Download Key for Week 1 Course Packet Page 1

Key for Week 1
Course Packet
Page 1-2
A. Anatomy – That branch of science dealing with the form and structure of body parts.
a. Gross – Study of macroscopic structures.
1. Systemic: study of body structures via systems.
Examples:
Circulatory System
Digestive System
2. - Regional: study of systems within a region of the body
Examples:
Head and Neck for dental hygeine
Arm for physical therapy
b. Microscopic – Study of microscopic structures.
1. Cytology: Study of Cells
2. Histology: Study of Tissues
c. Developmental – Study of the structural changes that occur from
conception to birth. This branch includes embryology
d. Comparative – Study focused on comparing anatomy between different
organisms. Example: Examination of forelimbs of vertebrate animals.
II. Physiology – That branch of science dealing with the study of body functions.
A. Systemic – Body Systems. Example: Cardiac physiology
B. Immunology – Body Defense e.g. How the body defends itself against viruses
like the common cold virus.
C. Cell Physiology – Cellular FunctionExample: Process of cell division.
D. Comparative – Comparison with other animals
Example: Comparison of how respiratory physiology differs in humans compared
to non-mammalian animals.
III. Pathology is the study of structural and functional changes associated with disease.
Key for Week 1
Course Packet
Page 1-3: Main Concept Ideas (assignment was to give examples of each), this will mean
that the answers that you give may be quite variable than what appears here in a set of
sample examples.
Levels of Organization
The human body is very complex contains several levels of organization. Starting from
the simplest to the most complex.
Chemical or Molecular Organization: water (H20), proteins, carbohydrates, enzymes
Cellular level: Nerve cells (called neurons), muscle cells, epithelial cells (making up the
lining of the skin and mucous membranes), hepatocytes (make up the liver).
Tissue level: Nervous tissue, muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, connective tissue.
Organ level: Liver, brain, gonads, kidneys, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, skin.
Organ system level: Numerous but includes: digestive, reproductive, endocrine, skeletal
Organism level: Human, dog, zebra, bird, fish
Homeostasis:
For cells to live and grow the need extracellular fluid that bathes them with just the right
concentrations of:
Glucose
Electrolytes e.g. Calcium, sodium, chloride, potassium etc.
Gases e.g. oxygen
Nutrients (including vitamins)
pH (concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions)
Key for Week 1
Course Packet
Page 1-4
A homeostatic mechanism can be recognized as having five component parts.
Stimulus
Receptor
Control center
Effector
Response
Negative Feedback Control Systems
Negative feedback control systems cause the variable to change in direction opposite to that of the
initial change, returning it to its “ideal value.”
Blood Sugar Example:
1. Stimulus – increase in blood sugar after you eat a meal.
2. Receptor – Pancreas cells detect increase, because blood courses through all organs.
3. Control Center – Pancreas responds (notice the pancreas is both the receptor and the control center
that integrates the information).
4. Kind of signal sent by the control center to the effector
5. Response – Insulin signal tells the various cells of the body (throughout the body) to uptake
sugar/glucose for an energy source (to metabolize inside the respective cells).
6. Set point = 90 mg Glucose / 100 ml of blood
Page 1-5 & 1-6 are for demonstration purposes only - there is nothing to fill out, but try to understand
the basic components AND most importantly their relationships. Use in conjunction with your online
lectures and after you read the material in the text.
Page 1-7
Body Temperature example:
1. Type of change in the internal environment – increase or decrease in core body temperature.
2. Stimulus – heat or cold
3. Receptor – nerves in the skin
4a. Kind of signal sent by control center to effector – nerve impulse, technically an action
potential, but this is not expected to be known in an intro course.
4b. Control center – Spinal cord, that respond by reflexes from and to the nerves in the skin.
5. Effector – (depends upon which type of change, but if an increase in temperature i.e.
hyperthermia then sweat glands, if hypothermia then blood vessels shunt blood to body core and
away from extremities, muscles contract and cause shivering).
6. Response – return of body temperature back to normal.
7. Set point – 98.6 degrees if Fahrenheit, or 36.7 – 37.2 degrees Celcius
Key for Week 1
Course Packet
Page 1-7 (cont.)
Carbon Dioxide Levels in the Blood:
1. Type of change in internal environment: Change in CO2 levels due to vigorous exercise and
production of waste gas because of cellular respiration (burning of glucose fuel) in the body.
2. Stimulus - Increase in P CO2 value in the blood due to cell metabolism and burning of
energy.
3. Receptor - cells in the brain that detect change in blood CO2 levels.
4a. Kind of signal sent by the control center to the effector – biochemical
4b. Control Center - Brain stem (medulla and pons), sends message via nerves
5. Effector - Muscles (diaphragm) and lungs.
6. Response - Change of breathing rate to expel excess CO2 aka Hyperventilation,
Therefore CO2 levels in the blood drop.
7. Set point = P CO2 = 35-45 mm Hg (mercury)
p = partial pressure
Page 1-10
Levels of organization
1. Cell (in this image it may not be evident but it is a muscle cell).
2. Organ System (showing circulatory system – notice heart is visible)
3. tissue (notice multiple cells)
4. Molecule
5. Organism
6. Organ
Which of the following are listed in the correct hierarchical order?
Answer is b
Elements: This will be covered in next week’s lectures (hold off for now).