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Sun-Earth-Moon-Stars-Planets Test Study Guide STUDY: Notes on Sun-Earth-Moon (pg. 119) Notes on Life Cycle of Star (pg. 121) Notes on the Planets (pg. 123) Possible Short Answer Questions: 1. Explain how day and night occur. Earth rotates on its axis in a twenty-four hour cycle. The part of Earth that faces the sun is lighted and experiences day. As Earth turns, the rotation moves the lighted area to face away from the sun. Then the lighted side grows dark and experiences night. 2. Describe how Earth’s tilt leads to seasonal changes. Because Earth is tilted on its axis, the hemisphere tilted toward the Sun receives more daylight hours and radiation then the hemisphere tilted away from the Sun. 3. Explain why it is warmer near the equator than it is near the poles. Near the equator, sunlight hits earth’s surface directly. Near the poles, however, sunlight hits Earth’s surface at an angle. 4. Why do people on Earth always see the same side of the moon? The moon rotates on its axis as it revolves around Earth. These two motions take the same amount of time 5. Explain how a lunar eclipse differs from a solar eclipse. During a lunar eclipse, Earth is directly between the Sun and the Moon, causing the Moon to pass through Earth’s shadow. During a solar eclipse, the Moon is directly between the Sun and Earth, casting a shadow upon Earth. 6. How does the position of the Moon cause high tides and low tides? The moon’s gravity pulls on Earth. This pull creates a bulge of water on the side of the Earth that faces the Moon. Earth’s rotation and inertia creates a bulge of water on the opposite side of the Earth. The two bulges create high tides and between the two bulges are low tides. 7. Explain the difference between apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude of stars. Apparent magnitude is a star’s brightness as it appears from Earth. Absolute magnitude is the star’s actual brightness. 8. What is a supernova? A supernova is the explosion of a dying supergiant star. 9. What determines whether a star will form a black hole when it dies? Only stars with more than 40 times the mass of the Sun form black holes when they die. This happens after a supernova. 10. Describe what happens to an average star and a massive star when each runs out of fuel. Small and medium stars become white dwarfs and eventually black dwarfs. A giant star can explode to form a supernova which can form a neutron star. The most massive stars collapse and become black holes 11. Explain the differences between the inner planets and the outer planets. The inner planets are small, rocky, hot, have iron cores, and few or no moons. The outer planets are large, lightweight, cold, made up of liquids and gases, have rings and many moons. 12. Be able to label a diagram the phases of the moon. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. new waxing crescent first quarter waxing gibbous full waning gibbous third quarter waning crescent 13. Be able to read and interpret a H-R Diagram. Most stars belong to which group? Main Sequence 2. Which group does our Sun belong to? Main Sequence 3. Describe our Sun’s luminosity and temperature. Medium luminosity and medium temperature 4. What two variables did Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Russell use to graph the stars on the diagram? Temperature and Luminosity 5. Which star, Aldebaran or Rigel, is hotter than our Sun? Rigel 6. Which star is most likely red, Proxima Centauri or Altair? Proxima Centauri 1. 7. Which star is most likely blue, Spica or Arcturus? Spica 8. Describe Sirius B’s temperature and brightness. Very hot and dim (not bright) 9. Which star has a greater absolute magnitude, Kapteyn’s Star or Antares? Antares 10. Name a star that is brighter than Antares. Rigel or Betelgeuse