i of' ni when f'ollowed by another vowel, as n'apulu f'or ni apulu.
u generally becomes w , and i becomes y bef'ore a vowel. 0
may also become w when occurring bef'ore a vowel in the root of'
a verb except when the f'irst letter, e.g. roa or rwa, go; alokwa~a f'or aloko aka.
Pronunciation.
The pronunciation of' words can only be properly learnt f'rom the
natives. The Swahili rule that the accent is always on the penultimalf does not hold good in Makua. Wemela to stand, has the
accent on the antepenultima, wemela, and so with many other
words. Attention must also be paid to the tone as the mean1ng
of' a word of'ten depends upon the right tone being given. In the . .
word namame, owl, the tone is always lowered at -ma- and raised
again at -me, na-ma-me. The tone in all mainland dialects is of'
great importance f'or with the wrong tone an entirely dif'f'erent
meaning may be given to a word. E.g. in Shambala the word kigha
means the thigh or a water-pot and can only be distin~uished by
the tone if' named without context.
The use of' honorif'ic expressions must be caref'ully studied because great of'f'ence may be given by their omission. Individuals
should always be addressed in plural terms. A girl may be mortally of'f'ended by being adressed as mnati af'ter she has been
through the unyao.
(3 )
MAKUA
Makuani, a Makua person; amakuani, Makua people; Imakuani, the
Makua language; Umakuani, Makualand.
SUBSTANTIVES
Makua nouns have two numbers, singular and plural, whi ch are
distinguished by their pre~ixes. Upon the ~orm o~ the substantive depends the ~orm o~ t h e Adjec tive, Pronoun and Verbs governed by them.
Makua substantives may be divided into six classes.
I
(s.l) Words beginning with mu-, mw-, or m-, in the singular,and
which denote living beings. These are made plural by changing
mu-, &c., into a- , a c hi- or ashi-.
mt~,a person
atu, people
mwanhima, a child
ach i hima, children
mwana, a son
ashana, sons
Words denoting persons, relati ons, &c., whatever their initial
letter may be, IKax XkK iwxxxax ±B belong to this class. When the
initial ia other than m- the plural is made by pr e ~ixing a-, but
as t h is ~o rm is generally employed honori~ically ~or a single
person, when t h ey ac t ually re~e r to more than one, manya- is
c ommonly pre~ixed.
a thitthi, manyathitthi, ~athers
thitthi, ~a th er
manyi, mother
amanyi, manyamanyi, mothers
The plural is also sometimes made by changing m- into ma-, or
by simply pre~ixin g ma-.
mnati, a girl
manati, girls
mwene, a chie~
mamwene, chie~s
Words beginning with na-, whatever their meaning , or with the
letters h,k,p,sh,t, are treated as belonging to this class;
they pre~ix a- in the plural, and the concords are the s ame in
every c ase as wHen re~errin g to nouns in mu-.
namame, an owl
anamame, owls
havara, a leopard
ahavara, leopards
kapwiti, a gun
akapwiti, guns
NOTE. In th e plural o~ words denoting ~ o od, t h e a- o~ the plural
is g enerally omitted.
karaka, a sweet potat o
karaka, sweet votatoes
M- and n- be~ore a cons onant are tre a ted as on e let te r.
mtu, or ntu, a person.
mchia or nchia,a pigeon
m.amhina or mwanhima, a child
n be~ore h has o~ten the sound o~ ng'. In the plural it is
o~ten omitted. achihima, ch i ld r e~
Subs,tanbives denoting an a g ent are ~reely made ~rom the verb
by placing the particle 0 b e~ore the in~initive.
urungusha, to interpret
0 urungusha, an interpreter
The u o~ the in~initive is o~ten omitted unlalss the verb be~ins
with a vowel, in which case u is retained and ~~~ bec omes w.
womolela, to herd
0 womelela, a herdsman
ukusha, to carry
o'kusha, a carrier
Some nouns are a lso employed in the sBmte ~ay
mtavi, a net
0 m av~ 11 weaver
The agent is also sO'l1etimes Made fr'om the verb 1:y chanrinp:
final a into i ani prefixing m- .
mmenji 81' o'~enja, 0. fishermon, from umenja, to fich .
II
(s . 2) Words which begin with ~u -, mw-, or m-, which do not denote living beings. Theze make their plurals by changin mu&c . , tJl(:tIlXll*Ua,. a-kearl into mi-.
mrima, a heart
mirima, hearts
muupa, an arrow
miupa, arrows
mwako, a hill
miako, hiDs
v
When u disappears after
anl the following consonant is ~,
by ass1m1lation v beco'l1es m.
mmelo, a broom
mivelo, brooms
(This frequently happens in the case of verbs. e.g. muvahe,
give him, becomes mmahe. )
The names of trees generally belon to this class.
III
(s . 3) ords berinninp: with i or e. I becomes t y before a vowel
t, ese do not change in the plural. i and e are trAate very ~uch
as one letter. In one district i seems to prevail and e in ani') other; in words of this class
inupa, a house
inupa, houses
ipuri, a goat
ipuri, goats
yuchi, the forehead
yuchi, foreheads
In this class may be included t~e word itu, a thin~, an~ words
beginnin~ with yo- of which there are but few. itu makes ohitu
in the pI ural, and yo- becomes oho-. These all take the sa""e
concord" .
"
itu, a thin~
critu, things
yowipa, an abscess
OhowiptJ,o.bscesees
(This olass corresponds to the SWnhili clasces III & IV or
the ki ond n classes .
IV
(s . 4) Words which begin with
or n, ni or ny belonq to this
class and make their plurals 'ty changing m, n, ni or ny into mo..
mtho.kuru, a leaf
mathakuru, eave~
nchia, a pigeon
machia , pi~eons
nihuku, a day
mahulru, days
nyar~,
an eor
aru, ears
Two wO>:'ds are irregular in their plurals, nino, a tooth; and
nitho, an eye. Their plurals are mino, teeth; and mit~omx or
mentho, teeth . ~en two a's come together in tne p'uro.l they
coalesce, and ai become e .
f
V
(8 . 5) Wor s which
be~in
with u- which for the 'l1ost part are
abstract nouns, rn the infinitives of verbs 'lscd es e bal
nouns. ro~e cf the former rna e the plural by chonr,inr ~- i~to
ma-, and come also change final 0. into o.
ulapela, an oath
mnlupelo, oat~s
ukaviher!l, help
ukwa, eath dyin~
Colleotive nouns are inrlu1ed in this oloss.
noshi, 'II' ter
mc1"'Uro., fat, 011
(0)
VI
(e •• ' ~e word vaohitu, p' ao •• Words ref'errlng to place
prefix Ta- or T- and are then tretl ted . . belonglng to
vamahltheloni, a s laughter-plaoe .
va~ arupelon1. a .leeping-plaoe
~ere are t hree preposltions of' plaoe. Ta, u. and IIU or
are oalled looaUTe oonoords; the;y are ueuall:r f'olluw.4
.u1't'lx -ni.
1. Tual!lh1n1 , at the wat.r
2. uma.h1n1, to the water
~. lIIIIaehini. in the water
oft_
le 01l8"'('
......
b7 the
:DIMI1ro'1'IVBS
( •• ") "blltutiT.. are aad. d1a1nuti T. b7 pret'1Jd.. . . . .- te
the elngular and plur.l, but in 11011. oues &IIh1- . . aobl- s..
prefix.d to the plural.
Voloto, a rlTer ....oloko a .trea. pl . . .amloloko
ak.te, a loat'
. .akat. ,
8111&11 loat' pl . .oh1ll1kate
arinta, a bough ..arint.. a twig
pl. uh1a1r1ftta
hopa . a tiBh
. .ahipa,. _all fi.h pl. aoh1hopa
Ing ' ope , an ox
mwang·ope • • oalt
pl. aehing· ....
1I1apwa, • dog
. .&l.pwa, a 11ttle dog pl. &8h11ewa
. or ubi....
It will b. observed that in sOlIe oas.. the pref'lx in the
ular 1e dropped as in 1I1apra "and ihopa.
.
~. oonoord. are thoe. agreelng with ol •• s I .xc.... 1n the
oa.e ot plurals in 1111-, th••• take the oonoord", proper 1D the1at
own 01 ••••
1IIW'8III10101l"0 ohinohl, aan:.. .tre...
aa..
(6)
V. ulupela wulupale, a gre t oath
malupelo molupale, great oaths
. VI. Vachitu volupale, a great plale or places
(B.9) Nouns ona. verbs may also be e ployerl a adjeotives by bhe
use of th partiole -0 with the proper initial lett r which is
that of the subjective personal prefix (s . 17)
itu yo 'thikineha, a won~erful thin~
chitu oho 'thik1neha, wonderful thin~s
nloye no 'ke riae, a true word
A~re~ent is made with the various olnsses as fOllows:I. s . 0, pl . 0; II. p . wo, pl . cho; III. s . yo, pl. oho;
1rv. s . no, pl. 0; V. s, wo, pl. 0; VI . s. vo.
In the same way adjectives may be ~ade from verbs, usinp, the
partical 0 with its proper initial letter followed by the infinitive. The u of the infinitive is often omtitted.
mtu o'hichuela, an ignorant person.
The place of an adjective can also be supplied by a verb in
the perfect tense.
ipiro ihokorombana, a orooked road .
Also by a noun precee etty the verb to be.
mtu arina mhaku, a man hav1n~ wealth, a wealtwman.
Tha relative tenses en ing in -ale, -ele, or -11e form • qua~i
adjectives, and the negatIve of t be se oorresponding privative
adjeotives .
mcharale ineema, full of grace
moche yatokoteshale, well-boiled eggs
miuno ohapweale, broken water pots
The ' relative tense without si~ of time Simply pr fixes 0 when
the subject is a person.
mwanthiana o~ n lale a silent slave gi rl
List of Adjectives
(s . 10 These always fo'low the substantive they qualify . In the
following list irregular adjeotives are preceede by -0, those
with only a hyphen are regular.
bad, -0 hiloka
difficult, - 0 rika
fresh, -kithi
beautiful, -0 rera
irty, -0 nanara
:t'ull, - 0 ohara
big, -ulupale
-0 nihiro
generous" -0 vaha
bitter -0 wawa
distant, -rekama
00 , -0 ~bone
blaok - 0 ripa
d~, -0 wuma
- 0 rera
blind -0 hona
easy, -0 hir ika
greedy, -0 nluln
blunt, -0 hithia
empty, -0 hikaletu
heal thy, -kulIlt
,J brave, - 0 hova
(hlkaln itu,with- happy, -0 wiohivela
hard, -.0 lipa
1 broad, -0 t~ua
out a thin
~
cheap, -0 hliipa
false, -0 wotha
heavy, -0 lemela
oivilized, -0 nethl fat, -0 neneva, of
high, -0 taliva
olean, -0 rera
animalS, -0 nuna
-r kama
olever, - 0 ' ~usho
feeble, -0 &lokoya
i le - 0 woloa
covetous, -0 thanana female, -thiana
i~or nt, -0 hichuela
cunning, -0 penya
fe
-Jrcml
lar e, -ulupale
de ~f , -0 hiwa
fieroe , -0 chacha
jealous, -0 ' nache
dear, -0 lipa
filthy, -Q nyala
li~ht, (white -0 tela
different, -kina
foolish, -0 puna
(not heavy -0 W lua
( .,.)
little, -k.ni
living, -kulDi
lon::r, -0 tal tva
-reke",
male, -lopwann
much, mnny ,-in, ,hi
-inchipa1 e
narrow, -0 puren
ne , -onanano
- kithi
old (thinqs)-o kalei, (person\
-0 wuluvala
other, -kina
p tient , -0 vilela
poor, -0 huva
quarrelsome, -0 nanrokotolt
quiet, -0 mala
raw, -kithi
sweet, -0 chivn
red, -0 k'rlhla i/
tall, -rekama,-o tnliva
regular, orderly,
thick, -0 kwathipnln
-0 ratorata
-0 witiwaln
ripe, -0 tokota
thin, -0 purea,-o vcviTotten, -0 wunta
aln; (of persona'
round, -0 viliken
-0 hechevala
sharp, -0 withia
true, -o'kekiae
short, -0 kuvea
valuable, -0 reres~n
Slow, -0 iruru,
~white, ~ -0 tela
-0 upicha
wide, -0 uthanua
smooth , -0 tereri"
whole, -kumi
soft, -0 loooha
sour, -0 nunya
strong, -0' 'curo
spotted, -0 manepa
weak, -0 shokoya
stout, -0 riti ala
straight,
strange, -0 leto I:.
stupi , -0 lochoa, -0 cherewn
(s,ll There is no wor for 'every' in skua. Uvira, to pass,
may be used ns in the fo'lowin~ exnnple~
Vavirenle nlkutba nlpindie, ni vavirenle nlimi nihi~ye.
et every knee be bent, and every tongue confess.
Vavirnle mtu anowurya mashi ala.
Every one who drinks this nter .
)<,
Vam'11irela (vanovirela) .Tuma a pili.
Every SUnday . (lit. which passea to or b' him'
In nouns o~ Class ITI initial i o~ e is often o~itte
'tu o'kuro, for rtu 0 ikuro, a at~ong an.
CO~A~ISON OF ADJECTIVES
(s.12) There are no del1r"es of' cOl1lpariaon i n !aklla. The effe"t
of the superlative in Enp;lish is generally iven t ~ some extt"nt
by the simple use of the adjeotive as if in an absolute se~se,
Ula 0 mbone, Thi D (man is the) best (lit. this good one~
Thuvi 0 bone? Which (man is the'(bePt? (lit. Wh ic~he
~
good one?)
When t"e superlative or oomparative is joinei in Engliah to GAo. ....Lt':
with n definite art~cle, or a posseasive pronoun, the ~rb
upwaha, to surpass, is used.
•
Ipiro yo uthanua upwaha chon"iae t the broadest road (lit,
the broad road exceeding oll 1.
't'
'walo wawaka '110 withia upwaha ohon_kiae t my sh~est knife
(lit. MY sharp knife surpaBsin~ al ).
wiri ula unopw'ha ule, this tree is better than thnn,
NUlfERAT.
