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Ali (a.s.) From Hijrah to Khilaafah of Abu Bakr A.S. Hashim, MD From Wikipedia.com Sources of Reference ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Ibn Qutaybah, Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. "Ali". Madelung, Encyclopaedia of the Holy Prophet and Companions Tabatabaei, Lapidus, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid Dakake Nahj Al-Balagha, Sermon 3 Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard. Cambridge History of Islam. Watt, William Montgomery. Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford University Press. In this Slide Show Brothers-in-Faith: Muhammad and Ali Ali, Extremely Active The Marriage and the Family At Badr: غزوة بدر At Ohod Ali's Role in the Ditch Encounter Ali in Khaybar Khaybar: the Whereabouts Missions for Islam The Incident of Mubahala Ghadeer Khum غدیر خم The Prophet’s Speech at Ghadeer Khum Ali: 10 years in Medina 1. At Badr 2. At Ohod 3. The Ditch Encounter 4. Ali in Khaybar 5. The Incident of Mubaahala 6. The Prophet’s Speech at Ghadeer Khum Brothers-in-Faith: Muhammad and Ali Ali was 23 years old when he migrated to Medina. At Medina Muhammad created bonds of brotherhood Brothers-in-Faith consisted of one from Mecca with one from Medina, his companions (Sahaaba) Muhammad selected Ali as his brother, but both were from Mecca, not from Medina. They were the only exception. They were the only Meccan to a Meccan as Brothers-in-Faith All others were one from Medina with one from Mecca as Brothersin-Faith Muhammad’s choice of Ali to be his Brother-in-Faith was a great honor for Ali Ali, Extremely Active For the ten years that Muhammad led the community in Medina, Ali was extremely active in his service: as his secretary and deputy, serving in his armies, the bearer of his banner in every battle, leading parties of warriors on raids, and carrying messages and orders. As one of Muhammad's lieutenants, and later his son-inlaw, Ali was a person of authority and high standing in the Muslim community. The Marriage and the Family In 623, Muhammad gave his daughter Fatima to Ali in marriage. Muhammad said to Fatima: "I have married you to the dearest of my family to me." This family is glorified by Muhammad frequently and he declared them as his Ahlul Bayt in events such as Event of Mubaahala حدیث المباهلةand Hadith of the Event of the Cloak. حدیث الكساء They were also glorified in the Quran in several cases such as "the verse of purification“ آیة التطهیر. The Progeny Ali had four children born to Fatima, They constituted the only living progeny of Muhammad. Their two sons (Al-Hasan and Al-Husain) were cited by Muhammad to be his own sons, He honored them numerous times in his lifetime and titled them "the leaders of the youth of the Heaven, the hereafter.” الحسن والحسین سیدا شباب أهل الجنة Mode of Living Theirs was not a plush life: It was a simple manner of living with hardship. Throughout their life together, Ali did not set great store of material wealth. To sustain their livelihood, Ali worked as a drawer and carrier of water and Fatima as a grinder of corn. Often there was hardly any food in their house. According to a famous Hadith, one day she said to Ali: "I have ground until my hands are blistered." and Ali answered "I have drawn water until I had pains in my chest." The Marriage Their marriage lasted until Fatima's death ten years later. Ali always addressed Fatima as: O Daughter of the Messenger of God. Out of love, respect and honor to her یا بنت رسول هللا Although polygamy was permitted, Ali did not marry another woman while Fatima was alive, and his marriage to her possesses a special spiritual significance for all Muslims because it is seen as the marriage between two great figures surrounding Muhammad. After Fatima's death, Ali married other wives and fathered many children. In Battles With the exception of the Battle of Tabuk, Ali took part in all battles and expeditions fought for Islam. As well as being the standard-bearer in those battles, Ali led parties of warriors on raids into enemy lands. Ali first distinguished himself as a warrior in 624 at the Battle of Badr. He defeated the Umayya champion Walid ibn Ut’ba as well as many other Meccan leaders and fighters. According to Muslim traditions Ali killed between twenty and thirtyfive enemies in Badr battle, most agreeing with twenty-seven. At Badr: غزوة بدر The