Download 2013_First_Global_Age_Guided_Notes

The First Global Age (1450-1770)
I. The rise of Mesoamerican Empires: Olmec, Mayan, Aztec
and Inca Empires before 1500.
A. Olmec-1500 BCE and 500BCE
- _________________________________________
-located in the river valleys near the Gulf of Mexico
-small civilization ____________________________
___________________________________________
-they raised crops (maize) using the slash and burn
method
-they traded with other civilizations- their artwork
and ideas have been found throughout the area.
B. Mayas: (flourished from 300 - 900AD)
-flourished from the _ ___________________________
through much of Central America.
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1. Mayan farmers cleared dense rain forests (___________
_______________________) and built raised fields that caught and
held rainwater.
- Long term effect –_________________________
,_________________________ leading to wide
spread food shortages
-Mayans grew beans, maize, squash, fruit
trees, cotton and flowers.
2. Religion was _______________________________
_________________________________________________
and ceremonies for good harvests and success in war
3. Tikal-largest Mayan city-many pyramid temples
4. Wealth of the cities came from trade
5. Developed system of ____________________
_________________(infrastructure much like the Romans)
6. Each city had a ruling chief with nobles who
collected taxes, enforced laws and served in the
military
7. Advances in Learning
-carvings which showed daily life
-developed hieroglyphic writing form (written
on bark)
-ideographs- picture writing
-Priests: _________________________________
________________________________________________________
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-developed _______________________________like
the Gupta in India & excelled in math, astronomy, architecture,
sculpture, ceramics.
8. 900 AD, Mayans abandoned their cities may
have been due to constant warfare or over
population, which led to over farming, which
exhausted the soil.
C. Aztecs: 1200AD/CE - 1535AD/CE (_____________________)
-Tenochtitlan was capital of the empire
-moved from a hunting to farming civilization
1. As population grew, Aztecs found new ways to
create more farmland (__________________
__________________________)
-grew corn, beans and squash
2. Created canals for transportation
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3. Polytheistic- honored the gods of the sun and
war. Wage war to expand empire.
4. Priests were extremely powerful. ________________
________________________________________________________
(often to excess)
5. Abundant natural resources of gold and silver.
Used these for jewelry.
D. Inca Empire: 1200-1535 AD
- ______________________________________________
-Inca-“Children of the Sun”
1. Cuzco-capital, totalitarian state.
2. Used natural resources of gold and silver to make
jewelry
3. Built roads, irrigation systems, terrace farmed on
mountains
4. Quipu-_______________________________________.
5_______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
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
______________________________________ – advanced and as
organized as they are ____________________________________
(small pox________________________________________________
(cannon, guns steel weapons).
II. Rise and Fall of African Civilizations: Ghana, Mali and
Songhai Empires
A. Ghana (300 AD-1200AD)
1. located in ________________________________________
2. named for their leader-ghana meant king or war chief
3. _____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
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4. Two way traffic between cities in north Africa and
Ghana brought salt from the north to trade for gold
-Ghana traded their gold for salt and other goods
with traders from Morocco and Spain. (salt was
important to life below the Sahara as a food
preserver and flavor)
 ___________________________________________
______. The religion of those in the north (Islam) was
brought through the Sahara to Ghana and many in Ghana
converted to this new religion.
B. Mali (1200 CE-1450CE)
1. With the collapse of the Ghana empire by Muslims
from the north, Mali eventually emerged as the next
powerful kingdom in west Africa (an area that soon
included the old kingdom of Ghana).
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2. Trade was restored with the north and agriculture
became an important industry.
3. Mansa Musa (ruled 1312-1332)
- ________________________________________________
-achieved international fame when he went on a
lavish pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah), bringing
over 12,000 slaves and giving away so much gold
that the price of gold fell in the world market.
-brought back an architect to build mosques and a
palace in the Mali capital of Timbuktu
C. Songhai (1450-1600)
1. After civil wars weakened Mali, the kingdom of
Songhai took over Mali and became the dominant
force in western Africa.
Songhai Empire
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2. Askia Muhammed
- ruled according to Muslim law. _________________
-divided the kingdom into five provinces with a
governor, tax collector, a court of judges and a
trade inspector.
-with the building of universities at the capital,
__________________________________________________.
2. Songhai fell to Moroccans using advanced weapons (guns and
cannons) as opposed to their spears, knives and bows and arrows.
a. ________________________________________________
*The kingdoms of_______________________________________________
___________________________________________________ All traders
coming through their kingdoms had to pay a tax.
