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Name:__________________________________________ A. Specialized cells The human body is made of many specialized cells that perform specific functions. Specialized cells arise from the differentiation of unspecialized cells during embryological development. Unspecialized cells are called STEM cells that have the ability to reproduce and differentiate into a diverse range of specialized cells that make up the organism. This is determined by the DNA, which holds the genetic code and controls what a cell turns into. Learning check: 1. What are stem cells? 2. What makes stem cells special? 3. What are some of the types of cells that stem cells can differentiate into? Unlike animals, many plant cells retain the ability to differentiate and specialize throughout their life. These cells are found in tissues called meristems located in tips of roots and stems. Meristem cells can become parts of stems, leaves, roots, and flowers. Learning check: What type of plant cell is able to differentiate into other cell types? Period:_________ Name:__________________________________________ Period:_________ Types of animal and plant specialized cells Image Type of Cell B red blood cell Found in Function Blood Contains hemoglobin, a red pigment (protein) that carries oxygen. Carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells in the body and carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs to be exhaled. Does not have a nucleus, so there is more space to carry oxygen. Protect the body against (fight) infectious diseases and foreign invaders. White Blood Cell (WBC) – also called leukocytes Blood Muscle cell Heart Skeletal muscles Stomach Long and stretchy Arranged in bundles called muscle fibers. Can contract witch makes the fibers shorter and cause bones to move. Neuron (Nerve cell) Brain Communication - carry nerve impulses around the body – to and from the brain. Receive, process and transmit information. Nerve impulse is an electrical message (signal). Epithelial cell (Epithelium) Ex. Cheek cells in a mouth Intestine Lungs Skin Cover and protect surfaces inside and outside the body. Protect from mechanical injuries, harmful chemicals, loss of water: skin Lining for most internal cavities such as lining of small intestine and lungs. Absorption of nutrients from digestion of food: lining of small intestine Root Hair cell Plant roots The root hair increases the root’s surface area so as to absorb more water and minerals from the soil. Name:__________________________________________ Leaf cell (Palisade cell) In the top of a plant leaf Xylem vessel Make up the vascular tissue of stems in plants. Phloem vessel Period:_________ Contain lots of chloroplasts to maximize photosynthesis – need chloroplasts to absorb light and make food during photosynthesis Xylem: Transports water/minerals up the stem from soil. Dead cells. Phloem: Transport food (sugar made in photosynthesis) down the roots and rest of plant (up and down). Living cells. Learning check: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. What is the purpose of hemoglobin? ______________________________________________________________ What category of biomolecules hemoglobin belongs to? ______________________________________________ What is the function red blood cell? ______________________________________________________________ What is the function of white blood cell? __________________________________________________________ Muscles can move bones. How? _________________________________________________________________ When muscle fibers “contract”, what does it mean? ________________________________________________ What is the function of a neuron? _______________________________________________________________ What is a nerve impulse? ______________________________________________________________________ These cells cover and protect surfaces inside and outside the body. These cells provide lining for most internal cavities. Which type of cell is being described? _____________________________________________________ 10. Do plants have epithelial cells? __________________________________________________________________ 11. How do plants benefit from having root hairs? ______________________________________________________ 12. Where is a leaf most of the chloroplasts located? ____________________________________________________ 13. How do plants benefit from having most of the chloroplasts in the top layer of the leaf? ____________________ 14. What are the two types of vascular tissue? _________________________________________________________ 15. What is the function of a xylem? _________________________________________________________________ 16. What is the function of a phloem? ________________________________________________________________