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Types of kiwifruit in the PNW
Kiwifruit
“Fuzzy” kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)
“Arctic” kiwifruit (A. kolomikta)
• “Hardy” kiwifruit (A. arguta)
“Hardy” Kiwifruit:
• (A. arguta) is hardy to -10 to -25o F
• very vigorous plants
• All are dioecious and need a male
Ananasnaya
Early (Vine ripens in late Sept)
6 to 15 gram fruit
Excellent aromatic flavor
Skin is smooth and edible; develops
a red blush in the sun
Issai
Early
Smaller fruit than Ananasnaya
Excellent aromatic flavor
Skin is smooth and edible
Plants are self-fertile, but fruit benefit
from cross pollination
http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/
A. arguta the hardy kiwifruit
has small flowers
Spacing: 15‟
Mature Crop: Year 7-8
Yield/plant: 80 - 120 lb.
This female vine can be
pollinated by the A.
deliciosa male
1
Planting requirements
Pruning Vines
• Soil with neutral pH; Raised beds recommended
• Plant two-year-old, healthy plants
• Plant in spring
• Prune plants back to two buds
• Train shoot as trunk
• Lightly fertilize
around plants
3 to 4 year old vine before
pruning
• Build a sturdy trellis
Hardy kiwifruit
Pruning Vines
Pruning Vines
Cordon (one in each direction)
Fruiting canes (15-20/cordon)
3 to 4 year old vine after
pruning
A hardy kiwifruit vine “out of control”
Wood selection
Diagram shows where
fruit was produced last
season
Harvest of Hardy Kiwifruit
Vine ripe „Ananasnaya‟
Can be harvested in early Sept.
at a Brix of 8-10. This is a
physiologically ripe stage
Seeds will be black
Fruit vine ripen around
early Oct. in the WV
reaching 23-27 Brix
Physiologically
ripe „Ananasnaya‟
2
Harvest of “Fuzzy” Kiwifruit
Frost Damage
„Hayward‟ does not vine ripen. Harvest
physiologically ripe when seeds are black
After leaf fall !!!!!!!!
Frost damage in hardy kiwifruit
at temperatures below 31 F
Fruit will tolerate light frost
Occurs in all types of kiwi
Even though hardy kiwifruit
have good cold tolerance,
buds/shoots will break early
in year. Frost damaged
buds/ shoots produce no
fruit.
The entire crop can be
lost to frost
Note: immature fruit will have
brown seeds. This fruit will not
ripen normally if picked
Common problems in the home garden
Winter Cold Damage
„Hayward‟ most sensitive
Protect vines by using trunk wraps
Winter cold damage
to trunk of „Hayward‟
Young hardy kiwifruit
vines can also benefit from
having trunk wraps
Common problems in the home garden
Root rot
All are very sensitive to root rot
Miscellaneous
Berry Crops
Gooseberry
Aronia melanocarpa
Red Currant
Plant on sites with good drainage
Lingonberry
Use raised beds
Mature vines can die from root rot
Vines with root rot will show dead areas
like this when the bark is scraped away on
the crown/trunk
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Gooseberry
Native currants and gooseberries
Ribes aureum (golden currant)
R. cereum (wax currant)
R. viscosissimum (sticky currant)
R. lacustre (swamp currant)
R. oxyacanthoides (Idaho gooseberry)
R. triste (western red currant)
R. hudsonianum (western black currant)
Currants
R. cereum)
Josta
Family: Grossulariaceae
Ribes sp.
Ribes aureum
Black currant, Ribes nigrum:
Red currant, Ribes rubrum:
Black currants are often alternate
hosts for white pine blister rust -this disease can kill 5-needle pines
Red currants are much less
susceptible to white pine blister rust
Name
Susceptibility to:
mildew
rust
Name
„Topsy‟
„Consort‟
„Magnus‟
„Ben Lomond‟
„Crandall‟
medium
low
none
very low
none
„Red Lake‟
medium
„Cherry‟
low-none
„Wilder‟
medium
„Viking‟
none
„Jonkheer van Tets‟ none
mid-late
mid-late
mid
late
early
„White Imperial‟
mid
low
none
low
very low
none
Crandall is a selection from the wild, has
fragrant, yellow flowers, but low yield
Gooseberry, Ribes uva-crispa, R. hirtellum:
Name
„Malling Invicta‟
„Hinomaki Yellow‟
Susceptibility
to mildew
very low
Fruit weight
(g)
5.9
medium
4.6
„Oregon Champion‟ medium
2.4
„Lepaa Red‟
none
2.8
„Captivator‟
low
3.9
„Pixwell‟
none
2.0
„Poorman‟
none
1.5
„Hinomaki Red‟
low
4.5
Susceptibility
to mildew
Season
none
Jostaberries:
Black currant
and gooseberry
hybrids
Name
Susceptibility
to mildew
Season
„Jostaberry‟
none
late
„Josta‟
none
late
4
Bushes grow 2-6‟ tall
Currants are spineless
Fruit are borne in small
strigs in black currants
mainly on one-year-old
wood
Currants are spineless
Fruit of red currants
are borne in longer
strigs off of spurs on
older wood
White currant morphology
is identical to that of red
currants
strig
Most gooseberries have
thorns
Fruit are borne in small
fascicles mainly off of
spurs on older wood.
