Download File - History With Mrs. Heacock

Name _______________________________ Period_______ Date _______Parent Signature:_____________
mrsheacock.weebly.com
Ancient Greeks
CW Grade
HW Grade
/130
/50
Mrs. Heacock – Ancient Civilizations
DUE DATE: Thurs, Dec. 17
Describe the impact of Ancient Greek civilization on the U.S and the world?
Directions: Read the following summary and answer the questions below:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Greece's geography played a major role in the lives of the Greeks. The
mountains, climate, and seas determined where people settled and what they did.
Geography shaped Greece's government as well, dividing the people into distinct
communities. The Greeks developed the concept of citizenship. The citizens ran
the city-states. People could meet and debate issues at the agora. Greek citizens
could also choose officials, pass laws, vote, and hold public office. In exchange for
these rights, Greek citizens were required to serve in government and fight as
soldiers.
With the support of Greece's common people, tyrants were able to seize
power from the nobles. The majority of the city-states replaced tyrants with new
forms of government. Eventually Athens established a democracy and Sparta
formed an oligarchy.
At the same time, Cyrus the Great united the Persians and built a vast
empire. Persia paid men to be full-time soldiers. As a result, its army became
powerful. Beginning around 490 B.C. the Persians and the Greek city-states battled
over control of Greece.
The Athenian democratic system was a direct democracy. Under the
leadership of Pericles, the Athenian government became more democratic and
Athens became powerful. Although Athens grew wealthy from trade, other citystates became suspicious. In 431 B.C. Athens went to war with Sparta and the
other city-states for control of Greece. Sparta defeated Athens in the
Peloponnesian War with the help of Persia.
1. CIRCLE the three words that determined where people decided to live and what to do.
2. UNDERLINE the word in line 4 that means that individual people have basic rights.
3. Put a STAR next to things that the people did in Greece.
4. Put a TRIANGLE around the types of government that Athens and Sparta created.
5. Put a RECTANGLE around who brought together the Persians and built a gigantic empire.
6. Which tactic did Persia use to build a powerful army? ___________
a. force
b. payment
c. slavery
d. citizenship
7. Which two societies battled over control of Greece in 490 B.C? 1._____________ 2.______________
8. CIRCLE the type of democracy that Athens became in line 17.
9. Put a TRIANGLE around the word that led to Athens wealth.
10. Athens fought _____________ and other city-states for control of ___________; ___________won!
Vocabulary – 2 Points each (26 points total)
Peninsula (p.337)_____________________________________________________________________________
Polis (p. 341)_____________________________________________________________________________
Agora (p. 341)_____________________________________________________________________________
Colony (p. 343) _____________________________________________________________________________
Tyrant (p. 345) _____________________________________________________________________________
Oligarchy (p.346)_____________________________________________________________________________
Democracy (p. 346)_____________________________________________________________________________
Helot (p. 346)_____________________________________________________________________________
Satrapies/Satrap (p. 353)_____________________________________________________________________________
Zoroastrianism (p. 353)_____________________________________________________________________________
Direct Democracy (p.359)_____________________________________________________________________________
Representative Democracy (p.359)_____________________________________________________________________________
Philosopher (p.360)_____________________________________________________________________________
HW Due _____
/10
What made Minoans
wealthy?
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
Draw the Minoan demise:
(first define demise)
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
I. Objective #1-­‐ The Early Greeks Physical geography plays a role in how civilizations develop and decline. Greece’s mountains, climate, and surrounding seas played a large role in its history. The earliest civilizations in Greece w ere the Minoans and the Mycenaeans. A. The Geography of Greece influenced ____________________ people settled and what they d id. 1. Mountainous land framed by sparkling blue water a. Ionian Sea to the west b. Mediterranean Sea to the _____________ c. Aegean Sea to the east d. __________________________ Greece is a peninsula 2. Ancient Greece economy a. Many were fishers, sailors and traders b. Others settled in _______________________ communities 1) Soil rocky – not good for farming 2) Climate mild, some places could grow wheat, barley, olives, and grapes c. Others _____________________ sheep and goats B. The Minoans earned their living by building ships and trading. 1. The first people to arise in the region that later became Greece a. A grand palace was found by Arthur Evans, English archaeologist b. Palace at Knossos showed that the society was __________________ 1) Had twisting passageways leading to private rooms for the royal family and storerooms packed with oil, wine, and grain 2) Had w orkshops for making jewelry, vases, mall ivory statues 3) Had ______________________________! Not usual for the time. 2. Minoans became wealthy through trade a. Built ships from oak and cedar b. _________________________ to Egypt and Syria c. Traded pottery and stone vases for ivory and metals d. By 2000 B.C, Minoan ships controlled the eastern Mediterranean Sea and kept the sea secure from ________________________ 3. Minoan civilization collapsed a. Earthquakes may have caused tsunamis (giant waves) b. Mycenaeans may have destroyed their cities C. The First Greek Kingdoms: Mycenaeans built the first Greek kingdoms and spread their power across the Mediterranean region. 1. Mycenaeans History a. Originally from central ____________________, invaded Greek mainland around 1900 B.C., conquered people living there b. Mycenaean leaders became first Greek Kings – warriors became nobles who ruled the people they had conquered c. Late 1800’s, _______________ named Heinrich Schliemann discovered a walled palace in Mycenae and named the people Mycenaeans 1. (T) Describe the early Greeks. Complete the Venn diagram to compare the Minoans and Mycenaeans.