(s,13
The numerals
1 imoka
2 pili
:3 taru
10
used in oountinu
4 oheshe
7
5 thanu
8
e tl1Clllu nn imoka
nikumi
are:thonu na pili
thnnu nc taru
9 1;han l na cheshe
(8
1 - 5 are treate' as adjeotive Dnd take si ilar prefixes. ith
a pre 1 fix i~oka beco~es - moka, pili ~ ecomes - ili, and taru becQ:O!'Ies -raru. With t h e various clas:;- e s t l1 ey are as \\ wI! ()"fV$ II atu ~oka, one erson.
kapwiti ,Moka, one gun
II atu eli, araru, aoheehe, athanu, athanu na m oka, athanu
na eli, atl1anu na araru, &0 .
II mshaTPIiro m"'1ok"\, one pillow
mishamiro mili , Miraru, icheshe , mithanu, mithanu na ~o'a, &r .
III inupn imoka one house
inupa pili, taTU, cheshe, thnnu, th~nu na imoka , &0 .
IV nihuku nimoka , one day
mnhuku meli , mararu , macheshe , mathnnu, mat hanu na nimokn, &c .
V ulupela umoka , one oath.
malupelo meli , mararu , macheFhe, mnthanu, mathnnu n unoka, &~,
VI vaohitu vamoka, one plaoe.
vachitu v eli, vararu, vaoheshe , vathanu, vathanu na vamokn, &0 .
~le following
ethod in oounting is sometimes employed:Imoka, pili, taru, cheshe, thanu, nemokn, na pili, n~ taru, na
cheshe , nikumi .
The number always follo s the substantive.
tu mmoka . one person
If an adjective is employed the numeral may co e .ext after
the substantive or the adjective, thus
miri cho ~bone miraru, goo trees, three of the~
miri miraru oho mbone, three trees, g ood ones
The former emphasizes the fact that the good trees are~ree in
number, the latter that three trees are ood ones .
The other nu~bers are as follows: 11 nikumi kuthupn imoka 16 nikul!li kuthupl1 thanu na imoka
12
~
•
pili
17.·
..
pili
13
•
taru
18·
~
• taru
14
,cheshe 1 9 . .
oheshe
15.
•
thanu 20 alrumi meli
¥uwa and v a thiru are also used in plaoe of kuthupa. also the
for:ns kuwaka and kuthupaka.
21 maku~i meli na imoka
6/ 218 makumi meli kut!tupn thnnu na imoka
30
mararu
40
..
macheshe
50
•
mathnnu
nl 6 0 "
"
nn Aimo kn
70..
..
• meli
....
80
u
,
u
mararu
90"
.. Maoheshe
100 makumi niku~i , or im~a or emea
Imia (f wnhili mia is use loosely for any large number.
y
'(
1..
l'~
ORDINAT,
UUBERS
(1~
s . These are expresEed by using the vari able partiole an prefixing na or ne to the numeral .
The word for f~rst is irregular being fo~ed f r om the verb
upacha, to begin.
________________
--~
0,
__________--___________ l
(9)
J\
first, ,-0 paoha
sixth, -0 nethllnu nemoka
seoond, -0 nae1i
seventh, -0 nethanu nae1i
third, -0 neraru
ei th, - 0 nethanu ner~ru
fourth, -0 neoheshe
ninth, -0 nethanu neoheshe
fif'th, - 0 nethanu
tenth, -0 ni' ~i
lost, -o'tu1i, -0 shindera. -0 rna11hern
mwiri wo paoh~ the first tree
itu yo nae i, the seoond thing
mmirao 0 neraru, the third boy
n10ve no necheShe , the fourth word
vaOhltu vo nethanu naeli, the seventh p11l.ce
once, tw;ioe, &:c ., are denoted by prefixing va- to the numeral.
onoe, vrunoka
six times, vathaJtu na vo.moka
twice, ve1i
nine times,
vacheshe
thrioe, vararu
ten ti~es, vakumi
PROOON
Personal Pronouns
The fUll forns ar~ :I, mi, minyo, minyano
we, hi, hiyo, hiyano
thou, \lWe, weys
you, nyu, nyuo, nyenyu
he, or she, yoyo
they, ayo,yoyo
It and 'they when ref'errin~ to nouns other than those of the
first olass are expressed by th~e Demonstrative pronounr,
It is important to note that the second and third peraona
plural are a1w yo employed when spea ng to or of'
equo.1 or
superior, in fact in practice they ar e a1ways useQ except, perho.ps, by parents to their chil r en, or in speaktn" to slaves.
Nrunena , Dnd nahena, seem to be e~phatio forms of I, and we,
or and I, and we.
The prepositions ni, na, with, and, may be joined wlth~
the pronouns.
nihi, nihiyo, a d we
nim1, and or withe
ninyu, an'2 you
niwe, and thou
naya, nayo, and they
nuyo, and he
(s.16) The personal prefi xer. use in conjugating the verb are
as follows for class I.
Objeotive
Subjeotive
- '1"1- , - ;,cI, ki-, k.e,
-u- , -wthou, u-, 1 wthee,
he, she, a hi ,her, -m-, - n-nl-, -nwe, ni:r, nus,
you, - , 'llWyou,
-u-, -w- (-ni Buff'ixed)
they, a-, ya__
they,
;.D-, -yaIn the seoondAl2lE.z:alfperson,besidec the objective prefix -ubefore the verb -nl is suffixe .
ki -no-u-taro-ni , I sl011 follow you
In the thlrd person plural i is often used in place of a as a
mark of respect.
(s.15)
( 10
The subjective pre~ixes ~or ~e Ktk,.~ other c'asses are: Cl. II. ~ing. u-, w-,
P ur. C'hi-, ohIII. "
1-, y-,
"
ohi-, chTV.
, .
ni-, n, , a, , aV.
"
u-, w-,
VI . , ,
V(lno objective pre~i"!: is used with these c asseo . It is only
use with noun~ un e c'ass I.
KI-no-M-opn, T shall ~1re the gun.
The ~o'lowin ~ a r e eX(l~ple a o~ the use o~ the subjective~ pre~ixes an
the per~ect tense o~ t he verb uroa, to go.
Cl . I . tu ahoroa; atu ahoroa
II. muupa uhoroa; miupn cnihoroa
III. inupa inoroa; inupa c l lihoroa
a.. 1
TV. nthllkuru nihoroa: methltkuru aboroa
V. ulupela uhoroa; malupelo ahoroa
VI. vachitu vahoroa
Examples showinq the lse o~ both the subjective and objective
pre~ixes with olass I.
Ki-h(o'-u-himer.ya, I have told thee
u-ho-~-himer.ya, thou h nst told hi
a-ho.~i-himer.ya, he has told me
ni-h(o)-u-himer.ya-ni, we have told you
m-h(o)-a-himer.ya, you h a ve told them
a-ho-'1' ;' thwnn kapwiti, they have bought the gun
When two vowels come together as above the 0 o~ the tense pre~ix is
eneral1y elided. r ee Tab~e o~ As~imilation o~ vowels.
The :full f'orm o~ t h e personal pronoun . may be added ~or the
sake o~ emphasis.
Mi kinoutunani nyuo, I love you; as ~or me I love you.
THE REFLEXIVE
(s.17 The akua verb is made reflexive by inserting -i- as
an objectixe pref'ix.
Wituna, to like one's self, ~rom utuna, to li~e
I~ the ste"l C' ~ a
verb begins wi t}l a vowel IIld:Jf :t.a ..ali h u e d
mt~.
-ch- is Inserten between i and the verb.
Ahechata (a-ho-ioh~ata), he hit himsel~.
-/
Sel~ may be exryressed t y mrima, heart
.
When sel~ is emp10yed to give emphasis to the personal pro~oun
it is expressed t y -nene, or -enene , and ~ollows the pronoun.
It vnr1.e [) as :fol1oW's:minyano ki mwenene, I myself
weyo u~wenene , thou thyself'
yoyo mwenene, he himeelf
hiyano aehinene, or nashinene, we ourselves
nyuo ashinene, Or mwashinene, you youree v e
mtu
enene, the an himeel~
ipuri inene, the ~oat Itsel~
ipuri ohinene, the goats the s e ves
y -selt', alone , are expresE:ed by vek£\. or yeka, to hio the
enolitio pronouns are s~rixed ( ~ .19)
by mysel:f, vekaka
by ourselves, ve .ehu
(11)
by t~self, vekao
by yourselves, vekenyu
by hi ~elf , ve' awe by the~eelvee, vekaya
Own, owner, a r e also expres ed by -enene, -nene, -ene
mwenene , rowene, owner, ohief
anene, owners
POSSE'3SIVE P ONO';NS
(s.18) The possessive pronouns are a WCyA plaoed after the substantive de notin ~ t h e thin ~ posceseed, end vary ooordin to
alDss and nu~ber.
The ful l f ~ ~s are: -awaka, my, ine
-awihu, our, ours
-awao, thy, thine
- awinyu, your, yours
-a ,awe, h i s , her, 1ts
-awaya, the~r, theirs
When two a's oome t ~~ether they assi~ ilate, and ai beoomes e .
Cl. T. l'1 tu avra1..... , '~y man
atu awoo, ~hy people
II. mwlri wawinyu , your tree
miri ohawaya, their trees
I TI . inupa y awwka, rey house
inupa ohewno, thy h ouses
IV. ltu yawawe, his th~n g
ohitu ohawihu, our things
IV. nivaka nawinyu your spear
mavaka awnya, their s pears
V. ulupela wawaka, roy oath
JIkIla:nphen:a1re:J: !dB:
ClII::tk.&
awavre, his oath s
ukwa w wawe, his death
VI. vachltu vawaka, my plnoe
The varying initial letters are th ~ Be of the subjeotive pronominal p~efixes. The above fo~ s s e em to be used where in
English we ~ i ght use 'own'. ~1 e personal pronouns may be added
to give emphas is .
alo wawak a miny ono, y very own knife
al
0 avrfa mi, ,t ·ey are my own
~alupelo
(s.19) There is a shorter form which is gener ally ueed unles s
it is intende to emphasize owner ship. these are also used as
enolitios.
aka, ao, awe, ihu, inyu, nya
IItwanaVa , my Bon. apwihu (opwiyr hU, our master
apwiawe, his master. mWamVTaaenyu, your child
athumwanihu, our father; athumwaninyu , your father; atbumwane,
his father. These are e Tplained a s b eing a co binnt10n of
athitthi, mwana and the p r on oun.
~l en th i o shorter form is ueed it
oes n ~ t c an ~e in the
f'in r ular exoept in oonn.e ct onr{ ith elasses IV, V, and VI.
mwiri aka, my tree
miri ohaka my trees
inika aka, my banana
lni"a ohaka, my bananas
nivaka n nka, y spear
ukwa waka, my death
( 6 . 20) The enclitio forms are ueed after t he verb when t e
relative is the object.
(12)
I
/
mtu amonileaka, the men whom I saw
(lit. the '1llln who", sow l:t:l:
8.
he Iv.:......
J
mtu amonilehu the man whom we . ::aw....
I
Possessive pronouns ll.re somet"'ec u'ed in English where per~onal
pronouns are used in Makua .
mkayamtuka miono utuli, and they tied his hands behind him
(lit . and they tied him the hands behind. )
mko."tupula muru, he cut off his head (he cut him the head) .
- ()"r\.kia e
(s . 21) ~t .. (-omkiae, -onkae, -omkae), all, takes the same
initial letter when agreeing with a substantive as the possessive pronoun,
Is . onkiae pl. on~iae
IV.B. nonkiae pl. onkiae
II. s . wonkiae
chonkiae V . s. wonkiae
onkiae
III.s. yonkiae
chonkiae VI.a. vonkiae
2. wonkiae
3. monkiae
nWIONSTRATIVES
(s.22) There are five fo rns of the Demonstrative pronouns.
1. this, objeots near at hand. 2. that, objects at 0 distance.
3. vore directily specific, this or that here or there .
4. this very one here. 5. thet very one there.
1
2
3
4
5
yole
I ula
ule
uyo
yola
ala
ale
ayo
yala
ys:yo
II ula
ule
uyo
yola
yole
chiln
chile
cheyo
cheohi
c11.echile
ohiya
chiye
chechiyo
yela
yele
III ila
ile
yeyo
lya
iye
cheyo
obeohi
chila
chile
chechile
chechiyo
chiya
chiye
nenna
nenno
nenne
IV nna
nne
ayo
yala
yale
ala
ale
wou
wouwo
wouwe
V wu
ule
s:yo
yala
yale
ala
ale
vava
vavao
vnvale
VI va
vale
wou
wouwo
wouwe
wu
wule
momu
mO'!lmo
Momule
rou
mule
Example-:
1 mtu ula this person; atu ale, these people
• The de~onsbrative often preoedep the noun and is then rep~a~4
efter it. In this case the latter may be shortened or the final
vowel. of the noun is assimilated
ula mtu'la. ~t. ala atwala.
2. ~tu ule, that man; atu ale, those peoPJe)
3. mtu uyo this person (referred to before • Tt answers to
the definite article .
4.. "1tu yola, or yola mtu:ola, this very maTI here
5. mtu yole, that very person ther~
" ,
mean jHs~o!nis~r~Hn~ ~ery~f~e~ ~~i!e~~BeasB6~te~B~'1H!8 ohl.
Class
~t>N1Monkiae chi chivekelenyu chi , a11 the things which
you asked for.
The general demonstrativep here an' there, are va and uwo.
just there, vavale
that very tree, mwiri yole'ole
just that word , nenne'nne
(6.23) There is another form which has very much the 8a~e ~ean ing as 4. .x.I!'. thiola·pl. pl.ayo
TV.e. pinena pl. piala or piyala
piohechi v.
piwowu '
II. s. puyola
piala or piyala
III.
piy-ela
picheohi vI.
pivava
puwo
·X·
. or piola
pumOl!lU
aK
(s.24) It is I, this is it, &c., may be expressed by thi or
pi followed by the personal pronoun.
Class I. thimi , it is I
thihiyo, it is ....e
thiweyo, it is thou thinyuo it is you
thiyoyo, it i s h e
thiyayo, it is they
In the other olasses t h i or pi is joined to the subjeotive
prefixes.
II. thiu , it, or this, is it
thichi, these are they
thiohi .