Planting requirements:
• need full sun exposure
• well-drained soil; a pH of 5.5 to 7
• purchase plants with a good root system
Berry (inferior ovary)
Remnants of stamens, pistil
• prune branches back to 6” at planting in spring
• mulching with bark or sawdust is recommended
• Note that some older black currant cultivars require a
pollinator
5
Pruning:
Gooseberries & Currants:
Spacing: ~4‟
Mature Crop: Year 4
8 - 14 lb/plant
4 - 8 lb/plant
• Black currants produce most fruit on one-year-old shoots
• Prune leaving strong, one-year-old shoots and leave an open
center
• Keep 10-12 canes/bush (about half being strong “whips”)
8 - 12 lb/plant
Pruning:
Red currant wood
in winter
Harvest:
Spurs on two-yearold wood
Non-productive
one-year-old wood
• Red currants and gooseberries produce most fruit on spurs
on two- and three-year-old wood
• Keep 10-12 canes/bush (about a third each of strong one-,
two-, and three-year-old wood)
Harvest:
• Red and black currant harvest
should be “once-over”
• Fruit hang well until all are
ripe
• Pick black currants as single
fruit
• Pick red currants on “strigs” or
clusters
Once-over gooseberry harvest
for processing in Oregon
• Gooseberries can be picked
“once-over” or multiple times
• Fruit hang well until all are
ripe (soft)
• Pick as single fruit
Shannon: 14; Nicole 12
Shannon, 4-years-old
6
Aphids
Production Problems
Currant borer
Adult is a moth
Larvae tunnel in canes
Infested canes wilt
Red currants most
susceptible
Remove infected canes
and destroy
Abaxial surface
Adaxial surface
Particularly a problem in currants
Imported Currant
Worm (sawfly)
Adult is a sawfly
Larvae feed on leaves
defoliating canes
Powdery mildew
Leaves and fruit infected
on susceptible cultivars
Plant resistant cultivars
Ensure good air
circulation
Oregon native species
Ribes cereum
Ribes aureum
Ribes sanguineum
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Family: Ericaceae
Lingonberry
Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Similar flower and fruit morphology to blueberry
However, plants have rhizomes and can spread vegetatively
Native to the circumpolar
boreal region.
A creeping, evergreen species
rhizome
Fruit borne in raceme. There are two bloom periods (spring
and summer) and thus two crops/year.
Plants grow about 1.5‟ tall.
„Red Pearl‟
„Koralle‟
Need cross
pollination for
fruit production
Full sun, low pH, high
organic matter
Low fertilization
Aronia melanocarpa
the “chokeberry”
End of April
• Plants grow 6-8’ tall
• Soil pH of 5 to 6 is best
• Can tolerate wet soils, but not drought
• Plants are cold hardy to about –20F
• Flowers avoid or are tolerant to spring frost
• Fall planting is considered best
• Space 6’ x 12’
• Growth is very vigorous
• No pruning of young plants
is needed
• Prune older plants by
thinning out older canes
• Young plants need more
N/acre than older plants
August
8
Elderberry
Sambucus canadensis
Native species include
S. mexicana (blue elderberry)
S. racemosa (red or black elderberry)
Elderberry test planting, NCGR, Corvallis
Highbush Cranberry
Viburnum trilobum
Amelanchier alnifolia
“Service Berry” or “Saskatoons”
Haskap
Lonicera caerulea
Dr. Maxine Thompson
retired, OSU professor
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Goji Berry (Wolf berry)
Lycium barbarum
Sea Buckthorn
Hippophae rhamnoides
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