(A.C. pgs. 336 - 343)
2. What were Mycenaean kingdoms like? – a fortified palace on a hill a. Ruler lived in palace surrounded by giant stone walls b. Outside palace was large ______________, or estates, that belonged to the nobles c. Slaves and farmers lived on the estates and took shelter inside the fortress (palace) in times of danger d. In the ______________________: artisans tanned leather, sewed cloths, and made jars for win and olive oil; other workers made bonze swords and ox-­‐hide shields; government officials kept track of the wealth of every person in the kingdom and collected taxes of wheat, livestock, and honey as taxes and stored them in the palace. 3. Power from trade and war a. Minoan traders began to visit from ____________________ – Mycenaeans learned a lot about Minoan culture b. Learned to work with bronze and build ships c. Learned to use the sun and stars to find their way to the sea d. Started to worship Earth Mother, Minoan’s chief _______________________ e. Mycenaeans replaced the Minoans as the major power on the Mediterranean – traded from Egypt to southern Italy, may have conquered Crete and nearby islands f. Mycenaeans known for the Trojan _____________ led by king Agamemnon 4. What was the dark age? – a. 1200 B.C. earthquakes and fighting among kingdoms destroyed Mycenaeans hilltop forts b. 1100 B.C. Mycenaean civilization had _______________________ c. 1100 B.C. – 750 B.C. difficult for Greeks – 1) overseas trade slowed, poverty took hold 2) farmers grew only enough food for their family 3) stopped teaching writing and craftwork 4) greeks forgot their written language and how to make many things d. Positives: huge population shift – many Greeks __________________ to islands on the Aegean Sea, others moved to the western shores of Asia Minor (now Turkey) – Greek culture spread this way e. Dorians, Greek speaking people in northern mountains, began to move south to Peloponnesus 1) Brought ______________ weapons, gave Greece more advanced technology 2) Iron weapons and farm tools were stronger and cheaper than bronze D. The Polis: The ideas of citizenship developed in Greek city-­‐states. 1. Leading up to citizenship a. By end of Dark Age, nobles who owned large estates had overthrown the Greek kings and created ______________-­‐states 1) Town or city surrounded by countryside 2) Called a polis – like a tiny independent country b. Acropolis – main gathering place on a _______________, fortified, safe refuge c. Agora – area below the acropolis where people could debate and sell things d. Athens – ____________________ city-­‐state 1) 300,000 people lived there by 500 B.C. 2) Most other city-­‐states were much smaller Give one positive and one
negative to the hoplites.
+
-
Describe how a Greek citystate was different from a
city.
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
How did the founding of
new colonies affect
industry?
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
2. What was Greek Citizenship? a. Greeks first to develop idea of ________________ = members of a political community who treat each other as equals and who have rights and responsibilities 1) Originally only free native-­‐born men who owned land could be citizens 2) Eventually dropped the land-­‐owning requirement 3) Slaves and foreign-­‐born residents still ________________ 4) Women/children may qualify, but no rights included b. Mesopotamia and Egypt had subjects – no rights, no say, no choice but to obey c. Rights included: 1) Gather in agora to choose officials and pass ___________ 2) Vote, hold office, own property, defend self in court d. Duties to serve in government and fight for their polis as citizen ________________________ 3. Citizens as soldiers a. Hoplites – ordinary citizens who fought in the _____________ 1) Fought on foot heavily armed – couldn’t afford horses 2) Phalanx – soldiers marched in rows, shoulder to shoulder formation b. Good soldiers because they took pride in fighting for their city-­‐state c. Loyalty to their own city-­‐state caused distrust E. A Move to Colonize: Colonies and trade spread Greek culture and spurred industry. 1. Colonies form out of a need for food a. 750 B.C. to 550 B.C. colonized the coast of Italy, France, Spain, North Africa and western Asia b. ___________________________ with parent cities – gave grains, metals, fish, timber, and enslaved people c. Received pottery, wine, and olive oil 2. 600 B.C. Greek began to mint coins a. Traded with currency rather than ________________ b. Support larger population 3. Trade leads to growth of industry a. As demand for goods grew, producers had to keep pace b. People in different areas specialized in certain products that had specific resources 1. (T) Describe Greek Citizenship. A) Name three rights granted to Greek citizens that American citizens
have today. B) How did early Greek civilizations use their natural surroundings to prosper and grow?