Battle of Badr, was fought March 17, 624 AD (17 Ramadan 2 AH in the Islamic calendar), Badr was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents among the Quraish in Mecca. The battle was a decisive victory attributable to Divine intervention, or by secular sources to the genius of Muhammad. It is one of the few battles specifically mentioned in the Quran. Most contemporary knowledge of the battle at Badr comes from traditional Islamic accounts, both Hadiths and biographies of Muhammad, written decades after the battle. At Badr: غزوة بدر Prior to the battle, the Muslims and Meccans had fought: several smaller skirmishes in late 623 and early 624, the Muslim ghazawat had become more frequent. Badr, however was the first large-scale engagement between the two forces. Advancing to a strong defensive position, Muhammad's well-disciplined force broke the Meccan lines, killing several important Quraish leaders Including Muhammad's chief antagonist, Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl). At Badr: غزوة بدر For the early Muslims: the battle was the first sign that they might eventually defeat their enemies in Mecca. Mecca at that time was one of the richest and most powerful cities in Arabia The Meccans fielded an army three times larger than that of the Muslims. The Muslim victory also signaled to other tribes that a new power had arisen in Arabia and strengthened Muhammad’s position as leader of the often fractious community in Medina. Abu Sufyan Bypassing the Muslims Abu Sufyan’s caravan from Syria to Mecca Changed Direction and Bypassed the Muslims Route of Abu Sufyan Quraish inflamed, decided to annihilate the Muslims The result was Badr 3000 Quraish fighters face 1000 Muslims, Muslims triumph over the Badr Pagan Quraish Ali at Ohod Ali was prominent at the Battle of Ohod, as well as many other battles where he wielded a bifurcated sword known as Dhul- Fiqar. He had the special role of protecting Muhammad when most of the Muslim army fled from the battle of Ohod, including Abu Bakr and Omar, Ali and a few others stuck in defence of the Prophet exposing themselves to impossible odds. and in admiration the Prophet said: “No valiant better than Ali and no sword better than Dhul-Fiqar.” ال فتى اال علي و ال سیف اال ذو الفقار Ali in Ohod Ali's in Ohod Confrontation: Kills nine of the enemy’s Flag Bearers Defends the person of the Prophet Repels four attacks to kill the Prophet The Prophet said: Yet for a Caliber as that of Ali, and Yet for a sword as that of Dhul-Fiqar ال فتى إال علي وال سیف إال ذوالفقار Calligraphy: “No better brave other than Ali and no better sword other than Dhul-Fiqar." Ali's Role in the Ditch Encounter Amr ibn Abd Wid crosses the Ditch at a weak point Amr was the unconquered Hero of Quraish: 1. Amr, bragging, challenges the Muslims 2. Ali takes the challenge 3. Ali ducks all Amr’s attempts 4. Exhausted, Amr falls to the ground 5. Ali on top of Amr, Ali offers Amr Islam and safety 6. Furious, Amr spits in the face of Ali, 7. Ali lets him fight again, then Ali finishes him off Quraish psychology is absolutely shattered Muslims ecstatic, grateful to the Almighty. Ali in Khaybar There was confrontation between Muslims and the Jewish tribes in their forts Abu Bakr, 51 yr old, was given the leadership, but returned at the end, not prevailing Omar, 44 yr old, next day was given the leadership, but returned at the end, not prevailing Ali, 29 Yr old, was with swollen infected eyes Ali, eyes cured, was given the leadership next day by the Prophet Ali overwhelms Marhab, the Jewish Hero Severe fight ensues, with Ali lifting a door for a shield Overwhelmed, the main Fort surrenders right away, in defeat 7 more Jewish forts surrender in defeat one after the other. Khaybar: Tomorrow I'll Give The Leadership At Khaybar, the Prophet said: Tomorrow I'll give the leadership To a man who will succeed by Allah's Will He loves Allah and his Messenger And likewise Allah and His Messenger love him َین هذه الرایة َّ عط ِ ُ أل غدا ر ُجال یفتح هللا ،على یَدَیْه سولَه ُّ ُی ُ هللا ور َ حب ویُ ِحبُّه هللاُ ورسولُه Khaybar: the Whereabouts Khaybar is a good many miles north of Medina Khaybar was rich agricultural land, owned and worked by the powerful Jews Khaybar collaborated with Benu Nadheer and Quraish to annihilate the Muslims Khaybar posed a strategic danger to the budding Islamic State Khaybar had to be under the care of Muslims, to pose no danger. Khaybar