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Key Phys. 102: Introduction to Astronomy Name: ___________________ IMAGES: CIRCLE THE BEST ANSWER (OR TWO TO SPLIT THE POINTS) THE IMAGES TO WHICH THESE REFER ARE ON THE “FINAL” POWERPOINT ON THE T DRIVE. 1)2 This nebula in Lyra Ring Nebula a) shows how stars form. b) shows the likely fate of Sol. c) is a supernova remnant. 2)2 The blue color of this nebula near the winter solstice Trifid Nebula a) arises from the Balmer γ transition. b) is due to preferential scattering of blue light as in Earth’s sky. c) is the light from an embedded blue star. 3)2 The “Pillars of Creation” on this image Eagle Nebula a) show the destruction of a nebula by a supernova explosion b) are the jets from a young star’s “helium flash.” c) harbor forming stars and solar systems. 4)2 The stars in this “Jewel Box” of the southern hemisphere are a) young stars still in their nursery “open cluster.” b) not physically associated, but aligned along our line of sight. c) in the nearest globular cluster to Earth. 5)2 This world is Io a) 10 AU from the sun b) Io, one of the Galilean moons of Jupiter. c) yellow due to the presence of Uranium ore on its surface. 6)2 The 300 billion stars in this galaxy, Andromeda a) have priority reservations at the Betty Ford Center. b) are about 100,000 light years away from us. c) are so distant they create only a dim smudge in Earth’s sky. Earth 7)2 On the surface of this world a) there are no impact craters. b) are the only known sticks in the universe. c) the land area is about twice the area of Mars. 8)2 The fuzzy object M87 a) is an elliptical galaxy in Virgo. b) is M13, the globular cluster in Hercules. c) shows a world in formation by accretion. What is life? It is the flash of a firefly in the night. It is the breath of a buffalo in the wintertime. It is the little shadow which runs across the grass and loses itself in the sunset.” ~Crowfoot Phys. 102: Introduction to Astronomy Final 2009 AOD 12/18/2009 9)2 These objects are Dusty disks in Orion a) infant stars still embedded in their planet-forming disks in the Orion Nebula b) distant, young spiral galaxies with thick dust lanes seen edge-on. c) nearby elliptical galaxies in the throes of a “starburst” stage 10)2 The expanding clouds from this object are the result of Eta Carinae a) a red giant star’s helium flash. b) the first burst of energy from a new star. c) an outburst by a 100 MSol star in its death throes . 11)2 The blur of stuff in this image is Crab Nebula a) a wide view of the Crab Nebula supernova remnant in Taurus. b) high-speed material blasted out of a pulsar. c) a galaxy in Ursa Major undergoing a burst of star formation as seen by the HST. 12)2 The blurred arcs in this image Gravitational lens a) are the gravity-warped images of galaxies far beyond the cluster of galaxies Abell 2218. b) show the imperfections in the Hubble Telescope’s mirror from micro-meteorite collisions. c) galaxies that are warped by interacting with the other galaxies in the image. 13)2 The horse head in this image is Horse Head Nebula a) a region free of gas as shown by distant stars seen below it. b) dust backlit by Lyman α emission. c) dust backlit by Balmer α emission. 14)2 The dusty region in this image shows Centaurus A galaxy a) a spiral galaxy between Earth and the elliptical galaxy in the background b) the elliptical galaxy may have just eaten a spiral, causing star formation. c) the result of a supernova explosion in an elliptical galaxy. I screamed, and – lo! – Infinity Came down and settled over me. Edna St. Vincent Millay M 82 15)2 The blur of stuff in this image is a) a wide view of the Crab Nebula supernova remnant in Taurus. b) high-speed material blasted out of a pulsar. c) a galaxy in Ursa Major undergoing a burst of star formation as seen by the HST. 16)2 The blur of stuff in this image is Crab Nebula central region a) a wide view of the Crab Nebula supernova remnant in Taurus. b) material surrounding and blasted out of a pulsar. c) a galaxy in Ursa Major undergoing a burst of star formation as seen by the HST. Page 2 Phys. 102: Introduction to Astronomy Final 2009 AOD 12/18/2009 17)16 Use the equations given to complete the table: ⎛ sin δ ⎞ Arise = cos −1 ⎜ ⎟ degrees ⎝ cos λ ⎠ α Canton, NY (λ = 44.6° N) δ Star Other Name α Ori Betelgeuse 05 55.2 δ Ori Mintaka 2 cos −1 ( − tan λ tan δ ) hours 15 Δt = Aset = 360 − Arise degrees Arise Aset Δt 7° 24’ 79.6° 280.4° 12.98 = 12h 58min 05h 32.1m -0° 18’ 79.6° 280.4° 12.04 = 12h 2min h m Date Sol Dec 18 17h 41.5m –23.4° 122.7° 237.3° 8.77 = 8h 46min Sol June 21 6h 000m +23.5° 55.9° 304.1° 15.39 = 15h 23min 18)20 Use the constants σ = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4, LSOL=3.827 x 1026 W, and RSOL = 6.96 x 108 m and the equations below to complete the table. TEMPERATURE FROM SPECTRAL TYPE ⎡ T − Tmin ⎤ T = Tmax − (subclass) × ⎢ max ⎥ 10 ⎣ ⎦ LUMINOSITY RADIUS FROM FROM MAGNITUDES LUMINOSITY . Lstar = 10 LS t a r RS tar = Field Guide to the Stars & Planets V MV rS Spectral ly Type Star ⎛ MSol − MStar ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ 2. 