C) Why did the use of money help trade to grow? (A.C. pgs. 336 - 343)
A)
B)
C)
OBJ#1 HW Due _
/10
Compare and Contrast
Sparta and Athens
*need at least 8 facts on this page
Sparta
Athens
II. Objective #2-­‐ Sparta and Athens Systems of order, such as law and government, contribute to stable societies. Athens and Sparta, the two major city-­‐states in ancient Greece, developed different governments that emphasized opposite aspects of society. Sparta focused on its m ilitary, while Athens focused on trade, culture, and democracy. A. Tyranny in the City States: Tyrants were able to seize power from the nobles with the support of Greek farmers, merchants, and artisans. 1. Noble Rule Challenged a. Owners of small _________ needed money to live on until harvest b. Borrowed from nobles, lost land when couldn’t repay c. Worked for nobles or labored in city, or sold themselves into slavery d. Farm owners, merchants and artisans wanted to share governing 2. Tyrants arose – someone who _______________ power by force and rules with total authority. a. Hoplites joined the fight. b. Greeks didn’t want rule by one person 3. Change in leadership a. Oligarchy – rule by a ___________ powerful people (Sparta) b. Democracy – all citizens share in running the government (Athens) B. Sparta: The Spartans focused on military skills to control the people they conquered 1. Sparta’s foundation a. Dorians – Greeks who invaded the Peloponnesus in the Dark Age founded Sparta b. Helots (capture) – Spartan word for captive _____________________ 2. Why was the military so important? a. Trained boys and m en for war to avoid helot rebellion. 1) Boys age 7 left family to live in barracks – treated harshly 2) Men age 20 entered regular army – remained in barracks for 10 years 3) Returned home at age 30 but remained in army until age 60 b. Girls were trained in sports – lived at ________________ while husband lived in barracks. They were freer than other Greek women, could own property 2. (T) Describe the struggle for power. A) Who were the helots? B) Why did tyrants fall out of favor with
the Greeks? C) How did Greek nobles gain power? (A.C. pgs. 344 - 350)
A)
B)
C)
Imagine that you are a 28year-old man living in
Sparta in 700 B.C. Write a
letter to your 6-year-old
nephew telling him what to
expect when he leaves
home on his next birthday:
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
C.
3. What was Sparta’s government like? a. Oligarchy 1) Two kings headed a council of elders 2) Council (28 citizens over age 60) presented laws to an assembly 3) All Spartan ____________ over age of 30 belonged to assembly 4) Ephors – elected “police” – enforced laws, collected taxes b. Government kept people in Sparta to avoid questioning the system c. Spartans kept control over the helots for 250 years 1) Heavy focus on _______________________ 2) Fell behind other Greeks in trade, science and other subjects Athens: Unlike Spartans, Athenians were more interested in building a democracy than building a military force. 1. What was life in Athens like? a. Boys had different teachers for reading, writing, math, sports, art, music. b. Age 18, boys finished school w ell rounded and became citizens c. Girls stayed ___________________ and mothers taught spinning, weaving, and household duties d. Girls in wealthy families may have learned to read, write and play the lyre 2. A budding democracy? a. Landing owning nobles first ruled as an oligarchy 1) 600 B.C. farmers began to _______________ (same as Sparta) 2) Solon (trusted noble by both sides) cancelled all farmers’ debt, freed enslaved farmers 3) Solon allowed male citizens to participate in assembly and law courts 4) Council of 400 citizens wrote laws, assembly had to pass them b. Peisistratus (tyrant) seized power in 5 60 B.C. – won support of ______________________ c. Cleisthenes came to power in 508 B.C. – reorganized the assembly 1) All males citizens could belong to the assembly and vote on laws – could also debate matters openly, hear court cases, and appoint army generals 2) Created new council of 500 citizens for daily business – proposed laws, dealt w ith foreign countries, ran treasury 3) Chose council by lottery (no favor for rich) 4) Excluded non-­‐citizens (_____________________, foreign-­‐born men, slaves) 5) Credited w ith making the government of Athens a democracy 2. (T) Describe the Greek systems of government. A) Athenians chose officials by lottery; is this a good or
bad idea and why? B) Describe the Spartan oligarchy? C) Why was Solon popular among some Athenian
farmers and unpopular among others? (A.C. pgs. 344 - 350)
A)
B)
C)
OBJ # 2 HW Due
/10
III. Objective #3-­‐ Persia Attacks the Greeks Conflict often brings about great changes. The Persian Empire gained control of most of southwest Asia. However, when the Persians tried to conquer the Greeks, Athens and Sparta united to defeat them. A. The Persian Empire united a wide area under a single government. 1. The rise of the Persian Empire a. Cyrus the Great united Persians into a powerful kingdom from 559 -­‐530 B.C. 1) Mesopotamia to Asia Minor, Syria, Canaan, and Phoenician cities 2) Treated captured people ____________________ (Jews allowed to return home) b. Other leaders conquered Egypt, western India, and Trace (NW of Greece) 1) Persian Empire was about the size of U.S. today 2) Built miles of ______________________ called the Royal Road– had roadside stations to supply food, shelter, and fresh horses to the king’s messengers 2. What was the Persian government like? a. Darius (521 B.C.) reorganized the government to make it work better 1) Divided into 20 provinces called satrapies 2) Each ruled by a satrap “protector of the kingdom” – collected taxes, judge, chief of police, heat recruiter for army – answered to the __________________ b. Persia paid people to be full-­‐time soldiers 1) 10,000 specially trained soldiers to guard the king 2) Called immortals -­‐ when one died, he was immediately replaced 3. The Persian religion -­‐ Zoroastrianism a. Founded by Zoroaster – preached visions he saw as a young man b. Believed in ______________ god who created all things and was good c. Recognized evil in the world – people had freedom to choose between right and wrong, but goodness would triumph in the end d. Persians practiced for centuries, still has a small number of followers today B. The Persian Wars: Both Sparta and Athens played roles in defeating the Persians. 1. What led to war? a. Greek colonization clashed with ________________________ b. By mid-­‐500s B.C. Persia controlled Greek cities in Asia minor c. 499 B.C. Athenian army joined Greeks to rebel d. Greeks lost, but King Darius decided he needed to stop the Greeks 3. (T) Describe the Persian Empire. A) Why was Cyrus considered a fair ruler was the? B) What was the