ITI. thii,
thia,
IV. thin1,
t hia,
V. thiu .
VI. 1 thiva,
2 thi ....o .
3 thimo .
Other forms of the Demonstratives may be ~sed with thi or pi .
The negative forms of the above are the same as for the negat i ve of t he Present t ense of the ver to be, akihi....e,&.(e.76)
NOTE. When referring to inanimate ob Jects the ~ form
used for the third person plural is thia.
THE
RELATIVE
(s.25) There are no relative pronouns in ,fakua. The relative
....hen the subjeot of the verb is expressed by the direot tense.
mtu noroa, the man who is going
In th p r elative pa ' t the tense prefix is I/: -a- ond the verb
ends in - ale, -ele, or -ile.
karoale, T who went. mtu aroale, the person who went .
The relative remote fut ure is aleo in the direct form .
kinotuna uroa , I DaH: JQl ....ho shall go.
The ob jeotive i s ins rte i n the infl'l itive.
kino tuna umwata, I who shall trike him.
When the r e lative is the object of t he verb t11e proper cbjecti ve
prefix (when employed ) is ad ed, and the personal pronoun follows the verb.
m....e'le nomwivaya, t e ohi ef who they are kl l1n~
urushla unonaka , the disaust which I feel
(14 )
let-h......
nikaniar nino the~ , the o~urch which we are building
mtu ~~onalenyu , the man whom you a w
ipitu ivale~ya, t ~ e h1ppopot~~us which they killed
mtu noloh [ we umwona the mon who he will aee
mwiri ul1lohaka weaha, t'1e pole which I ahall place
(a.28) The relative of: time and place is exprease by the loc ative particles, va- , u-, and mu-, or m-. They represent, hen,
where, at which, &c .
vanrupa'.a, where or when I am sleeping
vanrupawe, where or when he 1s sleeping
mwe~e vaviraleawe, where or when the ohief: went by
vanlohaka uroa, where cr when I shall go
vantunawe uroa, where or when he will go
u.mkulnaka, f:rom whence I came
Wf-/
mwankalehu, Wherein ~ stayed
The ahort fom of: the paFt can also be used .
vapiaya, when they arrived
The Swahi11 - vyo ~n be expre ssed by thoko and va
thoko vakuluvelenyu, ac ording to your f:aith (kadir1 u11vyoamini ) .
NOTE. Tef:ore a oon"onant the 0 of the tense pr fix - no- is
generally elided. r af:ter n has usually a d-sound before it.
nrwe (pronounced like ndrwe), let us go
The relative ioenerally uaed with interrogati e •
akonale pani ? who aaw me ?
(a . '017) Which is, whioh are, are expresaed by using the direot
of: the verb to be .
I . a i or uri, pl . ~ri; II. uri, pl . ohiri; III. iri, p • ohiri; IV. niri, pI ari; V. uri, pl . ari; VI . vari, uri, urt .
f:o~
(s . 28) To expresa Whoever, whatever, whiohever, the a~ove
f:orma are use 1'ol\!,,1 )y -othe
IV niri nothe pl . ~ri othe
I . s . ari othe pl . ari othe
ari othe
II. fit. uri wothe
ohiri chothe V. uri othe
III .
ir1 yothe
chiri o'1 othe VI. v ri v the, w~r1 wothe,
~uri m oth~--
INTERROGATIVE and other
(fI.29)
PRO~
UNS
upani? or pani? who? pl. apani?
nyu spani ? who are you?
an ani ariwo? W 0 i there ~
i Sh1anl? or aheni? what? hich? hy?
-ani? - ni? what? what sort? whioh? why?
11teni? what are you wait1nR for? hy 0 you wait?
unyakllla wani? what 1.S that n01se?
iah1ani lI1wot'\}oacheke ipepe ? wl'y do you E'tir up the 1"ud'?
ya"ani? when? .
ninopia yakani va~aruloni~ when shall we reoch ca~p?
'oha1? chani? how? what? why?
ohai akinoJoka 1tu? how or why am I ood f:or nothin~?
(15)
Apwinyu anehnnia chci? how is your master
na~e-?
vai? where?
unokuma vai? where do you co~e ~rom?
owapea ari vai? where is the cook?
-uvi? which? wher ? with variable prerix.
I. s. thuv1 ~ puvi?
pl. pavi?
II.
puvi?
pichi vi?
III.
pivi? piyi?
pichivi?
IV.
pini vi ?
pavi?
V.
puvi?
pavi?
VI. 1 vai? 2 uvi? 3 muvi?
-choi? -ohani? how many? with varying prefix.
I. aohai?
IV. maohai?
II. michai?
V. maehai?
III . ehai?
VI. vaehai?
vachai? vachani? how often? how many times?
ahomwata vachai? how many times did he strike you?
ninowitua vaohai vava? how long shall we rest here?
what is the price? how do you sell? .e., may be expressed thus:
uno thumnni ? unothuma ehai? mneriha ohai wothuma?
wo chai wothuma?
Ana, i s orten used b efore a question.
ana unonlani? wha;; are you crying for?
VERBS
( p .30) Makua verbs always end in a in their simplest rorm. A
verla like ulralathi is no exception, -thi is merely 0. suf~ix
(from vathi, down, below), and joined to ukala means to sit
nown . (NO doubt thi comes from the same root as ~ehi in Swo. ,
fhi , in Shambolo, ~ c.)
The si~ plest ~orm or the the verb is the singular imperative
and the plural is formed by addin ... -ni. These forms arc only
used in addre"sin" slave~ end inreriors.
panga! do !
panganll do yer
The for iF~er should always use the respeet~l fo~s.
The INFINITIVE IfOOn
(s.31) The infini~ive is formed by prefixing u- to the simple
form 0" the verb.-~upanqa, ' to do
uroa, to go
The u beoomes w before a vowel. The infinitive ~ny alw~ s be
use1 as a substantive li ' e the English verbal substantive in -in ~.
upanga, dOing
ukwa, dying
These have been placed in Clnss V as they take the same concord~.
-
~---
.~. NOTE. The original Dantu k,t,p, are, in "akua chanp;ed to ',r,p,
(Meinho~
this ac ounts ror the ~requent absence of k where we
should expect to find it. e .F. ~ono for mkono, upin (kUfika),
uthen (kuoheka) and u for ku in the infinitive, &c.
(16)
The inf lnitive may be use' before any finite form of a verb
to intensify the neaning.
utuna kinotunn, anttn, I want (i . e . I want exoee ingly)
When any finite f r:n of the ver b would be ""ollcwed by another
verb int the same form, or conneoted with the fo~er by the .
Simple copula "n t ·' the second verb may be put in the irii'ini ti ve
mood . Ni may take the u of the infinitive or i may be elided.
anolapelia n'ushipia, who is worshipped and glorii'ie'
INDICATIVE 'OOD
(32s ) The present tense, which is also used for the immediate
future, ~ is formed ike by the tense prefix - no - whioh is
placed between the verb and the personal sien. t ~ e perscnal
signs are of ten omitted when no am ~ igu1ty is caused by such
omis E: ion.
The meaning is I want, or I shall want .
k~=
}no-tuna .
n!= } no -tuna
aaThe p ersona Eigns for the ot er c lasees are as follows:Sin ~ . u-.
i-,
ni-,
u-,
va- no-tuna
Plur. chi-, chi-,
a- .
8-,
no -tun a
The s e sign s wi11 nqt be given with other tenses.
An habitual fom of the above tense is ~ade by suffixin~ - ka
kinotunaka, I am acoustomed to want
Customary actio n oan also be expre sed by prefixing ku- to the
~
verb with or without the suffix - ka. "$hiS answers to the Swa. hu-' 1
kuthamaka. one departs , they depart, eve ry one departs
'
kwiria , s ~ yin g . they ~ say, every one says , &0 .
(s . 33)
There is a tense formed with the auxllliary verb ukela. to go,
enter, • c . , in the present tense followed by the Infln~ve .
kinokela utuna, I am wanting
kela-u may be shortened into ko. klnokotuna, unokotuna, &0 .
(s.34) The Present Perfeot is ~ ade by the prefix -ho-; it denotes
a n action oomplete at the time of speakin<" . ll- ~1'''e.<;~~ /l.t "'~su.l(- "1' a.",
~= }HO_:~:ve wante~!=&}o~o_tun
a-
~:~ lk~... 1kA",.. ~
Y..
a-
kiho- 1s sometimes shortened into 11 0-; kolaw1ha , ! have tnsted
In verbs denot1ng a state or t he possession of a quality the
present has the meanin ~ of to enter upon, to aoquire or beoo e
J What the verb denotes. The -ho- ten s e must then be tr~slnte
1", bY"have or to be, &:0 .
,
ohihonta, it is g ettln ~ putrid
chihonta, it is putr1d
ahok In mlcwiri, h e i 6 a wi zard
(6 . 35) The Past or Aorist tense if formed from the a ove by insert i ng -a- before -ho-; it denotes an nction co plete in pnst
time. It mu t sometimes '\: e t r anslate bJt )tali in En ~ lish by the
( 17)
(17)
tensp with han
but
mo~e co~~on'y
1 past which usually ends in - ed.
it represents the
7be i of' t'-e f'i~c t perso"! r-in.C"Ular an
the vowel of the tense prefix.
I 11' nted , &c .
!=} nbo-tuna
-
1!1~= } a
inde~inite
plur 1 is elided be-
o-tun
y-
r OT
The thir1 person p'ural in pa~t tensee is always ya- .
The a- o£ the third person singular (really aa) has n steess
on it (per aps a rise in t he voice ' t o dis t ln ....·, ish i t from the
perfect tense . Ih the latter the - ho - ie e~phasizeo .
r/ A sho~er £orm is made by simply inserting -a- between the
1 verb and the pe r sona s i ~ .
~= } a-tuna
n- }
11'-
a-t :.m a
y-
( ~ . 36) A tense akin to the ~wahili narrative past is formed by
p 'efh:in'J: mka - or nka- to the sho r t form of tbe past. It include' in itself t Je power of the conjunction and . In narration
it ay be use after the f l rst ver , either the long or short
form of past, or it ~ ay beu~ e n a t the beginning an throughout
the sent ence . In some districts i s seldom used in ct hers it'is
in frequent use .
I wante~ , or and T want
lta- or nka -
j ~=} "-t una
{",~=
"kn- or nk/) } a-tuna
t.Y'nkapia u Ni"ureshi ",kal'ono inupa yo rer a chinene, I arrived
T,uruledi and saw a very fine house.
Valapueleaya nkana pia iwani imoka inet ani n n>we uru , when we
had crossed ( t h e river' we came to a villa e c 11eo ~wekuru .
Nahopia mwithupini nkanarupa, wiohishu mkcnJ.mgwaJ'l', nkanarwa, e arrived at tha forest and slept, and we oke early and departed .
(s . 27)
irct or i~edi 8te uture
This 1s the same as the present tense . kino t una, I shall want
(e . ~8)
uw , to
~eoond or rem te F ture
Th1s is formed by the r u x1 liary verbs, utuna, to want,
Oo~!=} : : : {u~~::'} ::~aneed~i~o}l~::e{~tn t}h:t :::in1tive.
aloha
t' loha
(uloha, t o d r ea~ , also, to heed , regard, and probably some other
ro: ean.nc:r also)
This t ense i s used wi ~ reference to so~ e act1o ~ to ~e done at
some d1sta"lt time, or of whioh there is some doubt 8S to the
per~ormanoe .
anows ulamula,akuni nayo 0 okwa,
He 111 co e to iud ~e the Quick and the dead
o et1mes the two verbs are er~ed i nto one.
ohinowakala (for ohinowa uka a , they shall be .
(18
PARTICIPI I. T s:;'
(s.39) This tense is ade by p r-efixing the personal Signa to
t he simple fo~ of the ve r~ and su~i xing - ka, and may be
translated by the English present partic i pial.
k1- }
u- tuna-ka
~tuna-ka
a=.
aMokona arupaka , he foun' me sleepin ....
kahomona arapaka . I aaw him b a thin ~
ahoroa anlaka, he went away c ryinp.:
ni-l
J
CONDITIONAL TENS S
Actual Con1itional
( s . ~O) This ten r e is fo~ed from the above by in s ertin
- - cetwee"! t'-e verb and the personal preftx ; it may be translated
by as , if when, c . , or by any other word by which the zia*«
idea of a ptate of ·things can be int ~o duced and oonnected with
the rest 0 t e sentence
~=
}
a-tuna-ka
m~= } a-tuna-ka
Yohllna aw ~a, mumhimerye, if John comes tell him
n ohokoleaka ninomwona, a n we return we sholl see him
Possible Conditional
is fomed by the tense prefix -ana-, nnd puts 11
case, it generally implies th at the case i s an extreme or unlikely one. It may be t r ans 1 ateo ~- y though, even if, • c . -ka
may be Bu:r"ixed .
(s . ~l) l~ i s
k-} ana-tuna(ka
~-
n- } •
m~- anll-tuna(ka'
kanawehakll, t h ough, or even if I look
(s . 42
Past possible Conditional
• is 1s made fDom the Past tense by cuff lxing -rn.
Though , or even if" I had wanted
~= } aho-tuna-ru
I!I~= } aho-tuna-ru
Past Conditional
The tense s ivn is - a - and t he f t n ol -8 of the verb io
ohanged into ~ale, -ele, or -ile. the f i rst sylla ~ le is acoented to distinguis l it from t~ e re1at1ve . Th1s tense ie e~­
ploy e~ in t he dependent s ente noe.
(s . ~3)
k- ,
~-
J a.-tunale
n-} a.-tunale
m~-
If I had, or shou1d have wr. .ted.
t awanoleni, nkMowatani, if T had seen you I s ould have
be aten you.
(19)
Present Contin~ent
(s. 44) The "erb is put in the eubjunoti ve ith the suffix -ke
and is preceeded by the perfect of the verb to be. It puts-t~e
resuLts of a condition as present, and has the ~eDninq of
I should be wantinn: (it! something elee h ppened
k-} ari {ki~~= } tuneke
;=
n-} ari{ni- } tuneke
m~"!
Past or fture Contin~ent
This tense i. formed by placin~ -knho- between the verb
and the personal sign. It is used in the principal sentence of
a contingency and implies that neither the contingency or its
results are in existence.
