Download Early Greece

February 6, 2014
• Label the Greece and Asia Minor map with the
key places and features.
• Then, color the water blue.
Early Greece
1. Minoans and Mycenaean
a. Minoans of Crete
i. 2000 B.C.
1. Established
colonies on
islands in the
Aegean Sea
2. Traded goods
with these
colonies
ii. Minoan Life
1. Buildings
a. Solidly
constructed
b. Private rooms
c. Basic plumbing
d. Brightly colored
artwork on the
walls
2. Artwork
a. Has helped historians
understand Minoan life
i. Ships tell us that
they were tied to the
sea
ii. Women appear to
have major roles in
society
iii. Also shows what
they did for fun
3. Writing
a. They did have a writing system
b. Called Linear A
i. We do not know how to read it.
Linear A script of the Minoans (1700 – 1550 BC)
100 symbols, each representing a syllable
iii. Decline
1. Minoan society suddenly fell apart
2. One possible cause was a world-shaking disaster
3. Eventually would be conquered by Mycenae
b. The Mycenaean
State
i. Located on
mainland Greece
ii. Language was a
form of Greek
iii. Society
1. Dominated by intense competition
2. Frequent warfare
3. Powerful kings
iv. Kings
1. Taxed trade and
farming
2. Built great
palaces and high
walls
a. Example: the
Lion’s Gate
v. Inspired great legends
1. Trojan War
a. Greeks fought a powerful city called Troy
b. Historians are not sure if the war happened
i. Have found remains of a city they believed
to be Troy
ii. Evidence suggests that the city was
destroyed in Battle
2. Greek City-States
a. Life in a polis
i. A Polis (city-state) became the
basic political unit in Greece
ii. Each polis had their own law,
customs and government
iii. A polis was built
around a high area
called an acropolis
1. Used as a fortress
2. Housed temples
to the gods
3. Spaces for public
ceremonies
iv. Below the acropolis was
the agora (marketplace)
1. People did business,
gossiped, and
discussed politics
2. Shops, houses and
more temples
surrounded the agora
v. City wall surrounded the
entire polis
b. Sparta
i. Located on the large
peninsula of southern
Greece
ii. Took control of the
towns around them
1. Made captured
people become
helots (state slave)