Royal Road? C) What was the main factor that led to Persian wars? (A.C. pgs. 351 - 357)
A)
B)
C)
2. The battle of Marathon a. 490 B.C. Persians landed 20,000 soldiers on Marathon (close to Athens) b. Athenians had 10,000 soldiers so they held back c. Persians sailed _________________ and attacked Athens directly 1) Greeks caught Persian foot soldiers off-­‐guard and defeated them d. Legend of Marathon – Athenians sent a messenger hoe with the news. The runner raced 25 miles from Marathon to Athens, collapsed. With last breath he said “Victory” and died. (Modern marathon races just over 26 miles) 3. Another Persian strike a. Xerxes (son of Darius) became king in 486 B.C. b. Vowed ___________________ against Athenians c. 480 B.C. invaded Greece with 180,000 troops and 1000’s of warships 1) Greeks joined forces (Athens and Sparta) 2) Greeks stalled the Persians in Thermopylae, a narrow mountain pass 3) A Greek traitor exposed a mountain path to the Persians that led them around the Greeks 4) Greeks were attacked from behind and ___________ in Thermopylae, but the stall worked 5) Greek fleet attacked the Persian fleet in the strait of Salamis (near Athens) 6) Smaller Greek ships maneuvered well in the tight space and destroyed most of the Persian fleet 7) When the 180,000 Persian troops reached Athens, the Greeks had already fled 8) Persians burned the city – Greeks mad d. 479 B.C. Greeks formed the largest Greek army ever and crushed the Persian army at Plataea, Northwest of Athens e. Battle convinced ________________________ to retreat to Asia Minor f. By working together, Greek city-­‐states saved their homeland from invasion 4. What caused the Persian Empire to fall? a. Greek battles weakened Persian army b. Internal problems increased and weakened the empire c. After Darius and Xerxes, other Persian rulers raised __________________ to gain wealth for their royal court d. High taxes angered subjects, caused rebellion e. Persian kings had many wives and children – competition for the throne, killed each other f. 334 B.C. Greek conqueror, Alexander the Great, invaded and ruled over the lands 3. (T) Describe the Persian Wars. Complete the table below summarizing what happened at each battle in
the Persian Wars. Use your book to add details (A.C. pgs. 351 - 357)
BATTLE
ACTION
Marathon
Thermopylae
Salamis
Plataea
OBJ # 3 HW Due
/10
IV. Objective #4-­‐ The Age of Pericles Civilizations with strong economies prosper and grow. Under the leadership of Pericles, Athens became a _________________________________ city-­‐state with a strong economy and blossoming culture. A. The Athenian Empire: Under Pericles, Athens b ecame very powerful and m ore democratic. 1. Leading up to democracy a. Delian League – Athens and other city-­‐states (not Sparta) defend against Persia 1) Freed almost all Greek cities under Persia’s control 2) Headquarters in Delos – chief officials from Athens 3) League became an Athenian empire b. 454 B.C. Athenians moved the Delian League to Athens c. Athenians sent troops to other Greek city-­‐states to help common people rebel against the nobles in power 2. Democracy in Athens a. Direct democracy – ____________________________ citizen can vote firsthand on laws and policies b. U.S. has representative democracy – citizens choose officials to vote on their behalf c. Athens smaller population allowed for m eetings to vote d. Usually less than 6,000 would attend meetings every 10 days e. ___________________________ officials made decisions on war and foreign affairs f. 10 officials (generals) carried out the assembly’s laws and policies 3. The Achievements of Pericles a. Pericles – general re-­‐elected many times (461 – 429 B.C.) b. Helped Athens dominate Delian league – treated other city-­‐states like subjects c. Made Athens more democratic – included lower-­‐class citizens d. Culture blossomed – rebuilt the city while supporting artists, architects, writers, and philosophers (thinkers who ponder questions about life) B. Daily Life in Athens: Athenian men and women had very different roles. Athens population of about 258,000 residents included 150,000 citizens (43,000 men with political rights), 35,000 foreigners, 100,000 enslaved people. 1. Roles of men and women a. Men worked in the morning, attended meetings. Upper-­‐class men gathered at night to drink, dine, and discuss _________________________ and philosophy b. Women’s life revolved around home and family 1) Girls married early at age 14 or 15, had children early, took care of house 2) Poor women also had to work 3) Upper class women supervised household servants, but stayed home 4) Could not attend _______________________, b ut m any learned to read and play m usic 5) No political rights, could not own property c. Aspasia – well-­‐educated woman (not native Athenian) taught public speaking. Plato’s ideas shaped by her. Influential in politics even though she was not allowed to vote. 2. Slavery in Athens 4. (T) Describe Athens in the age of Pericles. A. Summarize what Athens was like in the Age of Pericles.
Government
Economy
Culture
Wars
B. How did the direct democracy of Athens differ from the democracy we have in the U.S.?
(A.C. pgs. 358 - 367)
C.