III. Rise and Fall of Chinese Civilization
A. The Ming Dynasty(1368-1644)
1. Founded by Zhu Yuanzhang (HongWu), a peasant, Buddhist
monk and army officer who____________________________
__________________________________________________
2. Reorganized the tax system and land reform by imposing
new laws, reorganizing the tax system, and reformed local
government
3. Revitalization agriculture flourished
-_____________________________________________
____________________________ to people willing to
move and farm in northern China.
-Farmers were able to sell surplus crops in market
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4. Arts and education flourished
-libraries built
-histories and novels written
5. Exploration
a. Jheng He (Cheng Ho) _____________________
-early in the Ming dynasty, he sailed to
Southeast Asia, India, Arabia and the east
coast of Africa showing the wealth and power
of the dynasty and demanding tribute for the
emperor.
Zheng He’s
treasure ship was
over 400 feet long
– compared to
Columbus’s Santa
Maria at 85 feet.
For 28 years, he
traveled more than
30,000 miles and
visited over 30
countries
-later Ming dynasties did not continue exploration-too
costly, build up army at home, did no trading with
foreign countries because trading was considered low
level occupation.
6. Middle Kingdom
-China was the center of the universe (middle
kingdom)
-China considered their culture superior to all
others (ethnocentric )
-all foreigners were considered barbarians
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7. Beijing
-1421 government of China moved to the northern
city of Beijing
-the Forbidden City-the home of the emperors of
China
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8. Decline of the Ming Dynasty
-________________________________________________
______________________________________ ran the government
-Manchurian invaders conquered China and in
1644 set up the Ch’ing Dynasty
IV. The Impact of the Ottoman Empire on the Middle East and
Europe
A. Turks
1. 1500’s- _______________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. Suleiman: 1520-1566
-military commander, administrator and art patron
-known as “The Lawgiver” for organizing Ottoman
laws
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-acted as both sultan (political ruler) and caliph
(Religious leader)
3. 1453-the Ottomans captured Constantinople, ____________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
4. This propelled European countries to look for alternate water
routes to the east leading to the Age of Exploration!!
5. The Ottomans ruled diverse cultures that had many
Religions
6. Non Muslims were organized into millets or religious
communities.
7. a special “tax” was levied on Balkan Christians
a. young sons were to be turned over to the gov’t where
they were converted to Islam and joined the military as “Janizaries”
V. Spain on the Eve of the Encounter
A. Reconquista (reconquest) of lands in Spain that
had been in the hands of Muslims since 700AD.
-Ferdinand and Isabella married and united their
two kingdoms and strengthened the monarchy in
Spain
-in 1492 their armies were able to defeat the last of
the Muslims in Granada in southern Spain.
B. Exploration and Overseas Expansion
-In 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to fund the
expedition of Christopher Columbus who wanted
to sail west to reach the east (India).
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VI. The Encounter Between Europeans and the People of
Africa, the Americas and Asia. The Columbus Exchange
(flora, fauna and diseases)
A. Impact and ____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
1. Gutenberg’s printing press
-able to spread ideas and discoveries quickly
2. Gunpowder
-used in guns and cannons
-able to defeat civilizations who lacked this
advanced technology
3. Cartography- new and improved maps to aid in exploration
-multiple masts for speed and stability
-the work of the Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy reappearswe still use his grid system based on the coordinates of
latitude and longitude
Naval Engineering- the use of triangular shaped sails helped
sail not only with the wind but also into it.
Navigational Devices:
compass- determined geographical direction (Chinese)
astrolabe- determined altitude of the sun. (Muslim)
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B. Result: European countries are now able to compete and establish
colonies in both the Americas and Asia
VII Case Study: The Columbus Exchange (flora, fauna and
diseases)
A. Columbus sails for Spain and discovers the
Americascultural diffusionpotatoes, corn and
tomatoes from America horses and small pox,
measles and influenza from Europe.
B. _________________________________________________ due
to these new diseases and the harsh treatment by the
Spanish and Portuguese conquerors.
C. To replace dying Native American workers, the Europeans looked
elsewhere for a new source of laborAfrica.
D. Triangular Trade and Slavery
Europe
Americas
Africa
The Africans were a good source for labor because they had
knowledge of planting and harvesting.
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While a small portion of enslaved Africans went to the southern
colonies of North America, most of the slave trade was in South America
and the Caribbean.
VIII. European Expansionism becomes Global
A. Mercantilism (economic imperialism)
- __________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
- This was a ______________________________for the
European countries = export more than you import
Spain and Portugal controlled Latin America and
the islands in the Caribbean
England, France and the Dutch have colonies in
North America.