5 ⎝ ⎠ 4 πσ T 4 Calculated T K Solar Lums. Lstar Watts Rstar m Rstar/RSol ratio Rigel (β Ori) 0.12 -6.6 773 B8 I 13,800 36,983 1.42 x 1031 23.4 x 109 33.6 Mintaka (δ Ori) 2.23 -5.4 916 0 9.5 II 25,750 12,246 4.69 x 1030 3.87 x 109 5.6 Scheat (β Peg) 2.4 -1.7 199 M2 II 3,400 405.5 1.55 x 1029 40.4 x 109 58.0 19)8 Complete the following table for the phases of the moon : PHASE ELONGATION degrees E or W RISING TIME TRANSIT TIME SETTING TIME Waning Crescent ~45° W 3 am 9 am 3 pm 1st Quarter 90° E Noon 6 pm Midnight Waning Gibbous ~135° W 9 pm 3 am 9 am New 180° 6 am NOON 6 pm 90° W Midnight 6 am Noon 3 rd Quarter Page 3 Phys. 102: Introduction to Astronomy Final 2009 AOD 12/18/2009 20)10 In the table below, fill in the blanks to explain what event occurred at each time and the contents of the universe during each era TIME ERA t=0 EVENT OR CONTENTS Time Begins … the beginning of the universe Planck t ≈ 10-43 sec Quantum foam … nature unknown Gravity separates from the other three forces GUT Inflation t ≈ 10-38 sec Elementary particles of matter and antimatter (leptons & quarks) forming out of energy Universe undergoes HUGE, RAPID expansion (due to separation of Strong Nuclear Force?) The strong force separates from electroweak Electroweak t ≈ 10-10 sec Elementary particle (leptons & quarks) soup Electromagnetic & weak forces separate Particle t ≈ 10-3 sec Quarks bind into protons & neutrons (1 n0 for each 7 p+). Ends with matter/antimatter annihilation … only matter left Last matter-antimatter annihilation Nucleosynthesis t ≈ 3 min Nuclei of He (and some others) formed by fusion Fusion ends … matter is 75% H nuclei, 25% He nuclei Nuclei t ≈ 500,000 yr Plasma of H and He nuclei and electrons. The universe begins to becomes transparent Atoms Nuclei capture electrons to form atoms and the universe becomes transparent. t ≈ 1,000,000 yr First galaxies form Galaxies Stars, galaxies, puppies, kittens and us! Page 4 Phys. 102: Introduction to Astronomy Final 2009 AOD 12/18/2009 21) 24 For the following questions, refer to the Sky Gazer’s Almanac for 2010. a)4 When is Earth at perihelion? How far from the Sun will it be? When is at aphelion and what will be its distance from the sun? Perihelion: January 2nd at 7 pm EST at 91,402,485 miles from the sun Aphelion: July 6th at 7 am EDT at 94,508,351 miles from Sol. b)2 What is the date of the latest sunrise at 40° N in 2010? When is the earliest sunrise? The latest sunset is on January 4th, the earliest sunrise is on June 14. c)4 When do the Vernal Equinox (date & time) and the Summer Solstice (date) occur? How many hours of daylight will there be at 40° N on the solstice? Vernal Equinox, March 20 at 1:32 pm EDT Summer Solstice: June 21st, 15hours, 1 minute o f daylight d)2 What noteworthy event happens on July 11? Total eclipse of the sun on Easter Island, Chile and Argentina e)12 Complete the table TIME (EST) TIME (EDT) EVENT 7:32 pm 8:32 pm Sunset 7:53 pm 8:53 pm Lower Culmination of Polaris 8:08 pm 9:08 pm Mercury Sets 9:34 pm 10:34 pm End of Evening Twilight 9:49 pm 10:49 pm Neptune Rises 9:50 pm 10:50 pm Venus Sets 10:40 pm 11:40 pm Mars Sets 11:10 pm 12:10 am Uranus Rises 11:17 pm 12:17 am Jupiter Rises 11:18 pm 12:18 am Saturn Sets 11:30 pm 12:30 am Waning Crescent Moon Rises 12:00 am 1:00 am Clock Midnight 12:04 am 1:04 am Solar Midnight 1:49 pm 2:49 pm Deneb Transits 2:36 am 3:36 am Beginning of Morning Twilight 3:10 am 4:10 am Neptune Transits 4:34 am 5:34 am Betelgeuse Rises 4:37 am 5:37 am Sunrise Page 5 Phys. 102: Introduction to Astronomy Final 2009 AOD 12/18/2009 22)5 On the first day of class, you were handed a page introducing the course on which was the following quote, Science is simply a long and careful look beneath and beyond the world's skin. In the same field where I see only a muddle of anonymous green, Henry David Thoreau, scientist of Walden Pond, saw infinite variety: cotton grass, foxtail, lifeeverlasting, goldenrod, Saint Johnswort, mullein, meadowsweet. An astronomer sees a sky far richer than mine, filled with quasars and pulsars, galaxies and nebulas. In all that bickering at the bird feeder, an ornithologist sees pair bonds and pecking order. In that annoying rock dug out of the strawberry patch, a geologist sees grey granite left in the 10,000-year-old path of glaciers. This new depth of seeing has taken us from the beetles in our own back yards to the particles inside the atom and the gaseous glow at the end of the universe. -- Rebecca Rupp Are you able to see “beneath the world’s skin” now at the end of the semester more than you did at the beginning? What have you learned in this course that surprised or moved you, or that you’ve found yourself thinking or talking about at odd times? What do you wish I’d asked on this exam? What do you think will stick with you after you’ve left SLU? You are a child of the universe, no less than the trees and the stars; you have a right to be here. And whether or not it is clear to you, no doubt the universe is unfolding as it should. Therefore, be at peace with God, whatever you conceive God to be, and whatever your labors and aspirations, in the noisy confusion of life, keep peace with your soul. With all its sham, drudgery and broken dreams, it is still a beautiful world. Be careful. Strive to be happy. Page 6