I should have wanted or Ishould want.
n- or ki-}
~ niL..}
u- lraho-tuna
m- kaho-tuna
aaT' yaKnmwiwale, nknhowoya, had I hearj him I should have feared
(s.~5)
Another form is
-a"'-, or -an-.
ade by -omu-I which may be
into
sh~rtened
n- }
mw
amu-tuna
- or ykikakalanne rupin, kamumthuma shone, Tf I had a
should buy (soMe) tobacco.
k - } BoiIloll.'1.l1ol4t'lolli",,,,.a1
omu-tunn
w-
l~pee
I
RELATIVE TENSFP
(s . 46) The relative present, the immediate and remote future,
ere expressed by the direct form.
kino tuna, I who wont or ehall want
kinowa utuna, I who sbal want
(~ . ~7)
Th re is a relative tense without Sign of time. It is
by changing the final -a of the verb into -ale, -ele, or
-ile and prefixin~ the personal signs It also indioates the
verb idea as bein~ constantly realize, i.e. not only as a
fact but as. in Bot or being. Tt '.y Iso FOl!1etl"'e~ be render~d
1:y always.
ni-}
~tunale
tunale
a~cha~ale ineema, (you) being full of race
fo~ed
y~=}
(s.A8) To form the relative past insert -a- between the verb
ann the personal sign of the above tense.
I who wonted
~=
}
n- }
tunale
yPoth theee tense 8 in -ale, &c ,. nre ueed to form qunsi
jective. tee e.9
•
a-tunal e
"111'-
nd-
( s.49 Relatives of time and place are expressei by the use of
the particles va-, u-, and mu- or
,which are prefixe to
the XEXB .ttk=-t te r ~e ai
followed by the simple form of
the verb an~ the pronoun is suffixed.
Present, When I ""nt, t c.
.
{ka
-{tune Jhu
va-no-tuna- 0
va-no-lnyu
we
tuna--ya
In the first and second persons p ural the finnl -0 of the
verb coaleeces with t he i of ihu an inyu~
Imperfect, When I om wantin •
:'!-no-tunale- {
Past.
~a
awe
When I wanted .
v- n-tunale-
I
eka
~ 0
- l awe
Remote future,
va-no-tuna-
~e
I
vo-no-tunale-
{~~
aye
v-a-tuna1e-
{
hu
nyu
aya
shall want.
{~:} utuna va-no-f:::!;~ } utuna
When nece s sary the objeotive prefix must be inserted.
vanomtunaka, when r want him
vanlohaka umtunakn , hen r shall want hi
Whe r e , t c., is expressed by the same particles.
vnnetawe, where he is wa lking
umkelawe, whither he is going (or enter i n ~ '
mkela1eaya, whe r ein tl- ey went
varwe1enyu, whe ~~ you went
vakelnleaya, whither they went
Pa= is somet i me used in the s "me way.
P holloleayn uwnnyaya, when they returne" h o~ e .
(s . 50) The forms en Lng in -ale, -ele, and -i1e arb frequently
contracted. This effecte l ~y the elision ~ f the vowel a f ter
c h ,~,l, m,n,r,t , &c .; whe~ 0 l's c eme totether the fo~er be~
comes n (cf' . unJa, t o c ry, from 1t l ~',rl becomes nr, ml and n1
become m~ r n nn, kl an t1 b eco~e nk and nt &c .
The endin ~ -oha1e baoomes -nche
,,
"
-kale
,,
-nke
,,
-la1e, ,
-n1e
-mme
,,
,,
-rna e
,,
,,
,,
-na1e
,,,
- nne
-nre
"
"
-ra'e
"
-nte
"
,,-tale
"
ol'.lmachn1e, he who told, bee.:. e s olumanche
arinke
ari"a1e, he Wl0 drew( water)"
achuen1e
aohue1a1e, h e ho Imew,
,,
athumme
athuma1e, he who boucht,
"
ntunne
atuna1e, he kho wanted
"
nvinre
avirale, he who pasr ed,
,
apnnte
apati1e , h e who ('t ot ,
"
(21)
OTE. It ls not necessary to shorten the above forms but lt is
frequently done.
THE
nWERATIVE
(s.51) The dlrect i'!lperatlve ls only used in adressinp' inf'eriors
Panga! do!
Pnnganil do ye I
The subjunctlve is com only used f'or the i peratlve.
upan~el dol
'pangenil do yet
T~e most polite !'O!'l!l is, lpangel
lpange mitheko aya, do your work. (see note to 0. 30)
J
THE
SUBJUNCTIVE
(s . 52) The subjunctive is made by pre!'ixin~ the personal
to the verb nn~ changin~ the final -a into -e.
stgn~
Thn~!~Jm:~:ant, letn!~lw~t
a-
4fte
a!
When used with an interrogative it ~ay be translated Am I to
do ? ~c .
nipangeni ? what are we to do ?
;( The 81lbjW'lkive ls the proper foI"!:! to expreAs purpose or object.
That I ay, c., and ust be used ln every case where in Eng11sh the ln~lnitive ls employed.
mumlele akakule, tel' hlm to answer e.
Where no purpose is lmpJied the infinitlve is used DS in Ent11sh.
,
kino tuna urupa, I want to sleep
- ke suf'fixed to the subjunctive r:ives the idea of' continuity.
THE
NEGATIVE
CON.TT1GATION
(s.53) The negative of the infinltive is ade by preflxing
-hi- to the verb.
uhltuno., not to want, not wanting
The ne~ative infinitive is often used to form privative o.djec~ives and common nouns, rcversinr. the meanin~ .
WOhl-(wo uhi- must often be rendered without.
-0 lipa, hard
-0 hilip , oheap
-0 ripa, difficult
-0 hiripa, easy
lJ
'0 wova, 0. coward.
0 hova, a brave man
wohivelavela, ithout end.
Jegative of the Indicative ~ood
(8.54) The tense, of the Tndioative moo arc made negative
prefixi ~ ka- to the personal signs.
I. kaki-, hnkiT' nkiI. Knniu- (kau)
kom-,
kn(n)0.(0 T, k yaII. ku-(knu
II. knchiTII . ki-(koi'
III. kaO?i)
IV. knniIV. ka- 0)
V. ku-(kou)
V. kn(D VI. nva-
~y
(22)
The Negative Present
(e . 54) This is ~orme from the affi~ative by
the personal s'gns as shown above.
Kaki, (h aki-}
. kllni-}
.\-u- n.o -tuna
k,:;-'ll- no-tun
8-
prefiT.in~
"0-
to
8-
ku-,ki-,kani-lno_tuna
kaohi-,kachi-,kn- }no-tuna
ku-, ka'-a- f
ka-, kavoThis tense mtlY be translated, I do not want, or r shall not
wont, of the im~ediate future, or the relative, I who do not
want .
Another form of this tense ie ade by the omission of
-no- an·1 the addition of the euf'f'i,; -ka.
ftLitunaka, kutun8ka, katunaka, &0 .
The Negative Past
(s . 55) This is Made from the short ~orm of the Past by chan~lng
the f'ina1 -a of the verb Into -ale, -~le, or ~ile, and prefixing ka- to the personal eigns.
I dld not, or' have not wnnted.
kak.t-, (h )ak.t-J
kl11l- }
kw- a-tunale kamw- a-tunale
kkay,
Another ~orm is by simply pref'iv"the 1'l:egative slgnfkka. ':.7/
kak- or (h)a'at na, kwatuna, ~~tuna, k natun , '0 .
The "'fOT YJ"'T" tense
"",.,.u..1
(s . 56' There is a tense~by 1nsertin~ -n8- between the verb and
A /
the negative personal signs, whioh is a sort of ne~ative preent perfeot, denying th~' aotion up to the time of' apeakinp:. THe
final -a is sometimes ohaneed into -e.
kaki-, (h)nki-}
{tuna
!lani-}
{tuna
ku- na- tune
kam- na- tune
kaAnother form is mal'le by the uae of -111- and t1 e f ll'1!!ntive slms .
kihlnatunll, uhin (I::tuna, ahlnntunl'l, nlhinatunn, &c .
The Negative Future
(s . 57) The negative of' the first future is t e sa e as the ne _
at1ve present. The remote future is mnde by prefixing ka- to
the affirmative tense
k/\ .1-, (h akl-}
Ga}" kani-}
(wa }
ku- no- tuna
ka'll- na-~tunn utuna
kD.loh";:r
kaUoha
1
The 1egative Participial tense
(S . 58) Thls tense is made from t e nffirrnative by in ert1ng
-hi- before the
~er
.
k!: } hi-t~::: wanti~~;}hi_tun"k
a-
."..
Q-
(23)
THE
NEGATIVE
CONDITIONAT. TENSES
Negative Actual
Co'!ditionll.l
(s . 59) This tense i8 ~ormed by inserting -ahi- between the verb
ant bhe personal prefixee of the affirmative and changing ~inaJ
- a into -e. The surfix -ke is often added. It expresses the case
of not being or not doing, and,mBy be translated by i~, when,
&c • • , or by any other word by whioh the Oase of not being, having or doin~ may be introduced. (It answers te t~Swa. -s12O=).
;~ } Ilhi-tu'1e(ke
m~= } Ilhi-tune(ke)
This tense may also be used to translate an En~lish Ilffirmative
preceeded by except or unless.
mtu ahiyarie naeli, except a ma~ be born again.
ahiohuele, unless he knows • .
The Ne~ative possible Conditional
(s . 0) Tllis is fO!'1lle by inse"'tinp: -hina- between the verb an'"
the personal pre~ix.
.L
Though, or even i~~ do not want.
k;= }hina-tune(ke)
a-
m~= }hina-tunerke'
aT
Tne egetive past poss:tble Conditional
(~ . ~1) This is made from the Ilffirmative by insertin~ -hi- between the verb and xm. 1IIll9:CIJld .XJUIsr: - nho-.
Though or even if T did. not went
-}
w-
llho-h1-tuna-ru
-
n~} aho-hi-tunn-ru
mwy-
The Negntive preeen~ Contingent
(s . 132) This is fOI"!'le by the perfeot tense of the verb to ""e
Dnd the negative of the subjunctive.
I should not be wantin~ (if somethin~ else han happened'
k-}
lki-}
n-}
J'ni-}
~- aril~- hi-tuneka
rn~- ari
hi-tuneke
l:-
Or by the negative of the verb to be.
jk
ni:=
Jari !!\llkak-
}orl l != }tunel~e
,!:~=
J
tuneke
The Negative of the Conoition~l perfect
(s . 63) This is formed by 1nsertin~ -ka- bet een the verb endin~
in -ale and the negative per~onnl sirns.
TIa" I not, or 8l0uld I not hll.ve wanted
kaki-,
k:~= }ka-tunale
k:~=
}kll-tunale
ka
ka-,kayaThe alternative ~orm is,
Akcl!Iutuno, kwamutunn, krunutunll., kanll.mutuna, lcrunwll.mutunn, knor kayo.mutuna.
(2 4 )
-amu- is oftened shortened into -am, or -an-.
The Negative of the Pluperfect Conditional
(s.64) This tense is formed in various ways:If I had not wanted, or Ishould not have wanted
1. ki- or n-katunale, ukatunale , akatunale, &c .
2. nkahatunale, ukahatunale, akahatuna le, &c.
3. kihikatunale, uhikatunale, ahikatunale, &c.
In this form the objective is inserted between ~hi- and -ka-.
4. kahatunale, wahatunale, ahatunale, &c.
5. kihakatunale, uhakatunale, ahakatunale,&c.
;
Negative of the Relative tense s
(s.65) The negative of the relative presedt is the direct form
which also seYVes for the future.
klhinotuna, Iwho do not or shall not want.
Without Sign of time
(s.66) Thi s is formed from the affirmative by inserting
before the verb. ( See s. 4 7 )
k~= }hi-tunale
a-
~.K
-hi-
n!= }hi-tunale
.a-
The Negative of the Relative Past
(S.67) This is formed from the affirmative tense by adding ¢ -ha
to the tnanse prefix -a-.
I who did not want
k8 ] lilA.. 1nlft!:l II
w-
aha-tunale
n- }
mw-
aha-tunale
y-
K/ (S.68 )
~
The Negative of the remote FUture relative
Thi6~made by inserting -hi- in the infinitive
or before
the tense Bi~ of the auxilliary verb, or again the negative Sign
ka- may be prefixed to the affirmative.
I who shall not want
kinowa uhituna, unowa uhituna, anowa uhituna, &0.
or, kihinowa utuna, uhinowa utuna, ahinowa utuna, &c.
or, akinowa utuna, kunowa utuna, kanowa utuna, &c .
Time and Place
(a.69) These tenses are f ormed by prefixing ka- to the affirmative.
kavanotunaka, when I do not want
kavanotunaleaka, when I am not wanting
kavatunaleaka , when I did not want
kavanowaka utuna, when I sha~l not want
The Negative Imperative
(8.70) The neg ative of the Subjunctive is generally used.
ihire chicho, let them not act so
mhiroe (mhirwe), do not go
(25)
The Negative Subjunctive
(s.71) Thi s l s made ~rom the a~~irmative by insertln
t ween the verb s"I.d the pel'so!'la1 !"ir'l,
That I may not want
k~= } hi- tune
-hi~
ce-
1hi-tune
a- J
n!=
a-
The i of hi disappears before anot~er vowe'; if ~ol owed by another i tbe two's become e .
aheye, for a-hi - ive, tbat he may not kill
-ke ""D:il be suffixed ,
( s . 72)
"NOT YET"
A ~orn of t he "ubjuncti ve wi'!;h "not yet" is made by -llhina- Ilnd
thl' aff1r:nat lve persona] signs,
That 1 may not yet ' ave wanted
~=
}
ahina-tuneke
~= } nhina-tuneke
Or by the verb to be in the su' .1unctlve and the short foI':'J of
t he Past tense .
kihlwe katuna, OOiwe watuna, ahiwe atuna, &c ,
Thece may often be rendered by "a1relldy and "befr.re" •
•
THE PAflSIV . V'1ICE
(s . 73) There is no rerular Passive in akuo . The 'euter or Quasipassive is used instead. Pee s , P~
mE
VERB
TO
FE
(s . 74) Uka1a, to become, to sit, to re~ain, is conjugate1 regular)y ~ and may be used for to be .
