Download Classical Greece-2014

Bell Work
Tuesday 9/09
Look in your book beginning on page 123
and begin reading to find the answers
• 1. What event caused the beginning of the
Trojan War?
• 2. For how long was writing absent during the
Dorian Age?
• 3. What human qualities did the Greeks
attribute to their Gods?
Binder Set up
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1st Tab: Vocabulary
2nd Tab: Notes
3rd Tab: Writing Samples
4th Tab: Misc/Important Papers
Learning Targets
Unit 1: Foundations
• Learning Target 1: Task 1
– To learn this I will read and orally match up important
vocabulary terms pertaining to the unit covering Chapter 5
through the use of a vocabulary match-up activity
• Learning Target 2: Task 1
– To learn this I will read and write/record information
regarding the geographic features that led to the
development of early Greek civilization and the differences
between the Spartan and Athenian focus on education
through the creation of student centered guided notes
Bell Work
Wednesday 9/10
Look in your book beginning on page 123
and begin reading to find the answers
• 1. Who was the most famous of all the Greek
story tellers?
• 2. What are epics (a.k.a. Epic Poems)?
• 3. What did the Greeks attempt to understand
through the use of myths?
Classical Greece
Chapter 5
Section 1- Cultures of the Mountain
and the Sea
Geography Shapes Greek Life• Ancient Greece was
mainly a mountain
peninsula jetting out
into the Mediterranean
Sea.
– Containing roughly
2,000 islands in the
Aegean and Ionian
seas.
Geography Shapes Greek Life• The Sea- The Greeks
rarely had to travel more
than 85 miles in order to
reach the coastline.
– As a result the Greeks
became skilled sailors, and
linked them with other
societies.
– Due to the fact that Greece
lacked natural resources
trade became a vital part of
Greek life.
Geography Shapes Greek Life• The Land- Rugged
Mountains covered threefourths of ancient Greece
dividing it into several
different regions.
• These mountains caused
Greece to developed
small independent
communities instead of a
large central government.
Mycenaean Civilization Develops• Mycenaean’s were IndoEuropean immigrants who
settled on the Greek
mainland around 2000
B.C. Their leading city
was named Mycenae.
– Mycenae was located in
Southern-Greece on a rocky
ridge with a protective wall
20 feet thick.
Ancient Mycenae 1600-1100 B.C.
Ancient Mycenae 1600-1100 B.C.
Mycenaean Civilization Develops• Contact with the Minoans– Either through trade or war the
Mycenaean’s came into contact
with the Minoans.
• This showed the Mycenaean’s the
value of seaborne trade.
– They sailed through the eastern
Mediterranean making stops at
the Algerian islands, costal
Anatolia and the ports of Syria,
Egypt, Italy, and Crete.
Mycenaean Civilization Develops• The Mycenaean’s also
adapted to the Minoan
writing system to the
Greek language.
• The Minoan’s heavily
influenced Greek
religious practices, art,
politics, and literature.
Mycenaean Civilization Develops• The Trojan War- During
the 1200’s B.C. the
Mycenaean’s fought a tenyear war against the city of
Troy.
• The Greek army besieged
and destroyed Troy because
they believed a Trojan prince
Paris had kidnapped Helen.
– The Trojan warriors hid in a
giant wooden horse and
attacking the city while they
were asleep.
Greek Culture Declines Under the
Dorian’s• The Dorians were far less advanced than the
Mycenaean’s. Their economy collapsed and
trade eventually came to a standstill.
• Most importantly historians believe that the
Greeks appear to have temporarily lost the art
of writing during the Dorian Age.
– No written record exists for a 400-year period
between 1150 and 750 B.C.
– So little is known about this part of Greek history.
Greek Culture Declines Under the
Dorian’s• Epics of Homer– According to Greek tradition
the greatest story teller was a
blind man named Homer.
– The Trojan War serves as the
backdrop to one of his greatest
epic poems the Iliad.
• The poem focuses on
Hector’s pursuit of the
Greek ideal of arête meaning
virtue or excellence.
Greek Culture Declines Under the
Dorian’s• Greeks Create Myths- The
Greeks developed a rich set
of myths, about their gods.
– Through these myths the
Greeks sought to
understand the mysteries
of nature, the power of
human passions, and even
the changing seasons.
Greek Gods
Greek Culture Declines Under the
Dorian’s• The Greeks attributed human
characteristics such as greed, love hate
and jealousy to their gods.
• The gods quarreled like humans except
they lived forever.
• Zeus was the king of the gods, living on
Mount Olympus with his wife Hera.
Hera was jealous of Zeus’s affairs with
human women (resulting in the birth of
Hercules).
• The city of Athens was named after
Athena Zeus’s daughter the goddess of
wisdom.
Bell Work
Thursday 9/11
Look in your book beginning on page 127
to find the answers
• 1. How did an aristocracy differ from an
oligarchy?