2. Helots were forced
to do manual labor
iii. Spartans spent their time training for war
1. Built up their army to keep the helots under
control
iv. Military
1. Demanded toughness and strength from birth
2. Babies were examined for strength after birth
a. If found to be unhealthy was left out in the
wilderness to die
3. Boys were taught by their mothers until the
age of 7
4. At 7 boys went to a school to be trained for
combat
a. Created by King Lycurgus
b. Goal was to prepare the boys for the
hardships they would face as soldiers
5. At the end of their training, boys were sent
into the wilderness without food or supplies
and were expected to survive
6. At 20, boys became hoplites (foot soldiers)
7. Had to serve 10 years in the military, then
they could leave and take their place as
citizens
v. Women
1. Trained in gymnastics for physical
fitness
2. Believed they had to be fit to have
strong children
3. Had the right to own property
vi. Politics
1. Sparta had 2 kings who served as
military commanders
2. Council of Elders
a. Made the decisions
b. Considered an honor to be on this
council
3. Gods and Heroes
a. Olympic gods
i. Greeks believed in hundreds of gods and
goddesses
ii. Deities governed one aspect of nature of
life
iii. Believed 12 gods were particularly
influential in their lives
1. These 12 gods lived together on Mt.
Olympus
a. Zeus- King of the gods;
god of the Sky
b. Hera- Queen of the gods;
goddess of marriage and women
c. Poseidon- god of the seas
and earthquakes
d. Hades-god of the
underworld
e. Demeter- goddess of
agriculture
f. Hestia- goddess of the
hearth and family
g. Athena- goddess of wisdom
h. Apollo- god of prophecy, healing,
poetry, music and the sun
i. Artemis-goddess of hunting
and the moon
j. Ares-god of war
k. Aphrodite- goddess of love
l. Hephaestus- god of metal
work
iv. Did not consider the gods to be
perfect
1. Greek myths indicate this belief
2. Each polis claimed one god or
goddess as its special protector
v. Believed some
places to be sacred
1. Example:
Delphi
vi. Olympic Games
1. Held every 4
years
b. Myths about Heroes
i. Purpose of the myths
1. Used to teach Greeks where
they came from and what sort
of people they should be
a. Hercules
i. Son of Zeus
ii. Had godlike strength
iii. Renown across Greece
b. Theseus
1. Athenian prince
who killed the
Minotaur of
Crete
2. Famous only in
his home city
ii. What they did
1. Killed monsters
2. Made discoveries
3. Founded cities
4. Talked with god almost on equal
terms
iii. Hubris
1. According to Greek myths heroes
could only rise so far
2. Hubris (great pride) brought many
heroes to tragic ends
3. Deaths served as a lesson to not
overstretch one’s abilities
Minoans and Mycenaeans
• Use your notes, textbooks, and technology to
complete the Minoans vs. Mycenaeans graphic
organizer.
– Use pages 127 – 129 (including maps)
The Odyssey
• Read The Odyssey on page 133 of your text.
• Then, answer questions 1 and 2 and choose
one to complete:
– draw a picture of the Trojan War
– Write a one-page (minimum) news broadcast about
the Trojan War
Homework
Define the following
key terms on your
notecards:
• Polis (p. 129)
• Acropolis (p. 129)
• Agora (p. 129)
• Helots (p. 130)
• Hoplites (p. 130)
•
•
•
•
Hubris (p. 132)
Democracy (p. 135)
Tyrant (p. 135)
Direct Democracy (p.
136)
• Phalanx (p. 136)
• Pericles (p. 139)
February 7, 2014
• Analyze the map on page 126. With your
partner, create a list of Greece's geographic
advantages and disadvantages. Then, answer
questions 1 and 2.
War and Democracy in
Greece
1. Athenian Democracy
a. Development
i. Birth place for democracy was
Athens
1. A form of government run by
the people
ii. Significant Leaders
1. Draco
a. Thought the only way to end unrest
was through harsh punishment
b. He reformed city laws to accomplish
this idea
c. Harshness of the laws only made
things worse
2. Solon
a. Overturned Draco’s laws and reformed them
b. Outlawed slavery
c. Encouraged trade to help reduce poverty
d. Allowed all men in Athens to take part in the
assembly that governed the city and serve on
juries that heard trials
e. Only the wealthy could run and hold office
f. First real steps toward democracy
3. Peisistratus
a. Was a tyrant
i. A strong man who seizes power by
force and claims to rule for the
good of the people
b. Was popular with the people
c. Pushed aristocrats out of office
d. Increased trade to make Athens
richer
4. Cleisthenes
a. Reforms set the stage for Athenian
Democracy
b. Divided Athens into 10 tribes
i. These tribes would be the basis
on for their elections
b. Nature of Athenian Democracy
i. Only free male Athenians over the
age of 20, who completed military
training could vote
1. Expected to take part in 4 areas
a. Vote in all elections
b. Serve in office if elected
c. Serve on juries
d. Serve in the military during war
ii. Athenian democracy consisted of three
main bodies
1. Assembly
a. Included all people eligible to take
part in the government
b. Made all the laws and important
decisions for Athens
c. Direct Democracy
i. A type of system in which all
people voted directly on the issue
2. Council of 500
a. Main role was to write laws that
could be voted on in the assembly
3. Courts
a. A complex system that heard trials
and sentenced criminals
b. Had as many as 6000 members,
chosen from the Assembly
iii. Elected Officials
1. Generals
a. Would lead the city in war
2. Archon
a. Chief of state in Athens
b. Was the head of the Assembly and Council
of 500
c. Served one year terms but could be reelected
d. Could be removed from office or punished
if he failed to serve the people well
c. Golden Age of Athens
i. Increased influence
1. Delian League
a. Alliance with the city-states of
Greece
b. Controlled by Athens
i. Controlled the league’s ships and
money
c. League will in essence become an
Athenian Empire
ii. Rebuilding Athens
1. Used money from the Delian League’s
treasury to rebuild the city after the Persian
War
2. Built temples on the acropolis
a. Grandest was the Parthenon
3. Built new roads, expanded the port and
constructed high walls around the city
iii. Age of Pericles
1. Pericles
a. Elected as one of Athens generals
b. Also a politician
c. Introduced paid public offices and juries
d. Encouraged introduction of democracy
into other parts of Greece
e. Commissioned the building of the
Parthenon
2. War in Greece
a. The Persian Wars
i. Cause of Conflict
1. Ionian Rebellion
a. A Greek city-state conquered by Persian
and rebelled against them
b. Asked fellow Greeks to help them gain
independence
c. Persians put rebellion down; wanted to
punish those who helped
ii. 1st Persian Invasion
1. Persians set out for
Greece with tens
of thousands of
soldiers
2. Landed at
Marathon and
fought the
Athenians there
3. Athenians used a phalanx
system to fight the
Persians with
a. It is a tight
rectangular formation
in which the soldiers
held long spears out
ahead of the wall of
shields
b. Forced Persians to
retreat
4. Legend of Marathon
a. Messenger ran from Marathon to
Athens to tell the news…got
there…gave it and then died. He ran
about 26 miles.
