Download The Renaissance - Linn-Benton Community College

D. Litzer
ART 205 ART HISTORY STUDY SHEET FOR FINAL
The Renaissance:
Italy;14th Century: Proto Renaissance Italian Sculptors:
Nicola & Giovanni Pisano- Marble Pulpit Nicola- classically inspired Giovanni (son)emotionally inspired
International Style: Popular in N. Italy, Burgundy, Courtly Style; lavish, regal, rich in color,
textures, jewel like appearance, realism of particulars. Gentile de Fabriano, Adoration of the
Magi
Italian Renaissance: Fifteenth Century.
• Florence, under the wing of the Medici • the revival of classical form within the theory of
Christian Humanism • looking to the beauty of natural things as works of the divine. • rise of
independent city states, free thought, community pride. • the artist becomes part of the learned
class, no longer just a craftsman. • the age of humanism-truth, virtue
Sculpture~-Nanni De Banco: Four Saints, 1410, has a unity of classical form and content “Sacred
Conversion”, psychological interaction.
• Donatello; Greatest of the early Renaissance sculptors. (first half of the 15thc.)Achieved a new
realism based on the study of man and nature. Powerful form, expressive. Tense individual,
revolutionary techniqueof vision. An enemy of regularity.
Donatello’s work has ‘Mimesis’ as do other great artists of the Renaissance. ....the ‘spark’ of life,
power that is both from the physical form and the ‘felt’ content.
Renaissance Architecture: Brunelleschi, Alberti, Bramanti (see their works: Duomo in
Florence, Pazzi Chapel, Tempietto) Mathematical & scientific concepts are applied to art. • a
desire to achieve harmony and proportion with classical characteristics. • the enveloping of
space • screen architecture (a false illusion of size largely due to proportions) Architecture
becomes more sculptural and unified.
Renaissance Painting; (15th cen.)
Study its characteristics in relation to painting of the Middle Ages. The Renaissance style:
Balanced, symmetrical, classical, Christian humanism. A sense of stillness-timelessness.
Massaccio; innovative, comprehension of light, implied movement, and space. Solid 3D figures,
modeled after ‘normal’ people. Chiaroscuro—modeling of forms by light. Clothed nudes
(understanding of the form of the body) The Tribute Money, 1427, The Holy Trinity. 1425, The
Expulsion from Paradise. 1425
• Fra Angelico; The Annunciation, 1440-50. The “Angelic Painter”-linear perspective, a
solid spatial order. Painted to understand God.
• Fra F. Lippi-Madonna Enthroned. Madonna and Child with Angels, Brings personality to
painted people: roguishness. A human/worldly element. He loves the lavishness of the Court and
the wealthy, which shows in his attention to color, shape, light and line.
• Piero Della Francesca; The “intellectual artist” - applied Albertian design principles to his
work; harmony, balance, perspective. “Discovery of the True Cross,” portraits. Loved
order, he was not so keen on emotion and the human quality.
• Pollaiuolo, “Battle of Ten Naked Men”, 1465- motion study, study of the muscle/skeletal
structure, new composition created by figures
• S. Bottichelli: 1444-1510, Neo Platonist, paintings are often of pagan mythology with
Christian allegory. His paintings look like music, graceful. A master of linear design. Student of
Lippi. Poetic reality, poetic line : The Birth of Venus. 1482 - Primavera. 1482
• Andrea Mantegna- “Dead Christ”, c.1500 , and the first illusionistic ceiling perspective. “From
Below, Upward” c.1470
Identify artists and their work by style, form, and content and approx.. date.
Early Renaissance: Northern (15ttcentury)
observation of particulars, spiritual content in the environment of the physical world, disguised
symbolism, attempt at three dimensional illusion, richness of color with oil paint. (the North has a
rich tradition of color from the stained glass, enameling, manuscript painting, and the painting of
miniatures)
Roger Campin “Merode Altarpiece”, 1425. (Master of Flemalle) Contemporary setting with much
disguised symbolism; objects are religious metaphors.
Jan Van Eyck; Gent Altarpiece, 1432, Wedding Portrait, 1434, (credited with
perfection/discovery of oil paint as an artist medium.) Man in a Red Turban,
Roger Van Der Weyden; Descent From the Cross, 1435, (human expression, elegant and
understanding of design)
Claus Sluter- Early N. Ren. Sculptor, “Well of Moses” c1403 (International Style)
Konrad Witz “Miraculous Draft of Fish” c.1444 observation and appreciation of site and the
depiction of water.
Jean Fouquet, Melun diptych, 1450, oil on wood (know form and content) (influenced by It. form
and physicality, but also alludes to a different subject than the Virgin and child by his color, form
and space. The painting is enigmatic and an anachronism.