The defective verb ri ls also use~ to form a present and
a Past tense .
The present 1s fOI'""e" by prefl )(i'l P: the persona signs.
klrl, uri , ari, nirl , mrl, ari.
The other elas es nre uri, iri, niri, uri, vari; pl . chiri, c~iri,
ari , ari, vnri,
Then a noun , pronoun or a demonstrative is ~ollowed by an adj ective the verb to be must frequently be understood .
l la inupa ila yulupale, this house is lar~e
ml mrekllma , I am tall
The present is also e~ressed by the partlcles pa,pe,pi,po,pu, for
all persons and bot h numbers . The vowel usually correFponds to the
ensui ng one. These partioles are also used as subjeotl ve prefixes
in the t~ird person slngu1ar.
aywlaka pa rowene , my master is chief
pari awe ~tu, there WIlS a man
p1rl , it is he
They often represent thi~p , it is , (s . 2~) use1 emphntica11y.
weo pi weo, it is you, yeu or the very one
The Eubjective prefix for the. first person Singular is also used
in t he same WDY.
k1 mwene, I am ohief
(26)
(S . 75) The Past tense i ~ ~ormed by the particle - a- .
kari, wari, ari; nari, rowari, yari.
Where locality is part of the idea t he particles va , wo , a~d 0,
are added .
ariva or riva, he is here
ariwo or riwo, he is there
arimo or rimo, he is in here or there
kariwo, I was t h ere, &c .
These forms are also used to express the relative .
-ha- with the personal sign and the locative su:rfix ls also used .
ahava, he 1s here; shawo, he is t h ere; shamo, he is in here,&c .
ahamo atu anchi, there are many pe~ple
chlhamo mihalu, t h ere are su~ar-canes here
vsha, there is
The ver b ukala is also used.
chokala ikalava vakuvlru? chokala (cha-ukala) .
are t h ere iny canoes n ear? t h ere are
itu yohikala yo ike -iae, a thing whi oh is not true .
(s . 76) The N'egati ve of the Present is f'ol'!lled i n various ways .
1. kihiri, uhiri, ahiri; nihiri, mhiri, shiri.
2. (h akihiwe, kuhiwe, kahiwe; k anihlwe, kamhiwe , kahlwe.
or hakihiye, kuhiye, kshiye, &0.
3. hakihena , kubena, kshena , &0.
The Negative of the Past ls,
hutar i, kwari, kari; kanari, kamwari, kayari
These Jegativee also suff'ix .t o'e locative partioles.
The Nagati ve siE'1l -hi - may be used with the personal si g"l alone.
nihi, it i s not we .
kahi, it is not
chitu ohohi ohawihu, t h ings whloh are not O'lrs
ihi yo ukwa, whioh is not of death
The locative partioles may be suff'ixed . Kahiwo, t h re is not
There is nnt, &c . , moy also be expressed by the negntive sign knand the locative .particles.
kava mtu, t h ere is no man (or no one ) here
knwo mtu, , ,
"", ,
" , , , , there
k8ll!o mtu, "
"", ,
'" , , , in here or there
ka, and ngati, also expre ss not (npati is prob ably pure Yao •
ka itu, ka mshambo, it is nothine , it is no matter
ngati iheller ru, not mere ly hellers
The verb TO HAVE
(s . 77) There is properly no verb to have in Mllkua. Ukalana , to be
with is employe in a ll its tenses. The no. or ni i o frequently
su~ixed . In this case it chan ~ es in the sub j unctive a nd beco~es
ne . The Present t ense c an always be erpressed by adding no. or ni
to ri.
kirinn, urinam arinn; n1rina, nrina, arina .
or by -hane with the perl 0'0.1 signs
kihana, uhane, shana; nihana, rohana, shana
The Past' tense is
karina, warina, arina: narina, mwarina, yarinn
(27)
(s.78) The eg~ tlve Present is:1. haklrlna, kurina, knrina; ka ' irina, knmrina, karina
2. ki" irina, uhirina, nhirina-; nihiri n a , mhirilla, ahirina
~. ak ihiwenn, kuhiwena , kohiwena; kanihiwena, komhiwena,kahiwena
The Negatlve Past ls:- hakarina, kwarina, karina; k anarina, knmwarina, kayarinn
There is a "not yet" ten" e f'oI"lle d with -hi- f'ol'owe 'by -nawe or
naye
kihinoye, uhlnaye, nhinaye; nih1naye, mhinaye, ah1naye
A~other f'orm 1c made by pref'1x1ng the negative sign ka-.
hakinaye, unaye, kannye; kaninaye, krunnaye, kannye
Eoth these tens e s may end in - a or -e. They may be translate ,
not having, not yet havin ~, not be1n ~ with, or l y before, without, 8: 0 .
ishiri ohlla plli kaohinaye umala, t hese two walls are not
yet finished
.
ahinaye urnwona, before ha had seen him
en the relative 1s the objec t of' the verb it is expresse as
e xplaine1 above (s . 25) .
ohitu ohirinaka, the thin ~s whioh I have
With , havin , must generally be t r an slated by the present tense
of to have.
mtu ari n1 mhal·u, a llI a n wit property, a rio'1 man.
AUXILT,IARY
VERBS
(s . 79) Vel-' El use as auxilliaries are, uwn , t o oome; utuna, to
want; ulOh~ , to 7 ; umala, to f'inish; ukaln . to become, be; and
Ukela, to FO; enter, &0 .
Can, is Depresented by the appropriate tenses of' worya, to be
able .
VU8t , ought, are expressed t y the use of' upwanela, to ooncern,
or to come to oonoern, either in the aotive or neuter pas~1ve.
uhok1 PWanela,}1t oooens me, I must
kihopwanelia,
kinopwanelia'}I am ooncerned to be , I must
kipwanelie,
kakipwanela, tit does not conoern me, T must not
akipwane11e , )
•
mpwanel1en1? what h ave you to do with it.
upanga ohinr~hu wopwanel1a, to do what we ought
!lay, and might, may be r c-presented l:y worya , whe "e t h ey 1Ti'1ply
power, by uloka, to be r ght, where they imply law1'ulness,
and by the subjunctive mood wher e they imply a purpose.
~WB, utuna, anl uloha h e lp to e xpress the remote fUture os already exp1ained. Ukela 1s used aD in 8. 33.
Omala may be of'ten rende r e d by already.
nhomala uwa , he has already oo~ e
kihomo.lll ulya, I have done eating
CO'JPOUND
TENSE
(a . 80) To be, is used very muoh as ~ English .
kir1 uroani, kirimo uronni, I oontinue to be f!oin,..,
OM still going, I bein~ ffoing, while goin(7
""Pi
(ae) .
wl1ea1. I b.1q son., haYing soae
Jd.l'Oab, I ".. goa., ha'ring goae
bft Jet.aNl., 1:J/"..a PIle, had gone
1raI'1 Jrf .....l. U1"O., I had alNa4:r gone,f
kUt
I eb.ould h..... lOll.
k1Pl Jrf.l'Oeb, I shall be in the .ot o t 80iag
"'MMal_, I • •11 be aone
Jrf __ alll. U1"O., I .h.l' ha...e .lread7 gone
'IIllId. Jrfal Jrf.ro., I eb.all be he who h •• aron., I nall. b ...
&OIle, I ahall h ..... gone to, or been . t
kart ktbl11.ata, I ya. not hoelng
~
baN.,
tmRIVA'fIVl!:
YDBS
011....
(a.81) A ftIIb ta lfakua lUI' be ••do reclJ1roo.l, neat.r, . . . . . .1. .:
or tat. . . . . _ ohanging the tor.ln.tlO1l. Ano her
lSO,ll••
the )lla. . 01' a prepo.ltlon and 1. oalled tho prepo.lti enal or ...
plted f'ora.
1. !'b. Applted f'or.
'l'ht. 1e lI&4e _ ohanging the final -a into -ela, bQt; U' the JII'8o.e41q lett.r 18 h or 1 1 t 1e ohanged into
-el.... • . .
ar e aot iat.l'Oban,..blo a. in .Glle di.leot. beoau.. in ~.
and l' are qw1te ai.tinot.
'
........ to aalte, do
upangola, to .ake ~or
uthla., to bVJ'
uth.ol., to bU7 tor
.ttaaka, to ran
ut1aa~ol.. to run to
..tha, to bring
uwihora, to bring to or tor
ubia, to lea...o
uhlora, to l.a...e to or ~or
(1n eOile t r anelatlons upiela and upiera, to "oott iI~' bOth app.ar, alao 1Nft78ra t r Oll yonya. to .rr.)
..... ,..~
....tta.P ~o t.l'II1naUon i. doubled,
. .dh. -.0 h.lp, ukaYihora or uka...lherezoa, to pont help to
1Ihla, to l.a..... ubiora, to l.avo to. ubl.Nra, to aoq111t.
to relea •• , to rorp.i ...e
alp, to eat, maltO. u1017& , to eat Ylth, & ••
akwa, t o dle. Qtwel.,to 410 tor. Ukwe1. i. al.o U804 tor to
co....t, or to lOftg tor V.17 muoh, thE' ldea boing th.t the thl~ 1.
a.ebed .0 ..,h that one woald die ror It. Mhinelo oh1tu oha atu,
'!'bou .helt aot ooyet thy ne1ghboure goode.
urih.r", ha. aleo the m .~ ning or to do &Raln, to 80 OIl doing.
-.1'&.
~. tbe Oaueatl... e tora
.
(e. 81) 'lb.....rb 1. nad. oaul!laU ...e by ohanging the final -a into
-lba Or -ella, or -aha whon the v.rb end ln -lla.
_haft, to be t'u11
uohariha, to fill
_ . to art....
Qiha, to c 8 UI!IO to .Z'I"l....
walu., to ~.11
uwalUba, to nak. ~all
.
1POOh.a, to be Ured
yooheba, to tiN
db l1r1 .a , to yonder
uthiklneh., to awprt..
UJik117& (or QtIr 1Ik1p117a' . . 1'011, aak•• th. o - lI."t b . 1qli1d.rl.ha
I. 'l'h. Int_aiTe ton
( .... , '1'Ile lnteaal.... toa t. .ad. in ...art.""878
n ,oeau,. ~o
(29)
idea or bein~ or doing e~ceedin~ly what is expresse by the verb .
1. By ch~n~ L)' the rinal -a into -eBha.
utawa, to run
utawesha, to run very fast
uchukula, to be sorry uchuku1eBha, to be very sorry
2 . By the suffix -cha
uriha, to throw awr.y
urihllcha, to E'oatter about
wot~oa, to stir
wothoaoha, to knead
uthikila, to out
uthikilacha , to out in piece~
woloa, to be soft
woloaoha, to be very sort
3. Ey -kn - oha, or -ka - oha - ka
weta , to walk. wetakaoha or wetakaohaka, to walk about
4. Fy -ru whioh conveys the idea or unqualified ooncent, 00'11pleteaess of aotion; thorough, entire, &0 .
amalaru utuna, he entirely ooneented
5 . Doubling the verb gives the idea o~ thoroughness intensity,
&0 .
~/
uthea, to laugh . utheathea, to be very merry
OTE. When -oha is suffixed to the verb it is trente as part of
it and changes acoor in~ly.
ulu~acha, to talk
ulumachera, to talk against
mhithikinache, be not surprised
Urunya, is a kind of intensive ver0, meaning to do t~or~ughly
kahorunya ulumacha ohinene, I we~t on to speak loudly
uhi'unya, to restrain one's self
ee a 00 chinene, (s.91)
4. The Neuter or Quasi-passive form
II
"
(S . ~4) This is made by ohanging the final - a
T~' " is no other form of pnssi ve except this .
into - ea o r -ill. .
untha, to brenk
unthea, to be or become broken
wutha , to wipe
wuthea, to be wiped
uriha, to lose
urihia, to be lost
When the verb ends in -uln the I 1e elided .
uwukula" to decrease
uwulrua, to become less
(S . 85) this form 1s also used (like the English passive) to
denote what 1s generally done or doable .
ulea, to be eaten or eatable
wahulea, to be torn or tearable
utawea, to be able to run
uchuela, to know, makes uOhuanea, to be known or knowable
The ending -ula is also a reversive.
utuka , to fasten
utukula, to unfasten
ukunela, to oever,
ukunula, to unoover •
5. The Reoiprooal form
(s . 86) This is made by ohanging the final - a into -ana.
Wiwa to hear
wi ana , to hear one another
wata ' to beat
watana, to fight
When ea is ~hange into eana, it may be translated by to be to be .
upateana, to be to be got
woneana, to be to be seen
(30)
~e
applied fo~s a~e in every conju~ated and treated as though
they were origina1 words , and other derived forms may be made
from them to any extent that may be required.
The applied form of an applied form generally signifies to
do a thing to of for a person for a purpose .
SUFFIXES
(s . A7) These are - ka, - oha, and -ru
- ka (its vowel ~ follows the final vowel of the verb and
may be -ke, or ·ki gives a oontinuative or frequentative
meaning to the verb.
Kinopangaka, I continue doing, or am aooustomed to do
kipangeke, that I m~, or let me oontinue doing
chirik1 (participial) being
akalathiki" if he remains or continues to stay
- oha m:>y be suffixed to any verb whioh cnn have its meaning
intensified, os upanga, to do, upangac~a, to mend
- ru oan be suffixed to verbs and adverbs
It menns that the idea. expressed by the verb is certainly
intende or Oompletely aocomplished, &c . , or merely utterly, entirely.
ohioha ni~ow1tuohihia wopuela a ina vnnovekelehu, ngati
wiohupuelaru, thus we are taught to reme1!lber others
when we pray, not merely ot' rselves.
urungu wo 1hekalu nkawahuo iriar1ru, the veil of the
temple was rent right in the m¥l,t.
mi kineya mwiohi vari vothe konnkaru, I kill a wol1'
wherever I fine'! one
nanano, now. nananoru, imll'ediately
wioh1ehu, unn! early morning . Wi chi shuru, very early
morn1ng
The verb WIRA
(s . 88) Wira has a variety of mesnings and is 1n oonstant use .
