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Human Embryology Begins with the fertilization of an egg by a sperm. A fertilized egg is called a zygote. Link The fertilized egg divides into two cells and then into four cells. These are embryos at the 2-cell and 4-cell stage. The embryo will continue to divide until it forms a solid ball of 64 cells called a morula. Human embryology is just like the embryology of all other animals until the morula stage. Cells in the morula stage are totipotent stem cells. What is a stem cell? A cell in the body whose job has not yet been determined. What is meant by totipotent? a cell with the “total” potential to develop into a new individual. They can become ANY cell in the body. The morula will then hollow out forming a blastula. Four days after fertilization, hatching occurs. The blastula emerges from the hardened zona pellicula (ZP). Four to six days after fertilization, cells within the Blastula will become differentiated into two types of cells, 1) embryonic stem cells 2)and trophoblasts. inner cell mass (ICM) contains the 40 embryonic stem cells that will become the fetus and amniotic sac. The trophoblasts will become the placenta. These cells of the blastula are pluripotent. What is meant by pluripotent? They can become ALMOST ANY cell in the body. Pluripotent stem cells differentiate into 4 Main Branches 1. HSC- Blood Stem Cells (all blood cells) Erythorocytes Neutrphils Basophil Thrombocytes Lymphocytes Eosinophils Moncytes 2. MSC- Mesenchymal Stem Cells Bone cells Tendon cells Adipose cells Cartilage cells Muscle cells Marrow cells 3. ESC- Endodermal Stem Cells 3. ESC – Endodermal Stem Cells (digestive tract & lungs) Esophagus Pancreas Liver Intestines Stomach Lungs 4. NSC- Neural Stem Cells (brain and nerve cells) Neurons Glial cells Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes These four major branches will differentiate into 210 types of specialized somatic (body) cells. On day 49, about eight weeks after fertilization, the embryo becomes a fetus which contains fetal stem cells. Fetal stem cells are also pluripotent. Stem cells from the placenta and adult stem cells are multipotent. What is meant by multipotent? a cell with “much” potential to develop into different cells. They can become A LIMITED RANGE of cells in the body.