3. Slavery in Athens -­‐ Common practice a. Enslaved men did heavy labor b. Enslaved w omen and children w ere cooks or maids, _______________________ if educated c. Some slaves (very few) could earn money and buy their way out d. Greek city-­‐states depended on enslaved labor 4. What drove the Athenian economy? a. Farming – grains, vegetables, fruit, grapes, olives for w ine and olive o il b. Herding sheep and goats – wool, milk, cheese c. Not enough farmland so imported, w hich grew ________________________ in the area d. Merchants and artisans became w ealthy selling pottery, jewelry, leather goods The Peloponnesian War: Sparta and Athens went to war for control of Greece. 1. Leading up to conflict a. Sparta grew suspicious of Athens b. Both Sparta and Athens w anted to be the major Greek power c. 445 B.C. signed a peace _____________________________ 2. Conflict between Athens and Sparta a. Sparta weakened by earthquake and revolt of helots b. Athens gained control, sometimes used military to force tribute payments 1) Athens continued to _____________________________ 2) Angered Spartans, but weren’t ready to declare w ar 3) Sparta was pushed to attack Athens 431 B.C. 4) Continued until 404 B.C. = Peloponnesian W ar 3. Pericles funeral oration a. Pericles led an Athenian public funeral to honor those who died in battle b. Pericles Funeral Oration said that Athenians w ere part of a ____________________________________ 1) Citizens agreed to obey the rules in their constitution (framework of government) 2) Citizens had duty to pay taxes and defend city and rights to vote and run for office 3) Reminded Athenians of the power of a democracy – gave courage to keep fighting 4) Ideas are still important to people living in democratic nations 4. Why was Athens Defeated a. Start of Peloponnesian W ar, Sparta and allies surrounded Athens b. Pericles urged farmers and others to come into the city for safety behind the city walls c. Athenian Navy delivered supplies from their colonies d. Sparta did not have a ________________________, so could not attack the Athenian ships e. 2nd year of war, disease spread in Athens killing 1/3 of the people including Pericles in 4 29 B.C. f. Fighting continued for 25 years. g. Sparta made a deal w ith Persia – money to build a navy for some land h. 405 B.C. Sparta’s new navy destroyed Athens fleet i. Athens surrendered, Spartans tore down the city w alls 5. The results of war a. Peloponnesian War weakened all Greek city-­‐states b. Spartans created _______________________; 371 B.C. Sparta fell to army led by Thebes, which held for 10 years c. Greek city-­‐states fought each other, growing weaker d. To the north, Macedonia was growing more powerful 4. (T) Describe the age of Pericles. A) What caused the Peloponnesian War? B) According to Pericles,
what duties did Athenian citizens have? C) What caused the lack of trust between Sparta and Athens?
D) Under Pericles’ leadership, the economy of Athens grew. Which groups of workers were important to this
growth? (A.C. pgs. 358 - 367)
A)
B)
C)
D)
OBJ # 4 HW Due_
/10
Describe the impact of Ancient Greek civilization on the U.S and the world.
Directions: Use Claim, Reason & Evidence to answer the above question using
complete sentences organized in a one to two paragraph response.
CLAIM: A simple statement that asserts a main point of an argument (a side)
General Example- Mrs. Heacock is an awesome teacher! J
Topic Sentence
REASON
Reasoning: the “because” part of an argument; the broad explanation for why a claim
is made; the explicit links between the evidence and the claim.
Detail Analysis
Reason # 1
↕
¶1
Reason #2
EVIDENCE
Evidence: support for the reasoning in an argument;
the “for example” aspect of an argument; the best
evidence is text-based, reasonable, and reliable.
#1- ________________________
_________________________
_________________________
Source: ___________________
___________________
#2- ______________________
_________________________
_________________________
Source: ___________________
___________________
#3- ________________________
_________________________
_________________________
Source: ___________________
___________________
↕
¶2
Detail Examples
Facts
#1- ________________________
_________________________
_________________________
SUPPORT
Source: ___________________
___________________
#2- ______________________
ELABORATION _________________________
_________________________
Source: ___________________
___________________
EXAMPLES
#3- ________________________
EXPLANATION
_________________________
_________________________
Source: ___________________
___________________
conclusion paragraph (¶) and you have an essay!
**If you miss a day, the full notes are below. You should fill in the blanks in the notes with the red words so you
can understand the notes to complete the clue boxes and questions.