I t see s to menn any kind of action, as speaking, thinking,
doing or being.
Exrunples Of its use:nirta, allYing, they say. e r aka, (he'say1n"( , ahera, he
sid. erllke, that he may t "' ink, suppose . eral e, who
said. mriheke I £lay ye I ashulup 1 e peraya, the elders
eaid . nera ohai chr i? what shal' we sny?
ohenrenya "ohi-a-irale-aya paoho, as it was in the
beginning
OhinrellYa:: chi-lrale-Ilya, as i~ is
wira, Tas it s'bal be
] ohintunaya
chinerehu '" chi-no-lra-ihu, as we do, are, 0 .
ohirie uwanyaka chinrenyu wohimya, be it unto e aEl thou
cayest
(s . 89) panaka, I ee:r or said; panawe, panaya, he or they oatd .
These f'OI'lllS are ver·y much used in narration.
(31
(s . 90) AdverbJ in akua fOllow the wcrQs they modify.
/hive chinenel sPeak out!
mbone chinene , very {"Ood
Verbs in the infinitive and SUbstantives generally may be made to
serve as adverbs by the use Of the preposition WO o
wo'kuru, stronrly
wo uchue] a, knOWingly
The initial 1- of a noun and the u of the infinitive are usually
elided .
'any English adverbs may be translated by chinene, very,
whioh intensifies the action or quality expressed by the word to
whioh 1t is subjoined .
mpurule chinenel PUll hard I
mmare ohinene I hOI tight!
rnroe chinenel E;o fast I
or the intensive form of the verb may be used, or the SUffixes,
B. 87.
t(
4
t
f A
(s ' ~l)
L1s 0
d"erbs
Above,up , ~c . ,mchulu, (on
Downwards, vathi
higher groun " vachulu
arly (in the morning'.
After, utu i
wiohishuru, mapikosho
afterwards, utuli waya
F,~ntirely, -ru Dee se.S , 87.
UI'I la way a
IIs!>ecially, thepi
Again, thoni , thottho
Even , anakala
J{ second time, veli
Everywhere, "on lae, wonkiae
Ago,long aF.o, ikalai
Monkiae
Alike , wo'likana
Exactly, 11'0 ratarata
Already , see ss . 72 79,89 ,
Far, far off, utai
Al~rnoBt, wakuviru
Fast , yakuva
Alone , veka,yeko-(with anol , Pirst, kae: tell him first , mprone ) ,vekaka, I alone,
himye kae;
ovekaru, one person only
to gc _, holela
Always, rnnhikwene, mahukwene
inally, 11'0' ehindera, wO'rnalihera
Altogether, vamoka
Pormerly, wo'kalai
Also , naye
Forward, miholo , uholo
Anywhere, vari vothe
gently, rnrimamrima, ratarata
Apart, wo uta1, wo mtemerani
Here, va
ASide,wo uthotho
hereafter, utuli waya
Away , he is n-bt here,
Hither
thither, uwo ni uwo
ka~a , kawo,c .
8itherto, mpika nanano,mpika 1e10
Paok, utuli
Immediately, nananoru,nanano vava,
on the - , ikalakota
wo'hipicha
Backwards , vatuli
InSide, mhina, mpani
Before, in front. miholo,
Indeed, chinene
uholo . (of t1me ,-hinnya
Kxtn•• great _, -ulupale chinene
w1th infinitive.
Likewise, chicho, ohtchaJ:lWe, cha,cho
- long, vaholo vaya
'erely, thu, -ru
on hi ~ Eehal l' , wo mlatu 8ya l.lore, upwaha, thepi
'ehind, utu1i , vatu1i
'e~rly vakuviru
0 kuvea
Felow,at the bottom,vnthl
No, me~e
'
Feneath , muthi
~ver, not at all, mpalapa1ene
Cert ainly, wo'kekiae kw
ot, ka, ngati, - hi- in verb
Daily, mahi kwene, mahu ene No", nanano, "ano
Down, -thi, vcthi
Often, veliveli, vanchi
( 32)
On purpose, mwai~i, mwene
Only, thu
Otherwise , vekina
Out , outside , vathe
Over , mohulu
Perhaps, vekina
Privately, vamtemerani
wo witu
Presently, vaholo vaya
QUiokly, vakuva
Pecretly, vamtemerani
Slowly , wo iruru, wo upicho
So (thus) , cha , cho,chicho
ohichamwe
Separately, imokemoka
Sometimes, vekina
Soon, vaholo vaya
SUddenly, wohipicha
Then, pivao
There, vale
Today, ilelo
Together, vamoka
Tomorrow, melo
Truly, wo'kekiae
Under T muthl
Up, mchulu
Vainly, vathiru, wo chicho
Very, chinene
Well, rata, urera
Within, mhina
Without, vnthe, wohiYes eyo , chicho
PREPOSITIONS
(s . 92) There are very few preposi tiona in MakUa.
Ni, na, nu , with, along with, and by of the agent after a passive . Cbe vowel i~ frequently elided a~X.~ when followed by
another vowel or 1s ohanged into the sarne.
n'anachoro, and the gazelles
n'1hopa, an~ a fish
nu or n'uthimiohia, and to be honoured
-o(or -a honor1fic) of, with its appropriate initial letter.
The prepos1tion of purpose, for, is expressed in the sa~e way.
Wo (w[J), is for, by, of means; to of D. person , or of' the plac e
of' his restdenoe: after the manner of, &c .
va, u, mu or m, are used of' place, at, in, to, from: va, for rest;
u , for mot ion; and mu or m, for in, inside.
Va and mu are used w1th the infinitive to express during, or
While, va weta, in walking; va ushoma, while reading; m'ukuma,
1n go1ng out.
(s . 93) - ni 1s usually suffixed to the substantive when preceeded
by the locative partioles. va "llashini, at the water.
Sornetimec mu 1s put before a demonstrative, thus:11; m'nenna nlove nna, in this word or law
m'oheiyo" in these (things)
(s . 9 11 ) The force of the preposition in En~lish is often expressed
by the app11ed form of the verb. See s . 81
Other prepos1tions are made f'rom adverbs by the help of' ni and
-0, as, vafrhulu vo, above: va~v1rit" near ·to .
'f'1
(B . 95)
<-
List of Prepostions
About, oho va
" As far as, mpikll , mpoka
Above. mchulu vo
Before, uholo va
Accordin~ to , malinga(malika)
Behind, utull va
ulikana, ch1rilc1
Belew, vathi va
After , vatulWo, utu11 wo
Beside, mchereshere wo
Amidst , ir1aM yo
Between, 11'iari yo
(33)
Eeyond,
By , YO j
Bxoept,
For, -0
YO
00010
af't. paso. ni,na,
ih1ka1e, Ikino.
or -a; beoause of,
mlatu wo
From, ukUma
In, into, mu, m, mhine. mo
Instead of', nipuro no, vaohitu va
Near to, vakuviru ni, wo kuvea n1
Next to, -0 nae1i wo
'Q,0f', -0, -a,
0.
o
Cl.I. 0
a
cho oha.
II. wo w.
cho oha.
III. yo ya.
a
o
:IV. no na.
a
a
V. wo wo.
VI. vo va
He died of" his woun~s,
AholtWa ni nikwata aya.
On upon, vaohulu, va--ni
OutsIde, vathe
eince, upachera,uohokoa
So far as, up to, mpika, mpaka
To, u, wo
Through, wo
Together, vamoka na
Under, mkwikwioh1, muth1
W1thin, mhlna mo
Without, vat~e vo
(not having), -hikal~ no. e/
CON.JUNCTION
(0..96) Con~unotions are often dispensed with by using the mkatense (0..313). And, but, to., or any other mere conneotive is
unoeesary where this tense is employed.
If' and other oonjunotions introducing a state are generally
expr~eeed by using the Aotualoonditional tense. In order that,
and all other WOMS denot1n8' purpose may be expresaed by the use'
01' the eub~unotive, or by the word mwa1ni (mwene" on purpose.
(s 97)
List of" Conjunotions
Af'ter: vatuli
Both,80nkiae, -111
LIkewIse, ohlcho
Mt.....rds, vatuli But, nansho, nanko
I.est, -lhlkale
vaya
Either--or, veklna- Or, mene, anakaIa, veklna
A1eo, ni, no.
vekina; hango.-hanga NO", nanano
And, ni, no
Exoept, 1hikale
SInce, lVokala, ukolo.
And T ,eheni, nlml For, ukala w&,ya, ukn-That, ..Ira, ohlrlki
and he, nlwe
la, wOko.la...
Then,n'umaIa, pivao
and we, nihi,&:c. However,n~ho, nanko Therefore, meno, mene
n/
A.
As, thoko,mkathoko If".l.w1ra, hera
Till, mpika, mpnka
mo.l1nga(ma1ika)
,v-ot.cond,tense)
Though, eee s.41,42
E-eoauee , wo mlatu, In order that,lIIWa1n! Too, no., nl
uka1a waya
~or the SUbj.)
Without, Ihikale
(s. 98) 01'
Of'
Of'
Of'
Of'
INTERJECTIONS
euprise
ohail ohanil chi I kul lo.phal j1l
chontel
entreaty
iBh
mail
all ulUI
nneu
negation
elrul eyal ohol unl
af'f'irmation eyol ohichol
Salutations
Bef'ore entering a house, 'oyol 1II0yoi Reply, Ke1akanil enter I
Knlathil take a seat. Vreteleni? What new8? Kinomngwelela T am
..ell. lIU1\ongweIela? are ;you well? Halakal HaIokaniT Fe.rew~lll
tI\.
I
It... "'sk.
(34)
VOCABULARIES
A. Parte of' the body
Arm, mono miKidney, iropio, impyo
Armpi t, ikwapa
Knee, nikutha maBaok, mthana miKnuckle, nluto maBeard, iroro
T.ef't hr.md, mono wo iroushi
Bile, YBmwe
I,eg, mweto mi- (meto)
Blood, ipome
Lip, nlaku maBody, irptu
Li ver, hapa aBone, nikUva maJJoins, iyunu
Frllin, ukokn
Mouth, iynno, iwano
>'7Breasts, mopele
Nail, ihatha
Prellth, ipumu
Navel, mtheku miBut.tock, nikutu maNose, ipula
Co.lf' (of' leg), nD.thakw1 0.Privates, rnathepa
Cheek, nrBmIl maFib, iparari, niparari rnaEar, nyaru mllru
Rirht-hand, mono wo wilopwana
Elbow, 1kokUno
Scar, nrotela ma~e, n1 tho, mi tho or montho
Shin. mpanja ma~ebrow, nikWikwi mo.8houlder, nikatha maFace, wi tho ; ikoye
Skin, nrapala muL Finp-er, n,koko mD.Sore, nikwata maindex - , nthonyo maSpittle, ishenye, iehene
little - , naapene aSpleen, mshetelela 7'
Fist, ikwip1
Sweat, mtukuta
Flesh, innma
Tears, mithori (no sing)
Foot, mnyani maTeat, inyani
Hair, 1karari
Thigh, nakitondoro aHand, palm, nthatha tnaThu-nb, nikoko nulupale ma- o 1M. _
Rend , muru miTon~e, nlimi maHeart, mrimll miToe, nikoko no lyani, l'1ak- "'Intestinee, marupo
Too·th, nino, mine
Jaw, ntere maUVula, nanlokoloko aJoint, ioh1varo
Wrist, nreche no mono, mar- a.
BrellF.>t, iknkacho
I
B. ROuse and household things
Ashes, 1tura
Bag, mhuko m1-, of Skin, mrupat T"la-; mattin~ -, n1ko.nda
maPar (of door , mtelo tn1Basket, n1kaya ma-: ~tnall _,
ipache; oif'tina -, 1thelo'
covered -, niuku lUa'
Bedstead, ikori; of ~amboo
ulil1
'
Bowl, inyipo
Broom, romelo, mivelo
BOX, nlkas'1a maChllir, stool, ihiche
Charcoal, roakala
Cooking-pot, iopwej rowa~u mi- f'or porridge, ikariko
Corner, 11lJly"aka ma-
•
(35)
Cup, ichikomb~ (SWa.
Door, nohele ma-, mkora miDo 0 rwoy , mlo.ko miDuet, ntukuruku
Favee, mpiroti ma- posts, nipote maFire, moro l!!i- place, viko, ihuri
- wood, ikuni, nuni
Flll'!le, nlimi no moro, maHandle, mmini, mivini
House, inupa
Iron, iyuma
Knit'e, mwal0 miI.e.dder, nivllta maLetter, ibnrua (Elva.
I.id, yokunela ohoL1me, ishwakara
lIat, ntato ma"eOBure, imbishi
ortar, t'or oleaning J;aD
grain, lr1awe
Needle, shingano
Peg (in the ground , ikomo
(in the wal1),mthomeo miPestle, mwi thi miPoat, mkurio l!Ii.:. With t'orked head, lpata
evtaherd, nivali ma-
Rafters, ipatho
Rag, mono miRidge-pole, mkOmba miRing, choka; lip -,mthathi miRoot', mohara
Rope, mItoi miSoum, niporu maSheath, nikonero maSite, ipua
Smoke, I!lwishi
Soap, shabuni
Spoon, ikope
Stable, pen, ihili
Stick, ikopo
sticks f'or Making ~ire, nimnku
maStone, nlulru maStones 1'or 4upporting pot on
the f'ire, mtua maStore-house, nilrupi maStrap, ipende
String, nripwe maThatch, manyashi
Thread, ntoche maThreehlld, nipltingwa maWall, iehiri
Water-jar, muno, Mluno
Well, ihime, ilushi
C. Persons, trades, &c .
Attendant karumia aAunt (pat: athitthi
(mat . ), manyi, mnnyamanyi
aby , mwanhima, mwankani
aChelor, 0 'hi thela
Pegrar, 0 'vekela
Heok8mi th, 0 'hana
Poy, l1!!tirao al' ro ther, siater, nrolrora a-,
anyaro'tora
Younger -, mwanrokora,
II1hltna, aohihima
elder _, am un a , manyamuno.