iii. Preparations for 2nd Invasion
1. Darius planned a 2nd attempt but died before he
could execute it
2. Xerxes continued with the planning
3. Set out with hundreds of thousands of troops
4. Athens seeks help from other city-states; Sparta
answers
a. Athens would command the army
b. Sparta would command the navy
iv. 2nd Persian invasion
1. Thermopylae
a.
b.
c.
d.
Spartans gathered at the
mountain pass of
Thermopylae to slow the
Persians march on
Athens
Held them off for
several days
Persians found a way to
surround the Spartans
Spartan sacrifice
allowed time for the
Greek defense
2. Salamis
a. Persians headed south
to Athens
b. Used their fleet to
deliver supplies
c. Athenian commander lured the Persian fleet
into the Strait of Salamis
i.
Strait was narrow and did not allow for the much
larger Persian fleet to maneuver well
ii. Greek warships cut down the Persian fleet
d. This battle changed the nature of the war
3. Plataea
a. The Greek army led by
the full might of Sparta
crushed the Persians
b. After the defeat
Persians gave up on the
invasion and agreed to
a peace settlement
b. The Peloponnesian War
i. The Peloponnesian League
1. Headed by Sparta
2. Fear the Athenian fleet would cut
off their supplies
3. Both sides will declare war on the
other
ii. War in Greece
1. Lasted for years
2. First part of the war no one gains ground
a. Agreed to a truce
3. War starts again when Athens attacked
one of Sparta’s allies
4. Sparta takes to both land and sea and
defeat the Athenians
5. Athens is forced to surrender
6. Sparta tried to control all of Greece but was
unable to do so
7. Sparta will be conquered by Thebes
a. Even they cannot control all of Greece
b. Leaves a power vacuum in Greece
Choose one…
• Write a dialogue in which at least two leaders
discuss Athenian government.
– One page minimum
• Create a comic strip depicting a conversation
involving at least one Athenian leader.
• Imagine you are an Athenian leader. Write a onepage journal entry (including a visual component)
discussing your ideas and experiences.
** You may use technology to do additional research **
The Battle of Thermopylae
Athens and Persia
.
Conflict Begins
A 4th century rendering of Emperor Darius
The Battle of Marathon
• Persians and Athenians
clashed at Marathon
• Persians were unexpectedly
defeated
• Darius’ son Xerxes planned
another attack in 480 BCE
The Battle of Thermopylae
• Persians vs. small group of Spartans
• Spartans held off Persians for 7 days
• Persians won battle
• Meanwhile, Athens prepared for
Persian invasion
• Ultimately Greeks won
Central Historical Question
How many Persians were at
the Battle of Thermopylae?
Final Claim
After reading all four documents, how many
Persians do you think there were at the Battle of
Thermopylae? Make sure to use historical
evidence to support your argument. What other
types of evidence might you consult to further
investigate this question?
Answer in no less than 2 paragraphs. Due
Monady.