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Types of kiwifruit in the PNW Kiwifruit “Fuzzy” kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) “Arctic” kiwifruit (A. kolomikta) • “Hardy” kiwifruit (A. arguta) “Hardy” Kiwifruit: • (A. arguta) is hardy to -10 to -25o F • very vigorous plants • All are dioecious and need a male Ananasnaya Early (Vine ripens in late Sept) 6 to 15 gram fruit Excellent aromatic flavor Skin is smooth and edible; develops a red blush in the sun Issai Early Smaller fruit than Ananasnaya Excellent aromatic flavor Skin is smooth and edible Plants are self-fertile, but fruit benefit from cross pollination http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/ A. arguta the hardy kiwifruit has small flowers Spacing: 15‟ Mature Crop: Year 7-8 Yield/plant: 80 - 120 lb. This female vine can be pollinated by the A. deliciosa male 1 Planting requirements Pruning Vines • Soil with neutral pH; Raised beds recommended • Plant two-year-old, healthy plants • Plant in spring • Prune plants back to two buds • Train shoot as trunk • Lightly fertilize around plants 3 to 4 year old vine before pruning • Build a sturdy trellis Hardy kiwifruit Pruning Vines Pruning Vines Cordon (one in each direction) Fruiting canes (15-20/cordon) 3 to 4 year old vine after pruning A hardy kiwifruit vine “out of control” Wood selection Diagram shows where fruit was produced last season Harvest of Hardy Kiwifruit Vine ripe „Ananasnaya‟ Can be harvested in early Sept. at a Brix of 8-10. This is a physiologically ripe stage Seeds will be black Fruit vine ripen around early Oct. in the WV reaching 23-27 Brix Physiologically ripe „Ananasnaya‟ 2 Harvest of “Fuzzy” Kiwifruit Frost Damage „Hayward‟ does not vine ripen. Harvest physiologically ripe when seeds are black After leaf fall !!!!!!!! Frost damage in hardy kiwifruit at temperatures below 31 F Fruit will tolerate light frost Occurs in all types of kiwi Even though hardy kiwifruit have good cold tolerance, buds/shoots will break early in year. Frost damaged buds/ shoots produce no fruit. The entire crop can be lost to frost Note: immature fruit will have brown seeds. This fruit will not ripen normally if picked Common problems in the home garden Winter Cold Damage „Hayward‟ most sensitive Protect vines by using trunk wraps Winter cold damage to trunk of „Hayward‟ Young hardy kiwifruit vines can also benefit from having trunk wraps Common problems in the home garden Root rot All are very sensitive to root rot Miscellaneous Berry Crops Gooseberry Aronia melanocarpa Red Currant Plant on sites with good drainage Lingonberry Use raised beds Mature vines can die from root rot Vines with root rot will show dead areas like this when the bark is scraped away on the crown/trunk 3 Gooseberry Native currants and gooseberries Ribes aureum (golden currant) R. cereum (wax currant) R. viscosissimum (sticky currant) R. lacustre (swamp currant) R. oxyacanthoides (Idaho gooseberry) R. triste (western red currant) R. hudsonianum (western black currant) Currants R. cereum) Josta Family: Grossulariaceae Ribes sp. Ribes aureum Black currant, Ribes nigrum: Red currant, Ribes rubrum: Black currants are often alternate hosts for white pine blister rust -this disease can kill 5-needle pines Red currants are much less susceptible to white pine blister rust Name Susceptibility to: mildew rust Name „Topsy‟ „Consort‟ „Magnus‟ „Ben Lomond‟ „Crandall‟ medium low none very low none „Red Lake‟ medium „Cherry‟ low-none „Wilder‟ medium „Viking‟ none „Jonkheer van Tets‟ none mid-late mid-late mid late early „White Imperial‟ mid low none low very low none Crandall is a selection from the wild, has fragrant, yellow flowers, but low yield Gooseberry, Ribes uva-crispa, R. hirtellum: Name „Malling Invicta‟ „Hinomaki Yellow‟ Susceptibility to mildew very low Fruit weight (g) 5.9 medium 4.6 „Oregon Champion‟ medium 2.4 „Lepaa Red‟ none 2.8 „Captivator‟ low 3.9 „Pixwell‟ none 2.0 „Poorman‟ none 1.5 „Hinomaki Red‟ low 4.5 Susceptibility to mildew Season none Jostaberries: Black currant and gooseberry hybrids Name Susceptibility to mildew Season „Jostaberry‟ none late „Josta‟ none late 4 Bushes grow 2-6‟ tall Currants are spineless Fruit are borne in small strigs in black currants mainly on one-year-old wood Currants are spineless Fruit of red currants are borne in longer strigs off of spurs on older wood White currant morphology is identical to that of red currants strig Most gooseberries have thorns Fruit are borne in small fascicles mainly off of spurs on older wood. Planting requirements: • need full sun exposure • well-drained soil; a pH of 5.5 to 7 • purchase plants with a good root system Berry (inferior ovary) Remnants of stamens, pistil • prune branches back to 6” at planting in spring • mulching with bark or sawdust is recommended • Note that some older black currant cultivars require a pollinator 5 Pruning: Gooseberries & Currants: Spacing: ~4‟ Mature Crop: Year 4 8 - 14 lb/plant 4 - 8 lb/plant • Black currants produce most fruit on one-year-old shoots • Prune leaving strong, one-year-old shoots and leave an open center • Keep 10-12 canes/bush (about half being strong “whips”) 8 - 12 lb/plant Pruning: Red currant wood in winter Harvest: Spurs on two-yearold wood Non-productive one-year-old wood • Red currants and gooseberries produce most fruit on spurs on two- and three-year-old wood • Keep 10-12 canes/bush (about a third each of strong one-, two-, and three-year-old wood) Harvest: • Red and black currant harvest should be “once-over” • Fruit hang well until all are ripe • Pick black currants as single fruit • Pick red currants on “strigs” or clusters Once-over gooseberry harvest for processing in Oregon • Gooseberries can be picked “once-over” or multiple times • Fruit hang well until all are ripe (soft) • Pick as single fruit Shannon: 14; Nicole 12 Shannon, 4-years-old 6 Aphids Production Problems Currant borer Adult is a moth Larvae tunnel in canes Infested canes wilt Red currants most susceptible Remove infected canes and destroy Abaxial surface Adaxial surface Particularly a problem in currants Imported Currant Worm (sawfly) Adult is a sawfly Larvae feed on leaves defoliating canes Powdery mildew Leaves and fruit infected on susceptible cultivars Plant resistant cultivars Ensure good air circulation Oregon native species Ribes cereum Ribes aureum Ribes sanguineum 7 Family: Ericaceae Lingonberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea Similar flower and fruit morphology to blueberry However, plants have rhizomes and can spread vegetatively Native to the circumpolar boreal region. A creeping, evergreen species rhizome Fruit borne in raceme. There are two bloom periods (spring and summer) and thus two crops/year. Plants grow about 1.5‟ tall. „Red Pearl‟ „Koralle‟ Need cross pollination for fruit production Full sun, low pH, high organic matter Low fertilization Aronia melanocarpa the “chokeberry” End of April • Plants grow 6-8’ tall • Soil pH of 5 to 6 is best • Can tolerate wet soils, but not drought • Plants are cold hardy to about –20F • Flowers avoid or are tolerant to spring frost • Fall planting is considered best • Space 6’ x 12’ • Growth is very vigorous • No pruning of young plants is needed • Prune older plants by thinning out older canes • Young plants need more N/acre than older plants August 8 Elderberry Sambucus canadensis Native species include S. mexicana (blue elderberry) S. racemosa (red or black elderberry) Elderberry test planting, NCGR, Corvallis Highbush Cranberry Viburnum trilobum Amelanchier alnifolia “Service Berry” or “Saskatoons” Haskap Lonicera caerulea Dr. Maxine Thompson retired, OSU professor 9 Goji Berry (Wolf berry) Lycium barbarum Sea Buckthorn Hippophae rhamnoides 10