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Islam Arabia • • • • • Desert, arid land, Nomadic people called Bedouins Tribes led by elected chiefs (sheikhs) Tribes related by blood or revenge Fierce people, proud, good fighters. • 7th century Europe was in a “Dark Ages”. • Middle East was the opposite • Islam, founded by the Prophet Muhammad. • Foreign Influences - economic, social, and religious • Traditionally animistic - spirits existed in nature • Mecca was spiritual home • Kaaba (cube) square-shaped religious building. • Black Stone - people expected to make pilgrimages • • • • • Coastal Arabs traded Large influx of Jews Later many Christians avoiding persecution Idea of one God (monotheistic) Christian and Jewish ideas shaped Islamic philosophy Muhammad • Born Mecca around 570, but little is known of early life • Parents were not poor • Orphaned and adopted by his uncle • Learned caravan routes • At 25 married wealthy widow, Khadija • Very religious - fasted and meditated • At 40 first revelation • From God (Allah) through Archangel Gabriel (Jabriel) • Muhammad had been chosen • Initially unsuccessful - converted his wife, cousin Ali, and Abu Bakr a wealthy businessman • Antogonized businessmen who feared a loss of revenue • Persecuted the muslims • Hegira (flight) to Yathrib (Medina) to end the local fighting • 622 became the start of the Muslim calendar. • Medina- theocratic state based on Islamic law • Muhammad persecuted the Jews • War with the Jews - Mecca surrendered • Kaaba cleared of all deities • Black Stone spiritual center of faith • Attacked Byzantine Empire - in an unsuccessful Jihad (holy war) • Conversion by conquest acceptable Islamic Doctrines • “There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is His prophet” • Islam (submission) Muslim (those who submit) • Same God as Jews and Christians • Muhammad last prophet • Adam first prophet • Recognized Abraham, Moses, and Jesus • Paradise awaits martyrs • • • • • • • • Koran -holy book 114 chapters, disorganized 5 duties (Pillars of Islam) a) Total conviction in one God, Allah Muhammad was the prophet b) Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca c) Give generously to the needy. d) Observe Ramadan e) Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) • • • • • Required to fight in holy wars No drinking, gambling, wine, pork, idols. Could have many wives (polygamy) Regulated divorce Could not charge interest • Spread of Islam • Christianity spread slowly over hundreds of years • Islam spread fast from North Africa, to Asia and in Europe. • When Muhammad died there was no successor • Leaders elected a caliph • First four were elected for life and were friends of Muhammad - they were called “The Rightly Guided Caliphs” Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali • They protected Islam and spread it to Syria and Palestine • Muslims treated all people fairly and had religious toleration • Ali was elected the fourth caliph (Muhammad’s son-in-law) • Conflict with Mu’awiyah, governor of Syria revenge for the death of Uthman • Ali was killed, Mu’awiyah became first ruler of Umayyad dynasty • Islam split into two factions • Followers of Ali known as the Shiite “followers of the way” -traditionalists • Followers of Mu’awiyah the Sunni descendancy from Muhammad • The Umayyad dynasty moved the capital to Damascus • A.D. 732 Battle of Tours saved Europe • A.D. 750 the Abbasids formed in Persia and the Umayyad dynasty started to collapse Islamic Life • • • • Greatly interested in education Founded a House of Wisdom in Baghdad Location meant wealth from trade Used irrigation and introduced rice to Europe • Women subservient to fathers then husbands, forced to live secluded lives, pray at home, veil their face. • al-Razi (Rhazes) wrote on smallpox, measles, and an encyclopedia of medicine also classified chemicals • Avicenna wrote the Canon of Medicine • They developed optical lenses • Added the zero • Invented the astrolabe • Omar Khayyám wrote Rubiayat