Tilman Riemenschneider (1460-1531) Master wood carver, Assumption of the Virgin, German
Printing Press invented c. 1450, specifically moveable metal type. graphic Arts were influenced
by this and other fine art methods of printing: wood cut, intaglio. See the work of M.
Schoengauer and Abrecht Durer.
HIGH RENAISSANCE (1495-1520) The time of supreme artistic genius. ….educated, minds,
powerful and beautiful forms that express the intentions of the mind, soul, and personality. Be
able to describe the style, content and form of the High Renaissance, and its major artists)
Leonardo da Vinci, ‘The Renaissance man’ Vitruvian Man (Canon of Human Proportions) This
is a reference to the ‘Divine Proportion’. Ratio of 3/5 or 6/9 which was a classical discovery
related to harmony, also used in classical and Renaissance architecture.
Michelangelo: Incredible sculptor, painter, and architect who brought strong content and form to
the movement and structure of the human body. Sistine Chapel, David, Pieta, Last Judgement,
Dome of St. Peters.
Raphael, School of Athens, Pope Leo X, Galatea
Venetian Artists use the work of the triumvirate (above) and bring a new sense of light,
color and mood:
Giorgione “The Tempest”....mood and weather
Titian: Pesaro Madonna, Venus of Urbino, Assumption of the Virgin , (student of Bellini)
G. Bellini “Madonna & Child With Saints” c 1505 (Venetian; light, which equates with color, and
space in glowing atmosphere)
Palladio (architecture) San Georgio, Villa Rotunda, rational,balance, sculptural architecture vs,
his façade for San georgio which exhibits irrational, mannerist tendencys leading to the Baroque.
MANNERISM (define) Michelangelo’s Last Judgment was a strong influence. Rome was sacked
in 1527. Church was undergoing challenges to its authority.
Jacopo Pontorno, “Entombment” Rosso Fiorentino ‘Descent From the Cross’ Parmigianino
‘Madonna with the Long Neck’ (1525-1600, Bronzino “Exposure of Luxury”
Describe characteristics of Northern Ren. Art and Italian Ren. Art (more secular vs. more Church
commissioned)
*Be able to define The High Renaissance, their use of strong design, and note the differences
between the Florentine/Roman High Ren artists(more focus on sculptural form, the intellect and
the ideal) and the Venetians.(more focus on color, natures beauty and appeal to the senses)
Art is used as a tool for power in both Church and secular rule, and to express ideas and peoples
relationship to the world and each other.
NORTHERN HIGH RENAISSANCE:
Know the form and content of:
Hieronymus Bosch, “Garden of Earthly Delights” , Fantasy, c1508
M. Gruenewald; Isenheim Altarpiece, 1510-15 “Crucifixion”,“Resurrection”,“Virgin and Child
with Angels”
A. Altforfer “The Battle of Issus”
A. Durer “Four Apostles”, “Knight Death and Devil”, “Adam & Eve”, ‘Self Portrait”, 1500
(southern/northern stylistic blend)
El Greco (Spain) Spiritual and emotional expression “Burial”, “View of Toledo” 1610
Terms: Chiaroscuro, Grisaille Linear Perspective Classical, Disguised Symbolism, Divine
Proportion, Humanism Mannerism, International Style, Mimesis, NeoPlatonic, Medici, Artist as
Genius, Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther c.1517)
IDENTIFY FORM, UNDERSTAND CONTENT AND CONTEXT OF:
The Baroque Period (1600-1750) in Italy ‘Like an irregular pearl.’ Varied, powerful,
beautiful, rich, dynamic, illusionary space, energetic. (Art is a tool of the powerful.) The
unification of art and spectacle.(Be able to define, give characteristics), Used for
counter reformation purposes.
Italy – Catholic Church Oriented - Counter Reformation, Dramatic, theatrical, spectacle extremes of rationality/emotion. Allegory of: Physical world to the spiritual world.
Caravaggio(1573-1610) - Conversion of St. Paul, Calling of St. Matthew
Caravaggio is known for his use of Tennebrism, and ‘regular people’ within his work.
Caravaggio, along with Bernini were highly influential artists of the Baroque period.
Bernini (1598-1680) - architect and sculptor David, His work is the epitome of the It.
Baroque. Look at all of his work.
Caravaggio: tennebrism. Dramatic, heroic figures
Gentileschi - ‘Judith’ series and her self portrait
Carlo Maderno and Francesco Borromini: sculptural architecture (concave/convex, oval, implies movement) View the Italian Baroque ceiling painters, influenced by earlier Venetian High Ren, painters and how dramatic, heroic, brilliant, and illusionistic they are.