England is beginning colonial control of India and
the Dutch are bidding for total control of present
day Indonesia
B. Spanish Colonization and the Introduction of the
Ecomienda System to Latin America
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1. Treaty of Tordesilla - improved upon the Line of
Demarcation- Portugal received all land east of
the line and Spain got the land west of the line
2. ________________________________________,
forcing them to work the mines and on the
farms-this was known as the_____________________ or
hacienda system
3. The Spanish colonies had their own hierarchy:
a) Peninsulares- (______________________________)
official sent from Spain to rule colonies get jobs in government
and the church
b) Creoles- __________________________________of
Spanish settlers-they were not guaranteed any high ranking jobs
c) Mestizos- A _________________________________
descent-they held jobs as shop owners, artisans and farmers
d) Mulattos-________________________________ mix
in Brazil
e) African Slaves-Sent from Africa by slave trade to
Latin America- worked for colonists
f) Native Americans- _______________________ worked for colonists on their farms and were forced to become Christian.
IX. Political Ideologies: Global Absolutism
Absolutism- political system in which a monarch has
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complete control over the country and its people
A. Absolute Rulers:
1. ____________________________ _________ _____
(Mogul Empire-Northern India)
-expanded the Mogul empire that his grandfather,
Babur, established
- _________________________________________________
-worked to end fighting among the Muslims and
Hindus of northern India
-repealed the tax on Hindus
-brought order and peace to his empire
-encouraged education and the arts
3. Philip II (Spain- 1556-1598)
-staunch defender of the Catholic faith- he was in
favor of the inquisition and even attended sentencing
-involved in costly wars
-religious war with the Netherlands-he wanted to impose
Catholicism and they wanted to be Protestant
-_____________________________________ because
they supported the Netherlands
-in 1588, after two years of planning and Spending
Philip’s _____________________________________ set sail
for England
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-within three months _______________________
_______________________and lost 40 ships and 15,000 men.
4. Louis XlV- France (1638-1715)
-became king at age 5 and ruled for 73 years
-ruled absolutely by divine right
-“I am the state”- Absolute ruler
-waged many wars during his reign which depleted the
French economy
-when so many of his subjects went without- he built the
____________________________________- a lavish and ornate
palace outside of Paris
-known as the “_______________________________”
-during his reign, France became a center of culture and
trade
-when he died in 1715, Louis _______________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
that would eventually lead to revolution (French Revolution)
5. Peter the Great-Russia (1682-1725)
- Goal: ____________________________________ along western
lines and to achieve czarist absolutism
- Peter was nearly 7 feet tall, very intelligent, handsome and subject to
violent blind rages.
- Wanted to break the semi-oriental Russian customs by ________
___________________________________________________
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- He traveled throughout Europe to gain knowledge on western
European ideals
- Had Europeans move to Russia to work and teach (engineers,
surgeons, artists, goldsmiths, etc.)
- Peter reforms Russia-“Westernizing”
-beards were forbidden
-western clothes adopted
-seclusion of women ended
-calendar and alphabet were reformed
-modern army and navy formed
-killed anyone who stood in his way
-Wanted the new capital of St. Petersburg to be a “window on the
west”
- ___________________________________________________
under absolute power of the czar (tsar)
-“Westernization was aimed at the upper class- serfs still
suffered
-serfs constructed roads, canals, ports, bridges and
the city of St. Petersburg.
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6. The English Exception: England’s movement toward
Democracy
1) MAGNA CARTA- (1215) England’s kings guaranteed nobles certain
rights over the monarch.
a) ________________________________________________________
b) Limited his power
c) ________________________________________________________
d) The Magna Carta was not always followed
2) Petition of Right (1628) further limited the power of the king
a) The king was forbidden to collect taxes without the consent of
Parliament (power of the purse)
b) the king could not imprison anyone without just cause
i) Habeas Corpus - no one could be kept in prison without being
charged with a crime
c) troops could not be housed in private homes without the consent of
the owner
d) the king could not declare martial law unless the country was at war
3) Petition of Right isn’t followed either
a) However it is seen _______________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________.
b) Glorious Revolution in England resulted in the king fleeing the
country,
c) A new monarch is established (William and Mary)
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i) Before they are crowned, they must sign the English Bill of Rights
4) English Bill of Rights (1689): again set up to limit power of the
Monarch:
a) monarchs had to summon Parliament regularly
b) House of Commons had power of taxation
c) monarch could not interfere with Parliamentary laws or suspend laws
d) __________________________________ (aka Constitutional
Monarchy)
e) trial by jury and eliminate cruel and unjust punishment
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