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B1 Glossary acquired characteristic adaptation addicted (H) algae allele amphibians antibacterial antibiotic antifungal antiseptic autotrophic feeding auxin axon bacteria biomass birds blackspot fungus blood glucose regulation blood worm body mass index (BMI) carbon cycle carbon monoxide carcinogen cataracts cell membrane cell wall central nervous system (CNS) characteristics chemical defence A characteristic that is changed by the environment rather than inherited from your parents Organisms have certain characteristics that allow them to survive in particular places When the body is dependent on a drug and doesn’t work properly without it A group of organisms that can make food using photosynthesis but do not have leaves or roots, like plants. These include seaweeds and some single celled organisms Every gene comes in different types called alleles. A gene for eye colour may come in a “blue type” allele or a “brown type” allele Vertebrates that have moist, permeable skin and lay jelly-coated eggs in water Antibiotic that kills or slows the growth of bacteria Substance that can kill or slow the growth of microorganisms Antibiotic that kills or slows the growth of fungi Substance that is used to stop the spread of pathogens Make food from small molecules using an energy source, such as light in photosynthesis Plant hormone that affects the growth and elongation of cells in plants The long extension of a neurone that carries an impulse away from the cell body towards other neurones Simple organisms consisting of one cell that does not contain a nucleus, some of which are pathogens (singular: bacterium) The total mass of living organisms, usually shown as the mass after drying Vertebrates that have lungs, feathers and beaks, and lay hard-shelled eggs Fungus that damages roses and is killed by sulphur dioxide in the air The control of the concentration of glucose in the blood by the body Aquatic species that is an indicator of polluted water Estimate of how healthy a person’s mass is for their height A sequence of processes by which carbon moves from the atmosphere, through living and dead organisms, into sediments and into the atmosphere again A toxic gas (CO), it is found in tobacco smoke that replaces oxygen in the blood, and so reduces the amount of oxygen carried around the body Something that causes cancer, like the tar in cigarette smoke When the lens of the eye becomes cloudy Thin layer around a cell that controls what goes in and out Outer stiff part of some cells that helps to support a cell. Plant cell walls are made of cellulose The spinal cord and brain. These two organs form the main part of the nervous system, processing and controlling the transmission of electrical impulses The features of an organism Preventing attack by the use of chemicals. For example, many plants produce B1 Glossary (H) chemosynthetic bacteria chloroplast chordata chromosome cirrhosis classification cleaner fish climate change clinically obese competition consumer (H) cutting cystic fibrosis (CF) cytoplasm decay decompose decomposer deforestation dendrite dendron denitrifying bacteria depressant dermis diabetes digest DNA dominant allele chemicals that taste unpleasant and this puts herbivores of eating them Bacteria that get the energy they need to make their food from breaking down food. They are producers Green disc found in plant cells, which is used to make food for the plant using photosynthesis Animals that have a supporting rod along the length of their body. All vertebrates belong to this group (also known as chordates) A long thread of a molecule called DNA. Each chromosome contains a series of genes along its length Damage to the liver caused by drinking large amounts of alcohol over a long time The process of sorting organisms into groups based on their characteristics Fish that eat dead skin and parasites from the skin of other fish Changes to the earth’s climate or weather patterns on a global scale When someone is very overweight to an extent that has been shown to cause health problems. For adults this is defined as having a BMI of over 30 When organisms need the same resources as each other, they struggle against each other to get those resources An animal, because it consumes (eats) other organisms Part of a plant normally a leaf or stem) from which a new plant can be grown A genetic disorder caused by inheriting two copies of a recessive allele. It causes thick mucus to collect in the lungs, making breathing difficult, and also stops food being digested very well. Jelly-like part inside a cell where the cell’s activities happen Process in which complex substances in dead plant and animal biomass are broken down by composers into simpler substances To break down larger molecules into smaller ones Organism that feeds on dead material, causing decay The destruction of the world’s trees and forests Many fine extensions of a dendron of a neurone that collect impulses from other neurones or receptors Extension of a neurone that carries the impulse to the cell body. It ends in many dendrites and is usually shorter than an axon Bacteria that break down more complex nitrogen compounds into simpler ones, such as nitrates into nitrites, or nitrites into ammonia Substance that slows down the activity of neurones in the brain The layer of skin below the epidermis, where nerve endings, blood vessels and other structures are found Disease in which the body cannot