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Transcript
Genetics Heredity • Heredity is the passing of traits from parent to offspring. How do the traits get passed? • Chromosomes contain genes. • Different forms of the same gene are called alleles Alleles • Example –Gene– hair color –Alleles—black, brown, blonde, red The Importance of Meiosis • During Meiosis, when the pairs of chromosomes separate, they separate the alleles. alleles XX This provides genetic variation • When alleles separate during meiosis and then form different combinations during fertilization, it is like shuffling a deck of cards to create different combinations of 2. The possibilities are endless! Genetics • Genetics is the study of how traits are inherited. Gregor Mendel • • • • The “Father of Genetics” Studied pea plants First to use math in plant science First to trace 1 trait through several generations Mendelian Genetics • Key terms: – Purebred – Hybrid – Dominant – Recessive – Homozygous – Heterozygous – Genotype – Phenotype Purebred vs. Hybrid • Hybrid- when the • Purebred- when the same traits are traits seen are seen generation different than the after generation in parent generation a species Dominant & Recessive Every person has 2 alleles for every trait! • Dominant-when one allele covers up another • Recessive- the allele that gets covered up or disappears. B b Genotype & Phenotype • Genotype- the letters used to represent the alleles Bb • Phenotype- the way the organism looks Black Heterozygous & Homozygous • Heterozygous2 different alleles (1 dominant & 1 recessive) Bb • Homozygous2 of the same alleles (either 2 dominant or 2 recessive) BB or bb Probability • Probability is the branch of math that deals with predicting the chances that something will happen. • Ex: flip a coin • 50 % heads • ½ heads Punnett Squares • Punnett Squares are used to show every possible combination of alleles from the parents • Used to predict what the offspring will look like How to set up a Punnett Square Aa X AA • The alleles of one parent go across the top, one allele in each place How to set up a Punnett Square Aa X AA • The alleles of one parent go across the top, one allele in each place A a How to set up a Punnett Square Aa X AA • The alleles of one parent go across the top, one allele in each place A a How to set up a Punnett Square Aa X AA • The alleles of the other parent go down the side, one allele in each place A A A a How to set up a Punnett Square Aa X AA • The alleles of the other parent go down the side, one allele in each place A A A a How to set up a Punnett Square Aa X AA • Then, you bring one allele down and one across to fill in the boxes A A A a How to set up a Punnett Square Aa X AA • Then, you bring one allele down and one across to fill in the boxes A A A AA a How to set up a Punnett Square Aa X AA • Then, you bring one allele down and one across to fill in the boxes A A A a AA Aa How to set up a Punnett Square Aa X AA • Then, you bring one allele down and one across to fill in the boxes A a A AA Aa A AA How to set up a Punnett Square Aa X AA • Then, you bring one allele down and one across to fill in the boxes A a A AA Aa A AA Aa Using a Punnett Square Aa X AA • Now you can use this information to make predictions about the offspring. A a A AA Aa A AA Aa Using a Punnett Square Aa X AA • What are the chances that the offspring will be heterozygous? A a A AA Aa A AA Aa Using a Punnett Square Aa X AA • What are the chances that the offspring will be heterozygous? A a A AA Aa A AA Aa ½ or 50% Let’s try another Punnett Square Problem • A dog has black fur (Bb) and it mates with a blonde dog (bb). What are the chances that one of their puppies will have black fur? X Let’s try another Punnett Square Problem • A dog has black fur (Bb) and it mates with a blonde dog (bb). What are the chances that one of their puppies will have black fur? B b b Bb bb b Bb bb 50% Let’s try another Punnett Square Problem • A dog has black fur (Bb) and it mates with a blonde dog (bb). What are the chances that one of their puppies will have blonde fur? B b b Bb bb b Bb bb Let’s try another Punnett Square Problem • A dog has black fur (Bb) and it mates with a blonde dog (bb). What are the chances that one of their puppies will have blonde fur? B b b Bb bb b Bb bb 50% 1. Who is known as the “Father of Genetics”? A.Rosalind Franklin B.James Watson C.Francis Crick D.Gregor Mendel 1. Who is known as the “Father of Genetics”? A.Rosalind Franklin B.James Watson C.Francis Crick D.Gregor Mendel 2. Is a dog that has blonde fur (bb) homozygous or heterozygous? A.Homozygous B.Heterozygous 2. Is a dog that has blonde fur (bb) homozygous or heterozygous? A.Homozygous B.Heterozygous 3. Is Bb homozygous or heterozygous? A.Homozygous B.Heterozygous 3. Is Bb homozygous or heterozygous? A.Homozygous B.Heterozygous 4. Is “red hair” considered a genotype or phenotype? A.Genotype B.Phenotype 4. Is “red hair” considered a genotype or phenotype? A.Genotype B.Phenotype 5. What is the genotype of a fruit fly who has the recessive trait of white eyes? A.EE B.Ee C.ee 5. What is the genotype of a fruit fly who has the recessive trait of white eyes? A.EE B.Ee C.ee 6. What is the genotype of a fruit fly heterozygous for wing length? A.WW B.Ww C.ww 6. What is the genotype of a fruit fly heterozygous for wing length? A.WW B.Ww C.ww 7. Why is Meiosis important? A. It separates alleles B. It allows for genetic variation when fertilization occurs C. All of the above D. None of the above 7. Why is Meiosis important? A. It separates alleles B. It allows for genetic variation when fertilization occurs C. All of the above D. None of the above 8. What phenotype will the offspring represented in the Punnett square have? T t T TT Tt A. All recessive T TT Tt B. All dominant C. Half recessive, half dominant D. All will have different phenotypes 8. What phenotype will the offspring represented in the Punnett square have? T t T TT Tt A. All recessive T TT Tt B. All dominant C. Half recessive, half dominant D. All will have different phenotypes