Ali at Khaybar Ali was commander of the Muslim forces in the Battle of Khaybar. He conquered the strongest fort, after which the other forts were consequently conquered. Following this battle Muhammad gave Ali the honorific name Asadullah , which in Arabic means "Lion of Allah" or "Lion of God". اسد هللا Ali also defended Muhammad in the Battle of Hunain in 630, when the Muslim fighters ran scared in the dark including the close Sahaaba. leaving the Prophet with few defenders. But Ali and a few others stayed to defend the Prophet, Khaybar: Conquered Fort Ruins of Khaybar Missions for Islam Muhammad designated Ali as one of the scribes who would write down the text of the Quran, which had been revealed to Muhammad during the previous two decades. As Islam began to spread throughout Arabia, Ali helped establish the new Islamic order. He was instructed to write down the Treaty of Hudaibiya, the peace treaty between Muhammad and the Quraish in 628. Missions for Islam Ali was so reliable and trustworthy: that Muhammad asked him to carry Muhammad’s messages and to declare his orders. In 630, Ali recited to a large gathering of pilgrims in Mecca: a portion of the Quran that declared Muhammad and the Islamic community were no longer bound by agreements made earlier with Arab polytheists. Missions for Islam During the Conquest of Mecca in 630, Muhammad asked Ali to make sure that the conquest would be bloodless. He ordered Ali to break the 360 idols worshiped by the Benu Aus, Benu Khazraj, Tayy, and those in the Ka'ba The destruction of the idols was to purify it after its defilement by the polytheism of the pre-Islamic era. Ali was sent to Yemen one year later to spread the teachings of Islam. Ali was also charged with: settling several disputes and putting down the uprisings of various tribes. The Incident of Mubahala According to Hadith collections, in 631 an Arabic Christian envoy from Najran (currently in northern Yemen and partly in Saudi Arabia) Traveled for about 1,000 miles to Medina, they came to Muhammad to argue which of the two parties erred in its doctrine concerning Jesus. After likening Jesus' miraculous birth to Adam's creation, Muhammad called them to Mubaahala where each party should ask God to destroy the lying party and their families. Revelation says: "THEN SAY: LET US CALL UPON OUR CHILDREN AND YOUR CHILDREN, OUR LADIES AND YOUR LADIES, OURSELVES AND YOURSELVES, THEN WE PRAY SO THAT ALLAH'S WRATH WILL BE UPON THOSE WHO TELL UNTRUTH" Surah 3: Ayah 61. فَ َم ْن َحآ َّج َك ِفی ِه ِمن بَ ْع ِد َما اءك ِم َن ْال ِع ْل ِم َ َج ع أ َ ْبنَاءنَا َوأ َ ْبنَاء ُك ْم ُ فَقُ ْل تَعَالَ ْواْ نَ ْد سنَا َ ُساء ُك ْم َوأَنف َ ساءنَا َو ِن َ َو ِن س ُك ْم َ ُوأَنف ِ ث ُ َّم نَ ْبت َ ِه ْل فَن َْجعَل لَّ ْعنَةُ ه اّلل َعلَى ْال َكا ِذ ِبین The Incident of Mubahala To prove to them that he is the Prophet, Muhammad brought along: his daughter Fatima and his surviving grandchildren Hasan and Husain, and Ali ibn Abi Talib and came back to the Christians. Upon seeing them, one of the Christian delegates immediately urged his companions to: withdraw from Mubaahala for the sake of their lives and the sake of the lives of their families. Thus the Christians agreed to pay tribute (Jizia), and withdraw from the Mubaahala At the Mubaahala Muhammad Fatima Ali Al-Husain Al-Hasan The Two Weighty Matters As Muhammad was returning from his last pilgrimage in 632, he made statements about Ali that are interpreted very differently by Sunnis and Shi'as. He halted the caravan at Ghadeer Khum, gathered the returning pilgrims for communal prayer and began to address them: O people, I am about to receive a message from my Lord and I, in response, would bid you good-bye, but I am leaving among you two weighty matters: The first is the Book of Allah with the right guidance and light, and The second are the members of my household, I remind you (of your duties) to the members of my family. These two are ever intertwined and won’t separate till they join me at the Pool of Blessings in heaven. The Two Weighty Matters I am leaving to you two precious matters, By conforming to them You will never go astray: [they are] The book of Allah and My family, Ahlul Bayt The Prophet said to Ali: (O' Ali) You will fight against matters of Its misinterpretation (the Quran), Just as you had fought on the side of its disclosure." ٌ ما،تارك فیكم الثقـلین إني ْ ســكتم بهما لَن َّ إن ت َ َم تاب َ ُ ك:ضلُّوا