I. Objective #1-­‐ The Early Greeks Physical geography plays a role in how civilizations develop and decline. Greece’s mountains, climate, and surrounding seas played a large role in its history. The earliest civilizations in Greece were the Minoans and the Mycenaeans. A. The Geography of Greece influenced where people settled and what they did . 1. Mountainous land framed by sparkling blue water a. Ionian Sea to the west b. Mediterranean Sea to the south c. Aegean Sea to the east d. Mainland Greece is a peninsula 2. Ancient Greece economy a. Many were fishers, sailors and traders b. Others settled in farming communities 1) Soil rocky – not good for farming 2) Climate mild, some places could grow wheat, barley, olives, and grapes c. Others raised sheep and goats B. The Minoans earned their living by building ships and trading. 1. The first people to arise in the region that later became Greece a. A grand palace was found by Arthur Evans, English archaeologist b. Palace at Knossos showed that the society was rich 1) Had twisting passageways leading to private rooms for the royal family and storerooms packed with oil, wine, and grain 2) Had workshops for making jewelry, vases, mall ivory statues 3) Had bathrooms! Not usual for the time. 2. Minoans became wealthy through trade a. Built ships from oak and cedar b. Sailed to Egypt and Syria c. Traded pottery and stone vases for ivory and metals d. By 2000 B.C, Minoan ships controlled the eastern Mediterranean Sea and kept the sea secure from pirates 3. Minoan civilization collapsed a. Earthquakes may have caused tsunamis (giant waves) b. Mycenaeans may have destroyed their cities C. The First Greek Kingdoms: Mycenaeans built the first Greek kingdoms and spread their power across the Mediterranean region. 1. Mycenaeans History a. Originally from central Asia, invaded Greek mainland around 1900 B.C., conquered people living there b. Mycenaean leaders became first Greek Kings – warriors became nobles who ruled the people they had conquered c. Late 1800’s, German named Heinrich Schliemann discovered a walled palace in Mycenae and named the people Mycenaeans 2. What were Mycenaean kingdoms like? – a fortified palace on a hill a. Ruler lived in palace surrounded by giant stone walls b. Outside palace was large farms, or estates, that belonged to the nobles c. Slaves and farmers lived on the estates and took shelter inside the fortress (palace) in times of danger d. In the palace: artisans tanned leather, sewed cloths, and made jars for win and olive oil; other workers made bonze swords and ox-­‐hide shields; government officials kept track of the wealth of every person in the kingdom and collected taxes of wheat, livestock, and honey as taxes and stored them in the palace. 3. Power from trade and war a. Minoan traders began to visit from Crete – Mycenaeans learned a lot about Minoan culture b. Learned to work with bronze and build ships c. Learned to use the sun and stars to find their way to the sea d. Started to worship Earth Mother, Minoan’s chief goddess e. Mycenaeans replaced the Minoans as the major power on the Mediterranean – traded from Egypt to southern Italy, may have conquered Crete and nearby islands f. Mycenaeans known for the Trojan war led by king Agamemnon 4. What was the dark age? – a. 1200 B.C. earthquakes and fighting among kingdoms destroyed Mycenaeans hilltop forts b. 1100 B.C. Mycenaean civilization had collapsed c. 1100 B.C. – 750 B.C. difficult for Greeks – 1) overseas trade slowed, poverty took hold 2) farmers grew only enough food for their family 3) stopped teaching writing and craftwork 4) greeks forgot their written language and how to make many things d. Postiives: huge population shift – many Greeks moved to islands on the Aegean Sea, others moved to the western shores of Asia Minor (now Turkey) – Greek culture spread this way e. Dorians, greek speaking people in northern mountains, began to move south to Peloponnesus 1) Brought iron weapons, gave Greece more advanced technology 2) Iron weapons and farm tools were stronger and cheaper than bronze D. The Polis: The ideas of citizenship developed in Greek city-­‐states. 1. Leading up to citizenship a. By end of Dark Age, nobles who owned large estates had overthrown the Greek kings and created city-­‐states 1) Town or city surrounded by countryside 2) Called a polis – like a tiny independent country b. Acropolis – main gathering place on a hill, fortified, safe refuge c. Agora – area below the acropolis where people could debate and sell things d. Athens – largest city-­‐state 1) 300,000 people lived there by 500 B.C. 2) Most other city-­‐states were much smaller 2. What was Greek Citizenship? a. Greeks first to develop idea of citizen = members of a political community who treat each other as equals and who have rights and responsibilities 1) Originally only free native-­‐born men who owned land could be citizens 2) Eventually dropped the land-­‐owning requirement 3) Slaves and foreign-­‐born residents still excluded 4) Women/children may qualify, but no rights included b. Mesopotamia and Egypt had subjects – no rights, no say, no choice but to obey c. Rights included: 1) Gather in agora to choose officials and pass laws 2) Vote, hold office, own property, defend themselves in court d. Duties to serve in government and fight for their polis as citizen soldiers 3. Citizens as soldiers – after Joshua died, Israelites looked to judges for leadership a. Hoplites – ordinary citizens who fought in the army 1) Fought on foot heavily armed – couldn’t afford horses 2) Phalanx – soldiers marched in rows, shoulder to shoulder formation b. Good soldiers because they took pride in fighting for their city-­‐state c. Loyalty to their own city-­‐state caused distrust E. A Move to Colonize: Colonies and trade spread Greek culture and spurred industry. 1. Colonies form out of a need for food a. 750 B.C. to 550 B.C. colonized the coast of Italy, France, Spain, North Africa and western Asia b. Traded with parent cities – gave grains, metals, fish, timber, and enslaved people c. Received pottery, wine, and olive oil 2. 