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What Role Will Biotechnology Play In the Produce Sector? Steve Savage May 18, 2016 In Twenty Years of Commercial “GMO Crops” – only a few have been fruit or vegetables Flavr Savr Tomato NewLeaf Beetle Resistant Potato Virus Resistant Squash Bt Sweet Corn Virus Resistant Papaya There Were Many Barriers Organized Opposition Patent Uncertainties Regulatory Complexity ($, time, uncertainty, regional differences) Brand Protectionism We Also Live in the “Dark Ages 2.0” • “information” obscures knowledge • Fear and superstition increase We are in a Period of Transition New GM crops are entering the market Innate™ Potatoes Some novel solutions are “on the table” Arctic® Apple A Period of Transition: New Challenges Abound Asian Citrus Psyllid Lygus Bug Xylella, Olives in Italy Glassy Winged Sharpshooter Panama Disease, Banana A Period of Transition Game changing, technical advances • Low cost DNA sequencing • “Genome editing” Important political balls in the air CRISPr-CAS9 It’s a good time to take stock of the situation and prospects What is a GMO Anyway? “GMOs ain’t a thing, GM is a verb” It is a set of methods or tools that can be used in different ways to do different things We’ve Been Using Various Tools to do Genetic Modification for a Very Long Time Selection Tools of Genetic Modification “Do you think all cloned fruit should be labeled?” One key human innovation was finding a way to put the brakes on genetic modifications Another key innovation: mix genetics in the same plant using rootstocks Cloning Triploids Tools of Genetic Modification • Intentional breeding (Mendel 1866) • Hybrids • Mutagenesis breeding • Wide crosses • Triploids • Polyploids Cloning Modern Tools For Genetic Modification Tools Crop Possibilities Plant Transformation Transgenic plants, Cisgenic Plants Marker Assisted Breeding Enhanced knowledge for “traditional breeding” RNAi (RNA Interference) Plants with genes turned off Genome Editing Plant with precise changes to its own DNA My “Accidental Tourist” Window on Biotech Learning How to “Engineer” DNA (~1968-72) Enzymes to “cut and paste” DNA Plasmids to move DNA First “recombinant DNA” 1968-1972: Stanley 1972 Cohen, Herb Boyer Caution from the beginning. Asilomar conference 1975 1972: Paul Berg Taking Biotechnology To Plants – early 1980s • What genes to transfer? • Bt for insect resistance • Glyphosate tolerance? Michael Adang, Fred Perlak • How to control the gene? • How to get the genes into the crops? Noel Keen Luca Comai Plant Transformation: How Is That Actually Done? Not like this! How Genes Really Get Into Plants The “Gene Gun” Taming “Nature’s Genetic Engineer” • Agrobacterium • “Disarmed plasmid” Marc van Montague, Mary Dell Chilton, Robert Fraley Getting From Cells to Elite Cultivars • Finding the modified cells (Selectable Markers) • “Regeneration” – from tissue culture to a whole plants • Sorting the “Events” • “Introgression” – breeding to move the trait into elite seed lines Maud Hinghee, Soybean regeneration How to Regulate Biotech Crops? Development of the Coordinated Framework for the regulation of plant biotechnology Open, broad stakeholder participation No new food has ever been so scrutinized, regulated or tested What is New? Marker Assisted Breeding/ Selection • Genome mapping and DNA sequencing have become dramatically less costly • Allows breeders to “see” traits they couldn’t easily track before • Makes it possible to track complex traits involving many genes Bacterial spot resistance genes for peppers Many pepper breeding companies have licensed for MAB What is New? Bacterial Leafspot Resistant Tomatoes • Developed by 2Blades • Transgenic, with gene from a close relative • Excellent performance in Univ. FL trials • Reduces need for copper fungicides • No commercial adoption to date Tomato with BS2 Pepper Gene for Bacterial Resistance What is New? Non-browning Apples • Developed by Okanagan Specialty Fruit • RNAi to turn of browning genes • Approved US and Canada • Acquired by Intrexon • Ramping up acreage for vertically integrated sliced apple business at retail Arctic® Apple What is New? Low Bruising, Low Acrylamide, Disease Resistant Potatoes • “Cisgenic” no “foreign genes” • “RNAi” to turn specific genes down/off • Late blight resistance from wild potatoes • Working with 2Blades and Sainsbury Lab (UK) on more resistance genes • Sustainability, reduced food waste advantages • Being marketed at retail as White Russet™ - 1,500 stores, 20 states • Also food service demand • Identity preservation system What is New? Genome Editing Genome editing can be used to… • • • Remove some DNA Change the “spelling” in DNA Insert other DNA at a specific site There are several tools for “editing” DNA • • • • • RTDS™ system – Cibus Genetics Zinc Finger - EXZACT™ Precision Technology – Dow AgroSciences Meganucleases TALENs – 2Blades CRISPR-Cas Several Questions Are On The Table How will crop technology be regulated in the future? • By tools or outcomes? Regulation? • Is there any hope of global harmonization? What will happen with regard to labeling? Mandatory Labeling? Several Questions Are On The Table Who should decide which GM tools are available to the produce industry? • Dedicated anti-technology groups? • Brand-sensitive players? • Export customers? • Marketers? • Consumers? What will happen as new biotech products reach the market? • Consumer traits • Smaller companies • Different stories • Alternative channels What Role Will Biotechnology Play In the Produce Sector? Some of the answers will continue to be driven by forces outside of this industry However, it is logical for this industry to actively engage in this important conversation Thank you!! Questions/Comments?!