OUr brother or sister,onihu
"your , ,
, • "oninyu
" ro, Or sister-in-law mlamu
a" manyalamu
Child, wanhimo., aohihima
i
Carpenter, o'hemaoha
Chief', mwene a-, mamwene
Companion, mtunano. a-, mkwa- aThese are 1'ollowe1 by the enolitic pronoun. tunanaca, my
oompanion
Cook, o'tereka
Daughter, mwana 0 thiano., wano.
o athiana
Dwarf', 0' kUvea
Father, thitthi a-, manyaour -, athumwanihu
your, athwawaninyu
~ is -, nthumwane
Fiel -labourer, o'lima
Foreigner, o'leto
Friend, mwathitthi manynFur:itive, o't~w
(36 )
Girl, rnmirao 0 mthiann, amiroo athicnaj before the
unya~, mnati a~; after the
unyao, Ilwali aGrandohild, mwanohulwa aohi-
neighbour. mloko a-, manyaOld person , owuluvala
Porson, mtu aPorter, o'wea, o'kusha
Potter, 0 wupa
~iater, ace brother
Slave ipota
Soldier, ashikari (Swa . )
Son, mwena 0 mlopwana, JI#~
2~t.Bk. ., ~l*Pw~a. ashana
alopwana
Spinster, o'hithela
Spirit, mnepa miSWeetheart, am.etyaka
Tailor, mtoti a.
Thief 0 'wiya
Trader, o'pan~a maronnn
~tranger, o'leto
Traveller, mwetakaohn
Uncle (pat. ) mjomba a(mat. , ethattha
Widow, widower, namkweli aWi7.ard witch, mkwiri, aWoman, mthinna a-, opani
Worker, o'panga
GOD. MLUKU ("'i-:o.
Guide, 0 'h~lela
f"unter, o'lupatD.
Husband, owanya
.:rudge, 0' 1 amula
T,1.or, ill wotha
~nn, mtu a .....
Master, pwiya aedioine-man, 0 mirete
l'ediat~, 0 , kanyulanihin
fidwife, namktl nother, manyi a-, many.our,-, anumwnnihu
your -, anumwaninyu
his -, anumwane,
their, anumwanaya
Suoh an one, eo Dnd so,
nesne. Ne is prefixed
to names by way of
respeot.
D. Dress, weapons, &c.
Adze, ishelelo
Anvil, nihulave maAnklet of brass, nikori maof iron , nikwlnjiri maArrow, muupa miof wood, mshonga mishaft, mtere mithe notoh, ihero
Axe, ipacho
Tead, ,4kova maEow, mura, mi ura
Eracelet, ntkori maof ooiled wire, lshengo
Pullet, lpolowolo
)( >-rutton, i tukelo
Gun, kapwitl,a- barrel, mthuthu mi- butt, mrende mi-
'It/
l,) .p.J...
1
r' C1l.....-
~ '" h.a-u.. .
orJ -'"
u+ -
oap, nluku ma- (flint
charge, mshindo milock, ikope
nipple nampiri /1powder, uka
ra~rod, ikapetho; inako
stock, inshita
trigger, . namthupya a--YTll t i vihi
r:!. Pincers, ipano
Rin.:r, onoka
8andals, ikokwata
Sheath, nikonero maShield, ichikopa
fhirt, malaya
(gun
-
u.0/6
~
,
~~
0
.i rcap ,
lohushuro
8nUf'f'-box, magari
• Chisel, ikakelo
f.t1ck (walking), ikopo
~(: Cloth, clothes, ikuwo
<"tringeCl instrument, rimpa
JlClUb, indonga
Trap, ithapa, nranko miCoat. waistcoat,mwinjiro mi_ hr1l!mq mXeQtll mall"
Comb, ivaohero
f'ish trap, mthololo mi~J Drum.
ikoma, nakwalll 11___ Turban, ~ho mAr-,
3. Animals and llQ:1.mal produce, &c,
Ants
Fien, mtehi maf'lying, InE"'.lmbl
Fiippotamus, ipitu
soavenger, Ithaleku
Fiide, nrupala materm'tes, uweshe
Fio ney , urao
other kinds, inenele,
Jrorn, iny'lka
nrlya, nchocho,
Fiump, intumura
ipepechu, ntukwl
Fiyena. kaohupa aApe, kole atnsect,.
eXR~
Ass. pUl"U aBat, nanth'lthu amwametu, pl . aohimwarnetu
'Jigger, ntekenya 'lI1lEee. inui
.) ackal, mwi c11i mi.Bird, lIIWashanuni, ashaLeopard,
havara aBuf'f'alo, inari
Lton,
karamu
IlBug, lkukuni
~izard,
nampara
aPul1,nshoka
,I
Losust,
nashombe
aCat, mbaka a~o(
~·anro.tste,
nthulu
wild -, kehupwe 11Cattle, ing'ope
~antis, mpweSha mwapu
" ilk, mapele
Centipede, iyalalll
~ri llipede, mongolo
Chameleon, namanria a,fOn ! tor, inE'" oto
Cook, mthupi ml.fol e , nahuo aCivet ollt, ituko
l.
Cow, ing'ope yo mthlana
'Onkey, mshapwe mll-, tupili <I'iishangll
Crooodile. ikonya
~sqUito, iShenjema
Dog, mlapwD., ashl1epwD. or
""'1, nrunrune 11ashipwa
~ig,
ikuluve
Duok, nrata maie-eon,
lkUndo.
Eland, ipakala
~11d
, nohia maElephant, itepo
PO~cuPlne,
nashimuku atrunk of -, mpanta
~at'(house), niku1e mDEgg nyoohe, moche
(f'ield), toro ay~lk of' -, irim£l.rirna
~inooeros, pelD 11shell, nikarapia ma~ho~plon, nanrere aFlea, utitiri
Seep,
ikondoro
Fly , ipepele
i
nlll(e
inoa
Fire-f'ly, imanyi.many
811ide;" nn.'lIthuthu aFrog, marapi aT
Web, randllshl
Goat, ipuri
!l11,
mwila l:1iGnu, Inyupu
TiCk
(doE"),
nlku(;hu ml1Guinea-fowl, ikaka
TO~tolBe,
kapa
aHare, rabbit, hu..lnlla a~dcle~, nlpele ma~ ol'ln, inyongoroshi
Bbt>a, iputa
kH** .R..
.
( 38 )
P. Trees , vegetables, & c .
Faobl'b tr-ee, m1apa mi'i1let, mele
Pamboo, mthale miPawpaw, nipaipai ma.Panana p1ant, ~nika
Pepper,
black ,lonko 0 maka
kinds o~ - nlkumbukwa,
red,
lonko
makK~ m£'kani
IIwe11 , namahllku, lnlka_
Pine-apple,
i
chikowo
inlka klshukari
Produce, ~ruit, yolma choEark, nikulll maPumpkin,
nraka maBeans, nachope a- , ipwlrl,
Rice,
l'!XI2lImU
~muka.'t
oleaned,
holoko, nanara amchoro
;
cooked,
mrama
reer, uthekll
Root, mthitharl miI oras sus palm, mkunda miSeen, mbeyu
Cassava, manangwa
SnUff,
sh~ 0 makll
nl
Cha~t', nttnkanka. 0.stem,
mrinta
micust£'rd apple, nirepi mnSugar-cane, mhalu mi- "
Ear of cor~ , nChashi ~a;
Tamarind tree, mwepll miEbony, n~iko, miviko
frui t, wepa aFlg-tree, mthapo miThorn,
mwiwa mifig, i ttl opo
Tobacco,
shone (e] . I
Flour, ipepll.
Tomato,
ithumnt
1
Flower, ituyo
Tree,mwiri miFruit , ihokf)roko
Trunk,
isha
Grass, ninyashi maVepetabl ps, rnachuku
Gunvll, ilukuthi
Yam,
nipetha maLeaf, nthakuru ma''Tater-melon,
niwuryo ma"aize , nakuo lI.r'ane:o tree, mwembe mif'rui t, iyembe
----------------------G. Natura.l Objects
r ank (river), ~chinka maTridpe, mthllkelo mi ~
~ rook, ~wamolokc CShi mioloko
Cave, nikuku mnClay (potter's ) ,uloko
C1oo, nikoto ~waln
Cloud, nihute "0.Cold, ipyo
Country, llapo
D!l rlmess, lpipi
Daylight, utha.na
De sert, ipupul:'U
Dew , ukrune
Fo g , itapwe
Hail, ipula yo. Il1nluku
Hill, mwako miHot season, elimwe
Island, ntinji maLake, ntla mar,ight, l!Ithuko
of moon, waria
LightenlnR, uverunya
" oon, rj!ri miwi
full - , mweri mJrumi'"
new - , mweria wonia
moonlight, warin
Mountain, mwllko miMud, ipepe
Pit, nliti ma- , nllkiti ma- fall, ikokwe
Place, vachitu
Pnin, ipula
Rainy senson, iyitha
Rock, mwala miSand, mhava miShadow, irungu
st ar, i totwa
Sun, nchuwa I'laThun,l er, i thari
Valley, mshepa maWater, mashi; c?ln -,moshi oreria
hot - , mash~ 0 viha
Wilderness, uthako
Wind, I pio, ipyo
(39 )
H. Miscellaneous
Aoti"n. mshambo m1Lie, wotha
Advioe. nloye ma-, ntemera
Limit, mwinano rniAgreement. ulehano maMadness, ihalahala
Avarioe, itama
Uedicine, mrete mifait, inyam'o
Vemory, upuela
Farrel., nipipa maMercy , pity, iklriri
Fennninp:, mapacho
Jfodesty, ishoni
Dook, ik1tll1:u '8- . '
Horning, "I7:ichishu
Bottom, vath1,
Name , nchina maPralls wire, oh1ku:1p,u
Night, uhiu; tqhight, uhiu ulo
Prink, mcheresilere
last -, uhiu wo nohana
Purden, mrind1 miNoise , unyakula
Business, mltheko
Noon, nchuwe. va muru
Canoe. ikllla:yD.
Oath, ulapela. ma-o
Cough. nikokoto
Offering (ceremonial},ipepa
Cramp, nan thirla
Open space, ipua
Crowd, maunjlrl
Origin, iyarelo
DQ. nlhuku mD.Pace, step, nilipa maDeath. una
Pain, U\'{erya
Dirt, ntupi maPeaoe, mpuha, uhithemwa
Diseuse, ureta
Pledge, nrinta miDream, 1 tora pl. mitora
Pimple, ithuku
Pleiadee, ilumelo
Drop, nimoro1'1oro,mapoison, ukwiri~ uohungu
End, point, wlkan1
Portion, niunjiri maEntertainer, mwene 11Prayer, ilapelo
Envy. ihache
Evenin!", uchochilo,uchechl1o Present, ituva, mituro
Pride, wlohona
Fable, ichitllu
Revenge, wihokoloshera
Famine, i thala.
Riches,
property. mhalm miFear, wova
Ro
e.1it
,
iplro
Folly, upuua
Rupee, rupia aFood. yolya choRust,
mrenje rniFootprint, inya
Salt,
maka
Fun. moheohe
Secret,
wtemera rniGame, play, mohoma 1118Shape, wupa
Go"ds, riches, mhaku m1Henp, mhuku mi-; ash -, vllta- f'ize, nohushe
rani; rubbish -, nclialll ma- Arnall-POx, inauvi
Sleep, ikove.e
(iko~~ )
Heat, T!Itukuto.
Gon@" iohlpo
Hole, open1nll', 1paro
Ppark , imanyimanyi
Hunger, i thnla
state, condition , lkalelo
Idleness, wOloa
f'trenpth, ikuru
Itch, uyele
Tale, ithell, indango
.Yoke, mcheche
Thin;;, itu, chitu
Journey, mkw.:!hll, ureto
TodDY, ilolo
Klngd"m, imwene
.'"
TOTl1orrow
t T!lelo; day after - ,mroto
Knot, nluto maToP
(toy),
kwiliwili
I,abour, mtheko mlYesterdAY,
nohana
T~an(!Uage, Malove
dDY be~oro - . nchuri
T,augh, matheoI,elld, Ipolowo'o
Length, utali va, ureklll'!l1
(40)
,
As it i
r,1E't o f' Verb~
6 neoes&.ory to put to b:r
•t
the Infinitive 60 i t i
-- e. ore he English verb to make
the Infinitlve'ln ~L-_ s necessary to pref'ix u- to X«e make
~ua .
b e Able, oryn
Abuse (with words), ~unnn
rubble, vavava
Aooept , tuna , chi vela
Build, theka
(take), akelll
Burn, parela
Aooo~pnny, varn na
Bury, vitha
Aoouse. chonjer~
Call. ihana, itann
Aooustom. le-r.nleliha.
give a name, r-omola
be accu"torne", le"lnlela
Carry, win, well, kusha
Aohe. weryn
Cheat, thepya
Add to, ncherern
Choose, thanla
Adjoin, himnna
Clap the hands, kwata
Adz~, hema
be Clean, hapihia
A~rec, iranll
Clear ground, vera
Annoy, huviha
Climb, wela
Answer. Illmla
Clothe, wariha
Arrive, pia
Collect, n . th~thokana
vj
Ascend, wela
a. thothokantha
Aecertain, chueleshn
Come, wa
be Ash=erl, one. ishdml,
- out from, kumn
lye muru
- out (as a h0e f'rom its
make - , hela ishonl
handle), kulia
Ask (a quection;, koha
Concern, pwanela
Awake. uwn, ungwa
Consider, thananiha
Bake , osha
Cook, a.pie, apea
Fnrte", 1l1rnknn"
Cough, kothomoln
rathe, rapn
Count, alakeln
Fe,t!'emain, s1t, u"D.la
Cover, kunela
Pear, esp. children, Yllrr.
Creep, apacha
_ fruit, imma
be Crooked, korombana
_ with, vilela
Cry, unla, nla
Eert, eta
Cure, lamiha
Be[,", vekela
CUt, thlkila
Eegin , pacha, chokola
hair, hama
fend, pindu
in two, mianiha
BinQ, tuka
through, thutlulll
Eite, luTtlIl
open, pula Blaze, parela
Dance, thO-tela, inA
Blow (of' wind), l'UIlla
Decide, thikiln mlllove
(wi th the mouth), nohelela Desire, thanana
El. horn, :!ramullopa
Destroy , hohonooha
Bore into, temula
Die, kwf'
through, temulacha
Dig, thlpa
Pox the eors, uta nl nthatho. Divide, mianiha
Irenk across, a. ntha
Drew, drar-, purnla
n . nthea
- neor, atama
_ in pteceB, 8. pwesha
- water, rikEl. mashi
n . pwea
Dream, loha
Ereathe, mumula
Dress, wariho., n . warn
Erin"", wihe.