600 B.C. Greek began to mint coins a. Traded with currency rather than goods b. Support larger population 3. Trade leads to growth of industry a. As demand for goods grew, producers had to keep pace b. People in different areas specialized in certain products that had specific resources II. Objective #2-­‐ Sparta and Athens Systems of order, such as law and government, contribute to stable societies. Athens and Sparta, the two major city-­‐states in ancient Greece, developed different governments that emphasized opposite aspects of society. Sparta focused on its military, while Athens focused on trade, culture, and democracy. A. Tyranny in the City States: Tyrants were able to seize power from the nobles with the support of Greek farmers, merchants, and artisans. 1. Noble Rule Challenged a. Owners of small farms needed money to live on until harvest b. Borrowed from nobles, lost land when couldn’t repay c. Worked for nobles or labored in city, or sold themselves into slavery d. Farm owners, merchants and artisans wanted to share governing 2. Tyrants arose – someone who takes power by force and rules with total authority. a. Hoplites joined the fight. b. Greeks didn’t want rule by one person 3. Change in leadership a. Oligarchy – rule by a few powerful people (Sparta) b. Democracy – all citizens share in running the government (Athens) B. Sparta: The Spartans focused on military skills to control the people they conquered 1. Sparta’s foundation a. Dorians – Greeks who invaded the Peloponnesus in the Dark Age founded Sparta b. Helots (capture) – Spartan word for captive workers 2. Why was the military so important? a. Trained boys and men for war to avoid helot rebellion. 1) Boys age 7 left family to live in barracks – treated harshly 2) Men age 20 entered regular army – remained in barracks for 10 years 3) Returned home at age 30 but remained in army until age 60 b. Girls were trained in sports – lived at home while husband lived in barracks. They were freer than other Greek women, could own property 3. What was Sparta’s government like? a. Oligarchy 1) Two kings headed a council of elders 2) Council (28 citizens over age 60) presented laws to an assembly 3) All Spartan men over age of 30 belonged to assembly 4) Ephors – elected “police” – enforced laws, collected taxes b. Government kept people in Sparta to avoid questioning the system c. Spartans kept control over the helots for 250 years 1) Heavy focus on military 2) Fell behind other Greeks in trade, science and other subjects C. Athens: Unlike Spartans, Athenians were more interested in building a democracy than building a military force. 1. What was life in Athens like? a. Boys had different teachers for reading, writing, math, sports, art, music. b. Age 18, boys finished school well rounded and became citizens c. Girls stayed home and mothers taught spinning, weaving, and household duties d. Girls in wealthy families may have learned to read, write and play the lyre 2. A budding democracy? a. Landing owning nobles first ruled as an oligarchy 1) 600 B.C. farmers began to rebel (same as Sparta) 2) Solon (trusted noble by both sides) cancelled all farmers’ debt, freed enslaved farmers 3) Solon allowed male citizens to participate in assembly and law courts 4) Council of 400 citizens wrote laws, assembly had to pass them b. Peisistratus (tyrant) seized power in 560 B.C. – won support of poor c. Cleisthenes came to power in 508 B.C. – reorganized the assembly 1) All males citizens could belong to the assembly and vote on laws – could also debate matters openly, hear court cases, and appoint army generals 2) Created new council of 500 citizens for daily business – proposed laws, dealt with foreign countries, and oversaw the treasury 3) Chose council by lottery (no favor for rich) 4) Excluded non-­‐citizens (women, foreign-­‐born men, slaves) 5) Credited with making the government of Athens a democracy III. Objective #3-­‐ Persia Attacks the Greeks Conflict often brings about great changes. The Persian Empire gained control of most of southwest Asia. However, when the Persians tried to conquer the Greeks, Athens and Sparta united to defeat them. A. The Persian Empire united a wide area under a single government. 1. The rise of the Persian Empire a. Cyrus the Great united Persians into a powerful kingdom from 559 -­‐530 B.C. 1) Mesopotamia to Asia Minor, Syria, Canaan, and Phoenician cities 2) Treated captured people well (Jews allowed to return home) b. Other leaders conquered Egypt, western India, and Trace (NW of Greece) 1) Persian Empire was about the size of U.S. today 2) Built miles of roads called the Royal Road– had roadside stations to supply food, shelter, and fresh horses to the king’s messengers 2. What was the Persian government like? a. Darius (521 B.C.) reorganized the government to make it work better 1) Divided into 20 provinces called satrapies 2) Each ruled by a satrap “protector of the kingdom” – collected taxes, judge, chief of police, heat recruiter for army – answered to the king b. Persia paid people to be full-­‐time soldiers 1) 10,000 specially trained soldiers to guard the king 2) Called immortals -­‐ when on died, he was immediately replaced 3. The Persian religion -­‐ Zoroastrianism a. Founded by Zoroaster – preached visions he saw as a young man b. Believed in one god who created all things and was good c. Recognized evil in the world – people had freedom to choose between right and wrong, but goodness would triumph in the end d. Persians practiced for centuries, still has a small number of followers today B. The Persian Wars: Both Sparta and Athens played roles in defeating the Persians. 