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Transcript
Plant Structure 1 The ability of molecules of one substance to stick to a different substance. adhesion The part of the stamen that produces and stores pollen until it is ripe. anther The suppression of the growth of the lateral buds by the apical bud, thus allowing the stem to elongate. apical dominance Angle between the petiole of a leaf and the stem. axil Beginning of a shoot, leaf or flower. Leaf or flower not fully open. Also an asexual growth later separating to form new organism. bud Female reproductive part of a flower, consisting of stigma, style and ovary. carpel Cells in phloem associated with sieve tube cells. The nucleus of these companion cells cells also controls the activities of the phloem sieve tube cells. Tissue of the stem or root that lies outside the vascular tissue. cortex (of plant) Non-cellular waxy layer covering the epidermis of a leaf. Prevents excess loss of water (by evaporation) from leaf. cuticle Refers to plants that may be woody or herbaceous, have an embryo with two seed leaves, flower parts in units of four or five, leaves with dicotyledon netted (reticulate) venation and vascular bundles are arranged in a circle. These plants also have tap roots, e.g. broad bean. Group of threadlike roots approximately equal in size arising from base of stem, e.g. grasses. fibrous root(s) Found each side of stomata in the epidermis of plants. Controls opening and closing of stomata and contains chlorophyll. Regulates gas exchange and transpiration. guard cell The arrangement of flowers on the stem of a plant – single or group, along the stem or clustered, e.g. lupin, foxglove, gladioli, etc. inflorescence Bud found on the side of a winter twig or bulb. lateral bud Side shoots, i.e. shoots arising from the axil and growing away from the main shoot. lateral shoot(s) Page 1 of 3 A raised opening (pore) in the bark of a woody stem formed by loosely arranged cells with air spaces between them to facilitate gaseous exchange. Tip of shoots and roots of plants. Area of active cell division (mitosis) which produces ‘simple’ cells which later undergo elongation and differentiation to give rise to the various plant tissues, e.g. xylem, phloem, etc. Leaf that has undergone changes in structure in order to adapt to its environment, sometimes store food and survive adverse conditions, e.g. pine needles, cactus needles, celery, rhubarb, fleshy leaves of bulbs, etc. Stem that has undergone changes in structure in order to adapt to its environment, store food and survive adverse conditions, e.g. rhizome, stem tuber (potatoes), etc. lenticel meristem modified leaf modified stem Gland found on any flower part which secretes nectar. nectary Point on a stem where a leaf or leaves are attached. node Cells containing chlorophyll found at the top of a leaf forming one or more layers. Function in photosynthesis. palisade cell Part of a flower, usually coloured. Attracts insects to effect pollination. petal Conducting tissue in plants for transporting substances, e.g. food and hormones. phloem Soft spongy tissue in the centre of most angiosperm stems. pith Tip of the main shoots and roots of plants. Area of active cell division (mitosis) which produces ‘simple’ cells which later undergo primary meristem elongation and differentiation to give rise to the various plant tissues, e.g. xylem, phloem, etc. Part of a plant embryo that develops into the root. radicle Swollen horizontal underground stem. Perennating organ. Terminal bud produces leaves and flowers above ground. Lateral buds produce new ones of these underground, roots (adventitious) e.g. iris, mint, scutch grass. rhizome A loosely arranged mass of cells that covers and protects the root tip as it grows through the soil. root cap The force which can push water up a stem from the root and cause it to exude (seep) from a cut stump of a plant. The movement of water root pressure into the xylem, by osmosis, causes this. Page 2 of 3 A branch off the main root, e.g. lateral roots off a main tap root. secondary root That part of a plant that grows above the ground. Young branch or sucker, new growth of plant. shoot That part of a plant that usually grows upwards from the soil. Possesses leaves and buds. Its main functions are support, conduction (in xylem and phloem) and sometimes storage. A tiny opening in the upper or lower epidermis of a leaf through which gases pass (gaseous exchange). Surrounded by two guard cells. stem Stoma(ta) Swollen root for food storage. Not a reproductive organ. Biennial plants, e.g. carrot, turnip, dandelion, etc. have them. tap root Bud found at end of stem. Also called an apical bud. terminal bud The loss of water vapour from the surface of a plant. transpiration Leaf that has two or more colours, it may be spotted or striped. variegated leaf A transport system: in animals, it is composed of the blood/circulatory system. in plants, it is composed of the water (xylem) and food (phloem) conducting system. vascular system Pertaining to the asexual parts of the plant, i.e. stem, leaf, root – not flowers and seeds. vegetative Water and mineral conducting tissue in plants, composed of dead cells. Forms the woody tissue and provides mechanical support. xylem Short, wide, dead cells arranged end to end, no end walls. Form continuous tube, larger diameter cells than xylem tracheids. Have lignin, in spiral bands for thickening, and numerous pits. They transport water and minerals upwards from root to stem. Area in root and shoot tips immediately behind the meristematic zones where simple cells undergo a lengthening process prior to differentiation. Page 3 of 3 xylem vessel zone of elongation