DrinJ~, vrurya
«li )
(41. )
Drive away, omola
be Drunk, hapalia
Dry, a. umlha, n. UIla
put out to - , Illlea
Eat, lya, pass. lea
Empty, riha, ita
Endure, vllela
be Equal, llkana
be &lough, , thosha
go round, anela
Enter, kela, kel!llla
Erect, emesha
Err, wonya, teka
Exalt, thlmioha
Exohange, tlndana
Faint, komoa
Fall, uluwa, wulu'
(as leavef'), mora
(of raln) , rupa
Faste", tuko
p-et Fat, neneva
( 0 f anlmafS"), nlJlil
Fear, ova
Feed, 11ha
Fight, menyana, att'll
Fill, chariha
Find, ona
Finish, mo1iha
(have done), mall
Fly, vava
Fold, plnda
Follow, tara, twara
Forbld, athellha
Forget, 11ala
Forgive, hierera
Frighten, opop~a
Fry, arlka
be Ful], ohara
I
Gain, pata
0/;
Gather . ., ukan1hl
- frul t, rukula
- up, kupa, 10kola
Get, pata
- well, wona, It.!
- large, nnua
Give, vaha
give him, mmaha
be Glad, tell!).
Gnaw, pwotha
Go, eta, away fl'O!, lOa
before, holela
down, kurua
out, kuma, fu:a
Grow, mela .
shunga, lite1ela
Rang up, thomia
be Hard, lipa
Hasten, akuva
Hate, nanarela
Hear, iwa
Help, kaviha
Hide, vltha
Hurt, ll(BJCK werya
Inherit, ke1a inupa
Increase, ncherena
Judge, lamula
.:rump, thupa
Kill, iva
Kneel, koroma
Know, ohue1a
be Lame, tubela
Laugh, thea
Lead, holela
e
Lean against, pithria
Lel' ve, hia
Let down, kurusha
Level, likaniha
Lick, latha
Lie, otha
Lie down, rupathi
T 1ft, thesha
Light, to show, mwalea
lkind1e), parehela
be - in weight, alua
be - (not dark), aria
r,lsten, lwelela
Live, kala, lama
I,oad a gun, helela
- a man, riha
Loiter, pichapioha
Look, weha
_ for, ayya, thotha
_ after, shunga
Loose, thapula
be loose, tondova
loosen, tondovlha
Lose, riha
be lost, rihia
Love, chivela, tuna
Make, panga
. _ friends with, paka umathl tthi
_ pots, upa
_ peaoe, iraniha
Mark, hela lohueliho
with tri~al sign, hela inepo
GU8B~,
"
(42 )
!larry',o:f a man, thela
- ot: a woman, thelia
- of' the parents,lhel1lia
Measure, pima
Meet, onl.lna
"- with, pwanya., himana
go to - , mwikamela
Melt, thothoa
Mend, pangaoho.
Milk, o.ma
'ix, tha.kllnihll
Mount, wela
Mourn, kupanya
Move, ohushera
n. thokunya
ohange abode, thAla
No.me, romola
Open, :rllllllllb hula
- a book,&:o., pata.tula
- the mouth, ath/llllushl
Pass, vira
Perspire, kuma mtukUta
Pick :fruit, rukula
- out , kakarula
- up, lokota
Plait, tava
Plant, sow, ala
Plaster, mara
Please, ohiveliha
be pleased, chivelll
PI uck a :fowl, nyoohola
Plunder, huka
Pound in II mortar
1st. time, wohola
2nd. "
pwaohD
3rd. "
thitha
Pray, lapela, vekela
Priok, homo.
Pullout, pela
Quarrel, ana
Raise, thesha
Reach, pia
Reap, maize , kopola
mi11 et, thikila
Redeem, opola
Re joice, shangarara
Remain, stay, kala
be lef't, hala
Rem~be:r, upuela
Remdlhd, upusha
Resemble, likans
Rest, itua
'
Return, hokolea
give back, hokoloslil
;1
be R ipe, to kota
R:lse, get up, uwa, emela
of t h e sun, sha , kuma
Ro".1. J., pirikia
c aus. pirikisha
Ro t , unto., nta
Rub, lruta
Ru.st, vara mr enje
R~~, tawa, tyawa
- away, nyanyala
- to, timakela
Sa.:tute, kohacha
b e
Sa:t1:~tisfied with f'ood, rupala
Say, himya
l' SeClY"&, Hu:r a. ......... la..
ScattE" r, micha, 1likabaoha
Scold, ulumela
S corn, luohweha
Sc r atoh, karo.mulo; - about as
a fowl, valatha
Bee, ona
Be ' z e, vara
Sell, thuma, echiha
Send (a person ) , rumll
( oonvey ) , velela
~et (of t h e sun', 110.
- on fire, paba
S e w, toto.
~ ake , tetemela , tik1nya
- out dus t,&:c ., kukuta
Shave, uwul a
Shame , ho.mbusha
Shine, aria
Shoot, ( s prout
pua
- with a weapon, opa
Shout, kua
Show, oniha
point out, thonyera
Shut"9l tea
be Sick, wereia
( vomit ), rapla
Sift by shakinp. , vera
be Silent, mala
Sinp: ipa
Sink, :rallllt rela
Slander, oth erya
Cit down, kalathi
Sleep, rupa
Slip, thererya
Smear, hika
Smell, nuka
Sneeze, itinmurya
b e SOJ'ry, chukula
Speak, uluma(cha
Spill, r:lha
(43)
't(
Spoil, hononn(chn)
Stand, emela
Startle, thuthusha
be startled, thut!lUIl
Stelll, iya
be Straight, okoa
SStreoh, okola, wamba
Strike, ata, pitha
Suok, tola; the breast, amwn
- sugar-oane, pot/la
Swallow, mirya
SWeep, kweoha
Swell, ipe.
8way, thetherua
Toe, kusha, wea
- leave, leha.na
Talk, ulumacha
Tame, hue.
Taste, le.wlhe.
Tear, ahule.
be torn, ahue.
Teach, Ituchiha
Tell, himerya, le111
Thatoh, tunelll
Think, upuelll, th~anihll
( suppose), anyillera
be Thirsty, ola nt ona
Throw, wonya; - away, rihll
Tighten, tit:t,ha
Tire, ocheha, be tired, oohea
Touch,kwakwanya
Trap, rea, ria
Trllvel, eta mkwllllD.
Tremble, tete'"elll
Try, lika
Turn (change), titldaniha
- over, rukunual1a
- round, ~ukureria
Twist, popotelll
Unoover, kunela
Under~tllnd, chuela
Undo, thapula
Undress, rula
Unite, luta
be Vexed, thunala
Vomit, rapia
Wap;, I1niha
Wait, lita
- upon, rumela
Wolk, eta
- about, etakacha
Want, tuna, thanana
(lack), pererya
Wash, hap1ha
- olothes, puputa
- t he face, kuohn
- the hands, nyllwa
Watch, sheleliha
be Weak, shokoya
Wellve, tava
Weep, unla, nla
Weigh, pima
Whisper, apela
Wipe, wutha
Wonder, thikinacha
Work, theka
panga mi theko
Wound, rakallha
stab, lIc ., homo
Wrap, vilikelela
Wriggle, nyung'unya
be Wrinkled, nyatia
Write, carve, keryn
Yawn, aramurya
~-----------------------
A MAKUA STORY
(cf. "J3rer Rabbit" - the "Tar baby")
Hukula (the Rl1b~it) yayo (those) mohukwayo (those days) anopopihll (he frighte~P atu (people). Atu mkalima (people cultivated) imata (rieJdS), nkachalia (they planted) itaa (ground nuts).
Itaa nkachamela (the nuts grew) mkachakomala (anrl they ripened):
Atu mkerll (and -tbe people said), "l~nr:we (let us go) nithipe
(thllt we may die: up) Itaa (the nuts)." Atu mko.rumelela (and the
people responded), "~o, mngweke "(Yes, let us go) . '~arwa (and
they went) uth1.pa itaa (to die up the nuts) . ChlhotJi>ia (tl1ey i
were dug up), ,,}:lekinn mkachapela (and some were oooked). Rukul a
(the rabbit) wonneawe (when he saw ~ s.49,50' yo wira (that)
itaa chIhal?ein (chl-ho-a-peiB, the nuts wer' oooke?,) r:lknf,/J."-a- Ii
tt.aramula (he sc.o.re"I. the"') wopa (bcatln~) iko'Zla (£I. dru.'!I' ero.ka
(ea.vIng), .a:l:oto! mtawel Il:oto! mtawc! (do.nger or wllr' run aw.::.yl~.
At\!. )l mkotnw!l (and the people rem away). -ukUln mkawa (Anil the
rnbbit oamel lIIkalyo. (and ate~ Hao. (the nuts). Wlchlohu (early
~orn1ng mkDwa (t~ey came'
ntu mkathlpn Ito.n (the peop'e cane
a.1 ~U8 up nute), chikina (llO!!le' "Iko.pla (they co01l:ed', tlkachatokoto. (Ilnd they were done), m'tnchupulla {end th.ey took thcl!l
of f: thef'ire'. rtUkollc. 1Ukona ( the rabbit saw' wira (that) chihepulio. (they were taken off') mkl'athnramulc. (n 1d he s(,ll.re"i then)
Ikt'>tolmtllwe ' Ikotol mtawel (De.nrerl run awayl). Atu mkato.wll, (and
tl;le people ran away 1. Yukula mko.wa (The rabbit oN'le) mknlya\ j.:t.ne ~
Land ate the nuts) oh11e (those) mkarwo. (and oeparted). 'Ihuku
~imoka (one "ay) l\tu mkero. (t'1 e people eaid), ""np.we {let ue po'
nipnnge (that we "lay "lake) Ichinyeo (an imo.ge)". ""Kwiria (s . ... £1 JJ
/ They say) "Ynpweke" (let Ull eU • 'ntapan"'a (and they l'Io.de) thc}-o
P (llre) mtu (0. man) mkayapnrelelihn (and they sme~red) ul1mbo
(bird-lime), rnkayawea (nnd they tock it) rnkayakela (and they
went) emeshio. (it was made etand) m'mntnni (in tl'e 1'ield'. ,1ohishu)In the early ornlnp) ntu rnkarwo. (went out) uthlpo. (to
diEJ' 1 tao. (nuts), ohikino. (eol!le) mlto.oho.pela {they cooked \ "'kachctokota (they we~e done' mknohnpulla (and they took t~e~ ofr).
I
Hukula mkon!l (end the rabbit sllw),t'wiro. (that chiho.pu1ia (t'hay
were tnken of4') ml:apaoho. (he bcga?1)," Tkoto I "IttlWC I lJc!lto I T!ta'"'e' "
(dan"'erl run Ilwayl) . !'lwtawn (nnd they rnn awo;y'. '{ul:u1l' l:!'-I'-"I'., ~
(ant! the ra' ,blt cfl.!'1o) .... kent (ondi sn-.-' lchitao (the 1nu'~'e) '1emenle (c . 11 standil'lg' th'lkc 1'ltu (11ko n '!lo.n). 'u:'-ulo. Mern (Dnd
the ro.bl1t salin, "Owe I'lpnn1"" (who o.r rou,:) Ichltao (tlJ.c 1'1£urc) wohakula (wa u-h1-akulal not answerin"'\, 11U'~·1('. "'kern (tlJe
ro.bb1,t enl'i "Kunewa? (kU-no-lwn flo you not hear'?'. ut'lwe (~?1
.
rway \ (f"'O<'! t lkoto (dnn("er) Tf • Iohi tao m'-ayl'mlllo. (thE'! f1Mlre remaine" silent) nnakalc cren not) wcl:u' 0. (nnsweri:'1p". !!ukUln
mkcra (and the rabbit sa1d'~Y "kinotawa" (ral!' r01n'" to run o.WIlY).
'%o.tcwa (and he ran) vnknni (n little' nl~emela (and otopped'.
'1u'~la n·-llhokolf"o. (and t'1(' rab't it went back) mknoho.chi'l ({'\?1d wne
a~~ ucho.ohero. (scoldlnc) lchltno (the Image', ~kera (and acid',
"Kinoukomn" I oho.ll hit you). 'kako!!'a (0.'1"1. he hit )(tJlfliohHri)
~
(the 1mtl~e', mkawo.ya (an~ '00 co.urht by' ul1mbo (the blrd-li~e~
' J _. wopare'lhla (be1ng fIxed to the' 10h1tno (1'!lage', rukulo. mkero.,
I' 1 ~i: Cond the rabbit sald', "1f;:10up1tha I'll "'"eto (I shal' otrl!:e ;you
{ 1 " with tl'e fOl"t," l!'kaatn {nnd l>e struclt hll!1' , mknwayo. (nnd was
.~
o~urhtO chichamwe (in the same way) . ftu mko.wll (a~d people c(1~e'
m!tcmmo.ra ("'ko.-m- varo. o.nd selzeil him'. TTuk.1J n .-J;era (and t'l1e rabbi t said', "mki~are (11'. you hol" T'lc) mwilo. (the tail', r,l:lltrle ;)
«(\n~ rtrU"c Me vathl (down on the eround).·' Atu mkIlr.1T'1"T'1l (a:'1d
t e people seizet" hi'll' l"klll"lwatelo. (and "truok him' vl'th -' (tl-c
, . rrround'. rukulrl mkatcwo (nnd th,. rabbit ran mvay) .
,
!
•
J
+.
Collection no: AB358
Collection: Herbert Woodward, Handbook of the Makua
PUBLISHER:
Publisher:- Historical Papers, The Library, University of the
Witwatersrand
Location:- Johannesburg
©2011
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DOCUMENT DETAILS:
Document ID:- B358-001
Document Title:- A handbook of the Makua language (original copy)
Author:- Herbert Woodward
Document Date:- 1915