1. What led to war? a. Greek colonization clashed with Persians b. By mid-­‐500s B.C. Persia controlled Greek cities in Asia minor c. 499 B.C. Athenian army joined Greeks to rebel d. Greeks lost, but King Darius decided he needed to stop the Greeks 2. The battle of Marathon a. 490 B.C. Persians landed 20,000 soldiers on Marathon (close to Athens) b. Athenians had 10,000 soldiers so they held back c. Persians sailed south and attacked Athens directly 1) Greeks caught Persian foot soldiers off-­‐guard and defeated them d. Legend of Marathon – Athenians sent a messenger hoe with the news. The runner raced 25 miles from Marathon to Athens, collapsed. With last breath he said “Victory” and died. (Modern marathon races just over 26 miles) 3. Another Persian strike a. Xerxes (son of Darius) became king in 486 B.C. b. Vowed revenge against Athenians c. 480 B.C. invaded Greece with 180,000 troops and 1000’s of warships 1) Greeks joined forces (Athens and Sparta) 2) Greeks stalled the Persians in Thermopylae, a narrow mountain pass 3) A Greek traitor exposed a mountain path to the Persians that led them around the Greeks 4) Greeks were attacked from behind and lost in Thermopylae, but the stall worked 5) Greek fleet attacked the Persian fleet in the strait of Salamis (near Athens) 6) Smaller Greek ships maneuvered well in the tight space and destroyed most of the Persian fleet 7) When the 180,000 Persian troops reached Athens, the Greeks had already fled 8) Persians burned the city – Greeks mad d. 479 B.C. Greeks formed the largest Greek army ever and crushed the Persian army at Plataea, Northwest of Athens e. Battle convinced Persians to retreat to Asia Minor f. By working together, Greek city-­‐states saved their homeland from invasion 4. What caused the Persian Empire to fall? a. Greek battles weakened Persian army b. Internal problems increased and weakened the empire c. After Darius and Xerxes, other Persian rulers raised taxes to gain wealth for their royal court d. High taxes angered subjects, caused rebellion e. Persian kings had many wives and children – competition for the throne, killed each other f. 334 B.C. Greek conqueror, Alexander the Great, invaded and ruled over the lands IV. Objective #4-­‐ The Age of Pericles Civilizations with strong economies prosper and grow. Under the leadership of Pericles, Athens became a powerful city-­‐state with a strong economy and blossoming culture. A. The Athenian Empire: Under Pericles, Athens became very powerful and more democratic. 1. Leading up to democracy a. Delian League – Athens and other city-­‐states (not Sparta) defend against Persia 1) Freed almost all Greek cities under Persia’s control 2) Headquarters in Delos – chief officials from Athens 3) League became an Athenian empire b. 454 B.C. Athenians moved the Delian League to Athens c. Athenians sent troops to other Greek city-­‐states to help common people rebel against the nobles in power 2. Democracy in Athens a. Direct democracy – every citizen can vote firsthand on laws and policies b. U.S. has representative democracy – citizens choose officials to vote on their behalf c. Athens smaller population allowed for meetings to vote d. Usually less than 6,000 would attend meetings every 10 days e. Elected officials made decisions on war and foreign affairs f. 10 officials (generals) carried out the assembly’s laws and policies 3. The Achievements of Pericles a. Pericles – general re-­‐elected many times (461 – 429 B.C.) b. Helped Athens dominate Delian league – treated other city-­‐states like subjects c. Made Athens more democratic – included lower-­‐class citizens d. Culture blossomed – rebuilt the city while supporting artists, architects, writers, and philosophers (thinkers who ponder questions about life) B. Daily Life in Athens: Athenian men and women had very different roles. Athens population of about 258,000 residents included 150,000 citizens (43,000 men with political rights), 35,000 foreigners, 100,000 enslaved people. 1. Roles of men and women a. Men worked in the morning, attended meetings. Upper-­‐class men gathered at night to drink, dine, and discuss politics and philosophy b. Women’s life revolved around home and family 1) Girls married early at age 14 or 15, had children early, took care of house 2) Poor women also had to work 3) Upper class women supervised household servants, but stayed home 4) Could not attend school, but many learned to read and play music 5) No political rights, could not own property c. Aspasia – well-­‐educated woman (not native Athenian) taught public speaking. Plato’s ideas shaped by her. Influential in politics even though she was not allowed to vote. 2. Slavery in Athens a. Common practice b. Enslaved men did heavy labor c. Enslaved women and children were cooks or maids, tutors if educated d. Some slaves (very few) could earn money and buy their way out e. Greek city-­‐states depended on enslaved labor 3. What drove the Athenian economy? a. Farming – grains, vegetables, fruit, grapes, olives for wine and olive oil b. Herding sheep and goats – wool, milk, cheese c. Not enough farmland so imported, which grew trade in the area d. Merchants and artisans became wealthy selling pottery, jewelry, leather goods C. The Peloponnesian War: Sparta and Athens went to war for control of Greece. 1. Leading up to conflict a. Sparta grew suspicious of Athens b. Both Sparta and Athens wanted to be the major Greek power c. 445 B.C. signed a peace treaty 2. Conflict between Athens and Sparta a. Sparta weakened by earthquake and revolt of helots b. Athens gained control, sometimes used military to force tribute payments 1) Athens continued to colonize 2) Angered Spartans, but weren’t ready to declare war 3) Sparta was pushed to attack Athens 431 B.C. 4) Continued until 404 B.C. = Peloponnesian War 3. Pericles funeral oration a. Pericles led an Athenian public funeral to honor those who died in battle b. Pericles Funeral Oration said that Athenians were part of a community 1) Citizens agreed to obey the rules in their constitution (framework of government) 2) Citizens had duty to pay taxes and defend city and rights to vote and run for office 3) Reminded Athenians of the power of a democracy – gave courage to keep fighting 4) Ideas are still important to people living in democratic nations 4. Why was Athens Defeated a. Start of Peloponnesian War, Sparta and allies surrounded Athens b. Pericles urged farmers and others to come into the city for safety behind the city walls c. Athenian Navy delivered supplies from their colonies d. Sparta did not have a navy, so could not attack the Athenian ships e. 2nd year of war, disease spread in Athens killing 1/3 of the people including Pericles in 429 B.C. f. Fighting continued for 25 years. g. Sparta made a deal with Persia – money to build a navy for some land h. 405 B.C. Sparta’s new navy destroyed Athens fleet i. Athens surrendered, Spartans tore down the city walls 5. The results of war a. Peloponnesian War weakened all Greek city-­‐states b. Spartans created enemies in building their new empire c. 371 B.C. Sparta fell to army led by Thebes, which held for 10 years d. Greek city-­‐states fought each other, growing weaker e. To the north, Macedonia was growing more powerful