control blood glucose concentration at the correct level Break down, as when our digestive system breaks up food into simpler substances Deoxyribose nucleic acid. Chemical that makes up genes and chromosomes; the instructions for a cell’s growth and activity Version of a gene (allele) that will always have an effect (as opposed to a B1 Glossary recessive allele, whose effect will not be seen if a dominant allele is present) donor Person who gives, such as the person who gives an organ for transplant to another person drug A substance that changes the way the body works effector Muscle or gland in the body that performs an action when an impulse from the nervous system is received egg cell Another term for ovum endocrine gland A gland that makes and releases hormones environmental Differences between the characteristics of organisms caused by the variation environment erector muscle Muscle in the dermis of the skin that raises the body hair eutrophication The addition of chemicals to water, such as nitrates and phosphates, which encourage plant growth evolution Gradual change over a period of time extinction The dying out of a species so that it no longer exists faeces Waste material from food which was not absorbed by the body family A classification group that contains genera with similar characteristics family pedigree chart A chart showing which members of a family suffer from a genetic disorder feeding relationship The relationship between two organisms where one eats the other fertile Able to produce offspring fertiliser Chemical compounds added by farmers to soil to increase the rate of growth of crops fish Vertebrates that have wet scales, gills and lay jelly-coated eggs food chain A diagram that shows with arrows the flow of food and energy from a producer to the animal that eats that producer, the animal that eats that animal, and so on food web A diagram of interlinked food chains that show how the feeding relationships in one habitat are independent fossil The remains or trace evidence of prehistoric living organisms freshwater shrimp Aquatic species that is an indicator of clean water fungus Organism that feeds on dead or decaying material gamete Cell that contains only half the normal number of chromosomes. It joins with another sex cell during fertilisation, to produce a fertilised egg cell which contains a full set of chromosomes gene A section of DNA that carries the instructions for a characteristic genetic cross diagram Diagram showing how the alleles in two parents may form different combinations in the offspring when the parents reproduce genetic disorder A disease cause by alleles genetic variation Variation in characteristics caused by the instructions within cells genotype The alleles for a certain characteristic that are found in an organism genus A classification group that contains species with similar characteristics (plural: genera) geotropism Tropism in response to gravity germinate When a seed starts to grow a shoot and a root gibberellins Group of plant hormones that can cause seeds to germinate, and flowers and B1 Glossary gland global warming glucagon glucose glycogen greenhouse effect greenhouse gases habitat hallucinogen heterotrophic feeding heterozygous homeostasis homeotherm homozygous hormone host hybrid hydrothermal vent hypothalamus impulse indicator species infectious disease inherited variation inhibition insulin interbreed interdependent internal environment fruits to form A part of the body that makes substances and then releases them The increase in the Earth’s average temperature likely to be caused by increased amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere Hormone released by endocrine glands in the pancreas , which increases the blood glucose concentration by causing cells, especially those in the liver, to turn glucose to glycogen A sugar, which is produced by the digestion of carbohydrates and is needed by cells for respiration A storage material made from glucose When gases in the atmosphere trap heat energy and keep the Earth warm Gases that help to trap heat in the atmosphere. They include carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour The place an organism lives in, for example woodland Substance that distorts sense perception Getting food by eating and digesting the tissues of other organisms If both alleles for a characteristic are the same, the organism is heterozygous for that characteristic Controlling the internal environment of the body at stable levels An animal that keeps its body temperature more constant than the surroundings, and often warmer, by releasing heat from reactions in the body If both alleles for a characteristic are the same, the orgasm is homozygous for that characteristic A substance that is made and released in one part of the body and that has an effect on another part of the body (a chemical messenger) Organism that provides food for a parasite An organism that is the result of breeding together two different species. A hybrid has characteristics from each species Area on the seabed where hot gases and water are forced up from below, by being heated up magma below the sea floor Part of the brain that controls body temperature Electrical signal transmitted along a neurone Species that is particularly sensitive to or tolerant of pollution, so that its presence or absence can be used as a measure of pollution Illness that is caused by a microorganism and can be caught from an infected person Variation