بعدي أبدا ِ ََ ت هللا و ِعتْ َرتي أه َل بیتي س ْوف تقاتل على تأویله كما َ قاتلت على تنزیله Ghadeer Khum غدیر خم Following the Haj, the Prophet and multitude of others were on their way home, including Abu Bakr and Omar. Juhfa was an intersection between Mecca and Medina Near Juhfa, at an oasis called Ghadeer Khum, the Prophet delivered a speech The Prophet stood on an elevation to be seen by the massive crowd He took Ali with him, raising up both his and Ali’s arms He gave a long speech, the highlight was: Ali is appointed as the Wali (in charge of the Ummah) after the Prophet The Prophet’s Speech at Ghadeer Khum ي مواله اللهم وال من وااله وعاد من عاده ٌ من كنت مواله فهذا عل وانصر من نصره واخذل من خذله وأدر الحق معه حیثما دار O' people, whosoever I am his leader, So is Ali to be his leader O' lord, uphold him who upholds Ali, And antagonize him who antagonizes Ali, And support him who supports Ali, And impede him who impedes Ali, And let the truth be with Ali wherever he goes After the Speech in Ghadeer Khum Omar came forward congratulating Ali saying: من ومؤمنه حت َ بخ َ َ أصب،لك یا علي ٍّ موالي ومولى ُك هل مؤ َ ٍّ خ ه ٍّ ب ه Congratulations, congratulations, O' Ali! You have become my leader And the leader of every believer, man or woman. Abu Bakr did likewise so did other Sahaaba The multitude of others came to congratulate Ali before heading home Ghadeer Khum Nowadays Ghadeer Khum "For whoever I am his Mowla (leader), then Ali is his Mowla." The Shi'a regard these statements as: constituting the investiture of Ali as the successor of Muhammad and as the first Imam; By contrast, the Sunnis take them only as: an expression of Muhammad's closeness to Ali and of his wish that Ali to inherit his family responsibilities upon his death. Many Sufis also interpret the episode as: the transfer of Muhammad's spiritual power and authority to Ali, whom they regard as the Wali par excellence. After Muhammad: at Saqifa Having unified Arabia into a single polity, Muhammad's death in 632 signaled disagreement over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community. While Ali and the rest of Muhammad's close family were washing his body for burial, Simultaneously at a gathering attended by a small group of Muslims at Saqifa, Abu Bakr was nominated by Omar for the leadership of the community. Others added their support and Abu Bakr was made the first Khalifa. The choice of Abu Bakr was hotly disputed by some of Muhammad's companions, who held that Ali had been designated his successor by Muhammad himself. 40 Ali: 10 years in Medina Badr Ohod Saqifa Ghadeer Khum Hudaibiya Khandaq Ali Khaybar Ta’if Mecca Hunain In Sermon 103, Ali: About attributes of the scholarly person The learned person is he who knows his worth. Suffice it for a man to remain ignorant if he knows not his worth. Certainly, the despised man with Allah is he whom Allah has left him for his own self. Such a person goes astray from the right path, and proceeds without a guide. If he is called to the plantation of this world he is active, but if he is called to the plantation of the next world he is passive. As though what he is active for is enjoined upon him whereas in whatever he is passive was not required of him. ،ُف قَ ْد َره َ ْالعَا ِل ُم َم ْن َ ع َر ف ِ َو َكفَى ِب ْال َم َ رء َج ْهال أَالَّ یَ ْع ِر ;ُقَ ْد َره الر َجا ِل ِإلَى َض ِ ه َ َو ِإ َّن ِم ْن أ َ ْبغ ِ ،هللا لَعَ ْبدٌ َو َّكلَهُ هللاُ ِإلَى نَ ْف ِس ِه سائِ ٌر َّ ص ِد ال ْ َع ْن ق َ َجائِ ٌر َ ،سبِی ِل ،بَغَی ِْر دَ ِلیل ث الدُّ ْنیَا ِ ي ِإلَى َح ْر َ ِإ ْن دُ ِع ْ ثا ِ ْأو ِإلَى َح ْر،ع ِم َل ِال ِخ َرة َ !َك ِس َل ب ٌ اج ِ ع ِم َل لَهُ َو َ َكأ َ َّن َما َو َكأ َ َّن َما َونَى فِی ِه،علَ ْی ِه َ ٌ ساِق !ُع ْنه َ ط َ In Conclusion Ali from Hijrah to Khilaafah of Abu Bakr Ali, Extremely Active The Marriage and the Family At Badr: and at Ohod Ali's Role in the Ditch Encounter Ali in Khaybar Missions for Islam The Incident of Mubaahala Ghadeer Khum غدیر خم The Prophet’s Speech at Ghadeer Khum Finally we quote the Quran: By the Token of Time Verily Man is in loss, Except those who believe and do good works, and exhort one another to Truth and exhort one another to patience. ِ ِب ْس ِم الر ِح ِیم َّ من َّ هللا ِ الر ْح ص ِر ْ ََو ْالع ان لَ ِفي ُخ ْس ٍّر َ س َ ِإ َّن اِالن ع ِملُوا َ ِإال الَّ ِذ َ ین آ َمنُوا َو ق ِ صا ِل َحا َّ ال َ ت َوت َ َوا ِ ص ْوا ِب ْال َح ه صب ِْر َّ ص ْوا ِبال َ َوت َ َوا THANK YOU Be in God’s Care Dr. A.S. Hashim