• 2. What were helots?
• 3. How were Greek phalanx organized?
Section 2-Warring City-States
Rules and Order in Greek City-States• By 750 B.C. the city-state or
polis was the fundamental
political unit in ancient
Greece.
• Most polis’ controlled
between 50 and 500 square
miles of territory and
contained fewer than 10,000
residents.
– Citizens gathered at the
acropolis to discuss matters of
city government.
Rules and Order in Greek City-States• Greek Political Structures•
•
•
•
Greek city states had several different
forms of government.
Monarchy- A government led by a single
ruler.
– Most often a king or a queen.
Aristocracy- A government ruled by a
small group of noble land owning
families.
Oligarchy- A government ruled by a few
powerful people.
Direct Democracy- A form of
government in which citizens ruled
directly and not through representatives.
Rules and Order in Greek City-States• Tyrants Seize PowerPowerful individuals called
tyrants appealed to the
commoners in order to gain
political influence.
– They were neither harsh nor
cruel; instead they worked for
the good of ordinary citizens.
• Often set up building projects to
provide jobs for those who
supported them.
Athens Builds a Limited Democracy• To avoid political upheaval the
Greeks moved towards
democracy
– Citizens actively participate in
gov.
• Building Democracy- The first
step towards democracy
occurred when Draco took
power in 621 B.C.
Athens Builds a Limited Democracy• Draco developed a legal code
that would allow all Athenians
(rich and poor) to be considered
equal under the law.
– Draco’s democratic code• Dealt harshly with criminals and made
the death penalty standard for
practically every crime.
• Upheld the practice of debt slavery
Athens Builds a Limited Democracy• Solon’s democratic reform
594 B.C.• Stated that no citizen should own
another citizen, outlawed debt
slavery.
• Organized all Athenians into four
social classes according to wealth.
– Top three classes could hold
political offices.
• All citizens regardless of class
could participate in the Athenian
assembly.
• Introduced the concept that any
citizen could bring up charges
against wrongdoers.
Athens Builds a Limited Democracy• Under Cleisthenes
citizenship was limited to a
small number of Athenians.
– Free property owning adult
males born in Athens were
considered citizens.
– Women, slaves, and
foreigners had relatively few
rights.
Athens Builds a Limited Democracy• Athenian Education-Only
the sons of wealthy families
received formal educations.
• Athenian Education: Boys– School started around the age of
seven
• Focused on preparing boys to be
good citizens.
• They studied grammar, poetry,
history, math, and music.
• They also received training in
logic and public speaking.
• Also part of each day was devoted
to athletic activities.
Athens Builds a Limited Democracy• The Girls– Athenian girls did not go to
school rather they learned
from their mothers and other
women at home.
• Girls would learn about child
rearing, weaving cloth,
preparing meals, managing the
household to become good
wives and mothers.
• Wealthy women learned to read
and write.
Bell Work
Monday 9/15
Look in your book beginning on page 127
and begin reading to find the answers
• 1. What was the purpose of the acropolis?
• 2. How would you describe a tyrant in your
own words?
• 3. Which two enemies fought in the Persian
War and why did they fight?
Sparta Builds a Military State• Sparta Builds a MilitarySparta was located in the
southern part of Greece.
– In both cultural outlook and
values Sparta sharply
contrasted the other citystates. Instead of being a
democracy Sparta was a
military state.
Sparta Builds a Military State• Sparta Dominates the
Messenia’s– 725 B.C. Sparta conquered the
neighboring region of Messenia.
• The Messenians became helots
– Helots were forced to work the
land and were required to give the
Spartans half their crops.
– Around 650 B.C. tired of Spartan
rule the Messenians rose up and
rebelled. The Spartans put down
the rebellion even though they
were out numbered 8 to 1.
Sparta Builds a Military State• Spartan Government and
Society– Government- Made up of several
branches.
• An Assembly- Which comprised of all
Spartan citizens, elected officials and
voted on major issues.
• The Council of Elders- Made up of 30
older citizens which proposed the laws
the assembly voted on.
• Five Elected Officials- Carried out the
laws passed by the assembly. They also
controlled education and prosecuted
court cases.
• Two Kings-Who ruled over Sparta’s
military forces.
Sparta Builds a Military State• Society- Made up of several groups
– Citizens who descended from the
original inhabits of the region.
• Ruling families who owned the land.
– Noncitizens who were free working
in commerce and industry.
• The helots were at the bottom of Spartan
society, considered little better than
slaves. They tended the fields or acted as
house servants.
Sparta Builds a Military State• Spartan Life- For the most part, men
and women had completely different
roles
– Spartan Life- Boys
• Daily activities consisted of military training
– Marching and fighting in all weather with only a
tight tunic with no shoes
• Boys were removed from the house at 7 years
old and trained until they turned 30 serving until
age 60.