caused by genes The feeling that you can’t or shouldn’t do something Hormone released by endocrine glands in the pancreas, which decreases the blood glucose concentration by causing cells, especially those in the liver, to turn glycogen into glucose Reproduce with other members of the same group Depending on each other The conditions inside the body B1 Glossary invertebrate key Animal with no backbone Diagram containing a set of questions or statements that can be used to work out the name of an organism kingdom The largest division in the classification of organisms Kingdom Animalia A large group of complex organisms that have nervous systems Kingdom Fungi A large group of organisms that cannot make their own food. They reproduce using spores (rather than seeds) and live attached to their food source. They include moulds, yeasts, mushrooms and toadstools Kingdom Plantae A large group of organisms that usually have cells containing chloroplasts and can make their own food using photosynthesis Kingdom Prokaryotae A large group of organisms that consist of one cell, which does not have a nucleus. Bacteria are an example Kingdom Protoctista A large group of organisms that do not fit into any of the other four kingdoms. Algae are an example kidney An organ that is important in removing extra water and salts from the blood by producing urine (H) legume Plant of the pea family, including peas and beans lichen Mutualistic relationship between a fungus and an alga; different species of lichen are affected differently by air pollution, so they can be used as pollution indicators (H) malaria A dangerous disease caused by a protest that causes serious fever, headaches and vomiting and can lead to death mammals Vertebrates that have fur, lungs and produce milk on which they feed their young motor neurone Neurone that carries impulses to effectors (H) MRSA Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a strain of bacterium that is resistant to many kinds of antibiotics mutation A change in the DNA of a gene mutualism A relationship between organisms where both benefit narcotic A drug that makes you feel sleepy natural selection A process in which the organisms that are best suited to the conditions in their habitats are more likely to survive negative feedback A control mechanism that reacts to a change in a condition (such as temperature) by trying to bring the condition back to a normal level negative tropism Tropism in which the response is away from the stimulus nerve Bundle of neurones nerve cell Another term for neurone nervous system An organ system that includes the brain and nerves, which carries information around an organism neurone A cell that transmits electrical impulses in the nervous system neurotransmission Impulses passing from neurone to neurone neurotransmitter Substance that diffuses across the gap between two neurones at a synapse, and triggers an impulse to be generated in the neurone on the other side of the synapse nicotine Stimulant in tobacco smoke which is addictive and makes it difficult to give up B1 Glossary nitrifying bacteria nitrogen cycle nitrogen-fixing bacteria osmoregulation oviparous ovum painkiller pancreas parasite parasitism pathogen pedigree analysis phenotype photosynthesis phototropism poikilotherm pollen grains population growth positive gravitropism predator prey primary consumer producer protozoan Punnett square pyramid of biomass reaction time receptor cell recessive allele smoking Bacteria that make more complex nitrogen compounds from simpler ones, such as nitrates from nitrites, or nitrites from ammonia A sequence of processes by which nitrogen moves from the atmosphere through living and dead organisms, into the soil and back to the atmosphere Bacteria that can take nitrogen from the atmosphere and convert it to more complex nitrogen compounds such as ammonia Controlling the amount of water in the body Offspring develop in eggs, as in birds The female gamete in plants and animals (plural:ova) Substance that blocks the transmission of pain responses via neurones in the brain Organ in the body that produces some digestive enzymes as well as insulin and glucagon Organism that lives on or in a host organism and takes food from it while it is alive A feeding relationship where one organism benefits and another is harmed Microorganism that causes disease When doctors study family pedigree charts to assess the probability that a couple may have passed on a genetic disorder to their child The characteristics that a certain set of alleles cause Set of chemical reactions in plants that allow them to produce their own food (glucose) using water and carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen as a waste product. The process is powered by light from the sun Tropism in response to light An animal whose body temperature varies with the temperature of the environment around it The male gamete in plants Increase in population size over time Tropism in which the response is towards the stimulus Animal that kills other animals to eat An organism that is hunted and killed by a predator An animal that eats producers (i.e. a herbivore) Organism that makes its own food, such as a plant using photosynthesis Type of one-celled protoctist that requires a source of food (i.e. it cannot photosynthesise as some other protoctists can) Diagram used to predict the different characteristics that will be present in the offspring of two organisms with known combinations of alleles. You can use the square to work out the probability that offspring will inherit a certain feature Diagram showing the biomass in each trophic level in a food chain How long it takes to respond to a stimulus Cell that receives a stimulus and converts it into an electrical impulse to be sent to the brain and / or spinal cord Version of an allele (gene) that will only have an effect if the other allele is B1 Glossary (H) reflex (H) reflex arc relay neurone reptiles resistant respiration response ring species root nodule (H) rooting powder saprophytic feeding sebaceous glands (H) selective weedkiller sense organ sensory neurone sex cells sickle cell disease skin cancer sludgeworm speciation species sperm cells spinal cord sterilise also recessive Response to a stimulus that does not require processing by the brain. The response is automatic Connection of a sensory neurone to a motor neurone(often via a relay neurone) that allows reflex actions to occur A short type of neurone, found in the spinal cord and brain, that link sensory, motor and other relay neurones Vertebrates that have lungs, dry and scaly skin and lay leathery-shelled eggs An organism that has evolved so that it is not affected by substances that would usually kill it. In the case of bacteria, no longer killed by an antibiotic. In the case of rats, no longer killed by warfarin poison. Organisms may vary in the range of their resistance, so that although some organisms may be killed, others may be made very ill but recover, while a few may be unaffected Process that takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, which all living things use to release energy from food for all their activities Action that occurs due to a stimulus A ring of populations, in which neighbouring populations that can interbreed but the populations at the two ends of the chain cannot (despite the fact that they might both live in the same area) Small structure that legume plants make on their roots for nitrogen-fixing bacteria to live in Powder that contains plant hormones called auxins that help plant cuttings to grow roots quickly Getting food by digesting the tissues of other organisms outside the body and absorbing the digested food Glands at the base of skin hairs that release oil onto the skin surface, keeping the skin lubricated and healthy. Weedkiller that contains artificial plant hormones and will kill only certain types of plants. Most selective weedkillers kill plants with broad leaves and not those with narrow leaves Organ that contains receptor cells Neurone that carries impulses from receptors Another term for gamete A genetic disorder caused by inheriting two copies of a recessive allele. It causes tiredness, shortness of breath and periods of extreme ain in the joints A cancer or cancerous tumour on the skin Aquatic species that is an indicator of polluted water Formation of new species, such as when populations of a species are separated geographically and evolve until they are no longer capable of interbreeding Each different type of organism is called a species. The members of a species can reproduce with each other to produce offspring that will also be able to reproduce The male gamete in animals Large bundles of nerves, leading from the brain and down the back To kill microorganisms such as bacteria B1 Glossary stimulant stimulus stonefly larva subcutaneous fat survival of the fittest sweat gland synapse tar target organ thermoregulation transplant trophic level tropism type 1 diabetes type 2 diabetes ultrasound scan urea urine variation (H) vasoconstriction (H) vasodilation vector vertebra vertebrate virus viviparous Substance that increases the speed of transmission of nerve impulses across synapses Change in an environmental factor that is detected by receptors (plural: stimuli) Aquatic species that is an indicator of clean water Layer of fat under the skin See “Natural Selection” A gland found in the skin that produces sweat. Point at which two neurones meet. There is a tiny gap between two neurones at a synapse, which cannot transmit an electrical impulse Sticky black substance in tobacco smoke that contains carcinogens An organ on which a hormone has an effect The control of temperature inside the body by mechanisms in the body Taking an organ from one person and putting it into the body of another (often to save the life of that other person) One level of a food chain, such as producer, herbivore, carnivore A response to a stimulus in which an organism grows towards or away from the stimulus Type of diabetes in which the pancreas does not make insulin Type of diabetes in which cells, especially those in the liver, do not respond to insulin A way of making an image of part of the body (usually a foetus) using ultrasound waves reflected from parts of the inside of the body A nitrogen-rich substance in urine Fluid produced by the kidneys, which contains waste materials from the body, such as water and salts Differences between characteristics in different organisms Narrowing of the blood vessels (capillaries) Widening of the blood vessels (capillaries) Organism that transfers a pathogen from one person to another, such as Anopheles mosquito which spreads that protozoan that causes malaria when it bites a human Small bone in the backbone of a vertebrate Animal with a backbone A particle that can infect cells and cause the cells to make copies of that virus, such as the influenza virus Mother gives birth to live young, as in mammals