• They ate black porridge.
– Those who were still hungry were encouraged to
steal food, this created resourceful soldiers.
Sparta Builds a Military State• The Girls– Spartan women received some military
training, while they also ran, wrestled and
played sports.
• Like men, women were taught to place duty to
Sparta above everything including family.
– Legend has it that Spartan women would tell
their husbands “come back with your shield or
on it”.
– Women also ran the family while the
husbands were away which differed from
Athens where women were supposed to
remain out of sight and quietly raise
children.
The Persian Wars
• The danger of the helot
revolt led Sparta to
become a military state,
and struggles between
rich and poor lead Athens
to become a democracy.
• However, the greatest
threat to Greece was the
threat of Persian invasion.
The Persian Wars
• A New Kind of Army Emerges– During the Dorian Age, only the rich
could afford bronze spears, shields, breast
plates, and chariots.
– Iron later replaced Bronze which allowed
ordinary citizens to purchase weapons and
defend themselves.
• A new type of army formed comprised of rich
merchants, artisans, and small land owners.
– Phalanx-Foot soldiers standing side by
side holding spears and shields.
The Persian Wars
• Battle at Marathon– The Persian Wars (between Greece and
Persia) began in Ionia around 546 B.C.
when the Persians conquered the area.
– The Ionians revolted and Athens sent
soldiers and ships to their aid.
– Darius the Great- the Persian king
defeated the rebels and vowed to destroy
Athens.
– 490 B.C.-25,000 Persians crossed the
Aegean Sea and fought 10,000 Athenians
arranged in phalanxes. Persians wore light
armor and were poorly trained.
• Death toll: Persians-6,000 Athenians- 200.
The Persian Wars
• Consequences of the
Persian War– Defeating the Persians filled
the Greeks with a sense of
pride
• Especially Athens who during
the 470s had become the
leader of the Delian League
which contained 200 citystates
• Athens used military force
against anyone who
challenged their authority.
Bell Work
Tuesday 9/16
Look in your book beginning on page 134
and begin reading to find the answers
• 1.What is direct democracy and whose legacy
is it tied to?
• 2. What were the standards of classical art?
• 3.What were the two types of Greek Drama?
Section 3-Democracy and Greece’s
Golden Age
Pericles’ Plan for Athens
• The Golden Age of AthensA 50 year period (477 to 431
B.C.) where Athens
experienced both intellectual
and artistic growth.
Pericles’ Plan for Athens
• Pericles lead Athens
for 32 years
– He was described as
honest, fair, an
inspiring speaker, a
skillful politician and
a respected general.
• 461 to 429 called the
Age of Pericles
Pericles’ Plan for Athens
• Pericles' Three Goals for
Athens– Strengthen Athens
Democracy
– Hold and strengthen the
empire
– Glorify Athens
• Direct Democracy-A form of
government in which citizens
ruled directly and not through
representatives.
Pericles’ Plan for Athens
• Stronger Democracy– Political office became
a paid position
• Now any one rich or
poor could serve if
elected or chosen
– Direct Democracy
became one of Pericles’
lasting legacies
Pericles’ Plan for Athens
• Glorifying Athens– Pericles used treasury
funds to beautify
Athens
• More money was
spent on the artists
than the actual
materials
Glorious Art and Architecture
• The Parthenon– 23,000 sq. ft. building
created to honor
Athena (Goddess of
Wisdom)
• Contained a 30 foot
tall statue of Athena
Glorious Art and Architecture
• Greek Sculptures– Designed to show the
idealized human body
in motion
• Both graceful and
strong
– Classical Art• Values harmony,
order, balance and
proportion
Drama and History
• The Greeks invented
drama
– Source of civic pride and
tribute to the gods
• Wealthy citizens funded the
plays
– Actors used colorful masks
and costumes
– Plays were about
leadership, justice, and
duty towards the gods
Drama and History
• Two Types of Greek
Drama– Tragedy-A form of drama
containing common
themes such as love, hate,
war and betrayal.
– Often featured a tragic
hero
• Someone with an
extraordinary ability but a
tragic flaw
Drama and History
• Comedy-A form
of drama that
contained scenes
filled with
slapstick
situations and
crude humor
• Made fun of
politics and
respected people
or ideas
Drama and History
• Historical Records– 400 year period with
no written history
known as the Dorian
age
– Herodotus’ book on
the Persian war is
considered the 1st
historical work
Athens and Sparta go to War
• Athens wealth and
prestige were the
envy of other cities
– Athens and Sparta
quickly became
enemies and began to
build up their armies
– Sparta declared war in
431 B.C.
Athens and Sparta go to War
• The Peloponnesian War– Athens had a stronger navy
– Spartans had a stronger army
• They swept in and burned
Athens food supply
– 430 B.C. a plague killed 1/3 of
all Athenians
• 421 B.C. Both sides had became
worn down and called a truce
Athens and Sparta go to War
• Spartans Gain Victory– The truce was short lived
– 415 B.C. 20,000 Athenian
soldiers attacked the citystate of Syracuse
• The Spartans attacked the
Athenians and they fought for
9 more years
– 404 B.C. Athens surrendered
losing their empire, wealth
and prestige
Philosophers Search for Truth
• Philosophers-“Lovers of
Wisdom” based their
philosophy on two principals
– The universe (land, sky, and sea)
is put together in an orderly way,
thus subject to absolute and
unchanging laws
– People can understand these laws
through logic and reason
Philosophers Search for Truth
• Socrates (470-399 B.C.)– Encouraged his students to
examine their beliefs
– Believed absolute
standards did exist for truth
and justice
– Sentenced to death for
corrupting the youth
• Instead he died by drinking
hemlock, a slow acting
poison
Philosophers Search for Truth
• Plato (427-347 B.C)– Studied under Socrates
– Wrote “The Republic” in the 370’s
B.C.
• This focused on his vision of a perfectly
governed society.
– Felt people fell into three groups
• Farmers and artisans
• Warriors
• The Ruling class
– Philosopher king was the one with the
greatest intellect
Philosophers Search for Truth
• Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)– Plato’s pupil
• Questioned the nature of the world,
human belief, knowledge and thought
– Created guidelines for arguing
according to rules and logic
• His work is the framework for the
scientific method
– Alexander the Great served as his
student for 3 years
Chapter 5-Review Terms
Chapter 5-Review Terms
Chapter 5-Review Terms
Chapter 5-Review Terms
Section 4-Alexander’s Empire
Alexander’s the Greats Empire
Section 5-Hellenistic Culture in
Alexandria
Setting the Stage
• Hellenistic CultureA blending of Greek,
Egyptian, Persian,
and Indian culture.
Trade and Cultural Diversity• Alexandria became the
center of commerce b/c it
was located on the
western edge of the Nile
• Commerce allowed
Alexandria to grow and
prosper
• By the 3rd century it had
a population of ½ million
people
Trade and Cultural Diversity• Alexandria’s Attractions• Admired for its beauty.
• Broad statues lined with statues of Greek
Gods
• Magnificent palaces built to overlook the
harbor
• Alexander’s glass coffin-elaborate
• Pharos- 350ft tall light house with a
bronze mirror that reflected a fire at night
• Greatest attraction the museum and
library with ½ million papyrus scrolls
Science and Technology• Astronomy– Alexandria’s museum had a small observatory
in which astronomers could study the planets
and stars
– Aristarchus- 2 main conclusions
• The sun was at least 300 times larger than the
Earth.
– Disproved that the sun was smaller than Greece
• Proposed that the Earth and other planets
revolved around the sun
Science and Technology• Astronomy– Ptolemy- Placed the Earth at the center of the
universe.
• Astronomers held this belief for the next 14
centuries
– Eratosthenes- Director of the Alexandrian
library calculated the earth to be between
28,000 and 29,000 miles. Modern
measurements 24,860 miles around.
Science and Technology• Mathematics and Physics– Euclid- A highly regarded mathematician.
• His book “Elements” contained 465 carefully
presented geometry propositions and proofs
• Still the basis for courses in geometry
– Achimedes of Syracuse- Accurately estimated
the value of pi
• Invented -Archimedes screw (raised water from the
ground) and compound pulley
Philosophy and Art• Stoicism and Epicureanism– Zeno (335 to 263 B.C.) founded the school of
philosophy known as Stoicism.
• Stoics proposed that people should live in harmony
with the will of the Gods. Also felt that human
desires, power, wealth, needed to stay in check.
• Promoted social unity
Philosophy and Art– Epicurus- Founded Epicureanism
• Gods with no interest in humans ruled the universe
• Only real objects were the ones the 5 senses
perceived
• Felt the main goal of humans was to achieve
harmony of body and mind
• Advocated moderation
Philosophy and Art• Realism in Sculpture– Like science sculpture flourished during the
Hellenistic period
• Rulers, wealthy merchants, and cities all purchased statues
to honor the Gods, commemorate heroes, or show ordinary
people in everyday life
• The Colossus of Rhodes- The largest Hellenistic statue
known
– 100 feet tall
– Made of bronze
– One of the seven wonders of the ancient world
• Tumbled in an earthquake 225 B.C. (bronze sold
for scrap)
Philosophy and Art• The Nike (Winged Victory) of Samothrace.
– Created in 203 B.C. to commemorate a Greek naval
victory
Philosophy and Art• By 150 B.C. the Hellenistic world was in
decline and Rome was becoming the new
power.
• Through Rome, Greek-style drama
architecture, sculpture, and philosophy
were preserved and became the core of
western civilization.