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THE mind that participation in the Ekklesia was open to all male citizens over the age of eighteen. Many of those who lived in rural areas did not take an active part because of the distance involved. Nevertheless, a sub- stantial part of the adult male citizen body participated in Athenian government. Pericles Pericles came from an aristocratic family. His father, Xanthippos, had been a notable politician and soldier. His mother, Agariste, was from the Alkmaeonid clan and, through her, Pericles was related to Kleisthenes (the reformer), Miltiades (the hero of Marathon), and GREEK WORLD: hønds .. Perirles was thefi.rst to introd,ure paymentfor seraice on thc law courts, a ïæaßure by whi'ch h'e tried to win popular faaour to counteruct thc influcnre of Kimon's weahh. .. . . . hcfolkrued thc ad'uice of Damanid,es of Oea, who was gercrally beli.eued to haae been th¿ instigator of mnst of Perfu:les' mßosttres, and' was later ostra'cisedfor that reoson. This man had ad't¡ised Peri,cl'es to During the Persian invasion of 490 BC there had been rumours that the Alkmaeonids were in league consequßnîe they were medisers. ln 486, Megakles was ostracised; Xanthippos followed soon after. Pericles was about fourteen years old when Athens was evacuated, in øs far ostracised Pericles' father. Pericles and Athenian democracy Early in his political careeï, Pericles unsuccessfully prosecuted Kimon for bribery. He also assisted Ephialtes in his reforms of the Areopagus' Pericles continued the anti-Spartan policies of Themistocles. In 461. BC he urged that the walls protecting the Piraeus be extended. The new walls were completed alnur 457, and provided security for the urban lower classes. The landed estates of the rich, however, were still vulnerable to attack. . . . wh.en Perirles started on hß career os a popular leadcr anÅ.first earned' rertuu)n' thnugh stíll a rather young man, by prosecuting Kimnn on hß aud.its as a general, the cotuütainn became euetu tLore d,emocratir. He took away sotttÊ of thc puners of thc Areopagus, and,, 'ffir thn oun', sírrce hn was han'd'irapped as hß own priaate trcort's 'uere conrerræd'; an'd, of this, Peri'cles írctituted pay for the in judges. Somn people blame him on thß occount øn'd, say that thc lata courts dcteriorated, sinrc after that it wos alwøys the comman men rather than thc betær m'en uhn were eager to parti,cipate in drauting the lotfor duty in the law courts. 480, during Xerxes' invasion. Pericles grew up among the leading political group in the Athenian state. His family's associates included the aristocrat Kleinias, Kallias (the richest man in Athens, Kimon and the playwrights Sophocles and Aeschylus. It is known that Pericles admired Themistocles. One can only speculate whether this caused problems between Pericles and his father Xanthippos. Themistocles ostracised Alkmaeonids who were his political opponents, and eventually 267 . people what wos their Alkmaeonids were ostracised on the suspicion that BC what is most important, h'e turned Athens' aspiratíørc dnf.nitely towards its sea putter. As a result of these changes, the masses gairæd' still greater self-confi'dence ani, took more ofthc control of the state into thcir own Megakles (his uncle). with the enemy. In the 4B0s a number of the 5OO-44O ARtsrorLE, Constituti'on of Athcrx, trans. by K. von FRtrz & E. KAPP, pp.97-8 was probably about 457 BC that Pericles introduced payment for jurors. Initially, the rate of pay was two obols a day, and was later raised to three obols It (less than what an unskilled worker would earn)' Payment for councillors was introduced later- These measures allowed the poorer citizens to participate in government. Pericles further assisted the poor when he supplied them with the admission money enabling them to attend the festival of Dionysia. These payments were partly financed from the tribute of the Delian League. Athens also had income from land, quanies, mines, taxes, law-court revenue and metic taxes. In 451 BC Pericles introduced a law that restricted citizenship to those who were born of Athenian parents. Among the poor it was common for Athenians and non-Athenians to marry. The purpose of Pericles' law was to strengthen the position of the Athenian citizen. The growing power of Athens at this time was a source of pride, and Pericles wanted to restrict civic benefits to Athenians. This law also improved the position of Athenian women, for the men were now forced to marry within their own state in order for their children to be citizens. One of the results of Pericles' law was that it created a barrier between Athenians and others. 26fJ HISTORICAL PERIODS L::ro In the archorchip of Antídotw [451 BC], in consequ.ence of the increasing number of citizens, it was d,ecreed,, on a motion of Pericles, that a, person shnuld mt ThtrcydiÅcs cha,racterises Peri.cles' ød,tninistration as hauing been d,ßtirctly 67i5¡6¿¡¡1¿i¿-'d,emacra.cy in høae thc nøme, but in pra.ctice g@ernm,ent by thef.rst citizen'. oth,er writers møintain that ít was hc whofi.rst led, on th.e people into passing strch mcasures as th,e allotrnent to Ath.enians of lands belonging to subject peoples, or thc granting of allowancesþr thc pubtir righæ of citizenship unlcss both of hß parents ha.d been But mnny citizens. ARtsroTLE, Constitutinn of Athcrc, trans. by K. voN FRtrz & E. Knee, p.97 festiuals and,feesfor aarinw publfu serui,ces, and that becanue ofhß polby thcyfell into bad habits and, becamc extro,aagant and, un d,isciplircd, i¡uteød offrugat ønd, self-suffiricnt as thcy had otæe been. By 450 BC Athens was the centre of an expanding empire, and the city itself was becoming crowded. Pericles' answer to this problem was to establish PLUTARcH, The cleruchies. [Perirles] d,ispatchcd 1000 settlers to the Chersonese, 500 to Naxos,250 to Andros, 1000 to Throce . . . Inthis way h.e reli.eued the city of a large number of id,lers ønd, øgitators, røßed the stand,ards ofthc poorest classes, and, by at PLATo, cited in T. BucKLEy, Rße and. p. 177 Q/n dnrt /an /on ítng an I /6e sources ) ; us tny Whøt n'Leastlres were introd,uced, by Pericles? Which of these n1,e(rsures important. Why? d,o you consid,er most Zot ltscussion Why is this period of Greek Fall of Athcixo trans. by l. Sqorr-Ktlvenr, lntt Aspects Hßøry,p.339 time ø h,ealthyfear of rebellion. PLurARcH, Thc (Un Fall of Athem,trans. by Socanns: I'ae h,eard, that Pericles madc them lazy, cowardly, talleatiae and greedy, by being thef,rst to introrhtce state pay. installing garrisons amnng the alli.es, implanæd, th,e same Rise anÅ. t. scorr-KtLVERT, pp. 173_4 ffien referred to as oPericleøn d,emocracy'? Øcltoi/V; essar/ Discuss the signifi,cance of the reforms of Ephialtes and, Pericles. Criticisms of democracy Not everybody favoured democratic change. The crit- ics of the democracy said that the system was inefficient because those making the decisions were not experts. The democrats, however, believed that ordi- lt'ng an d u s tng /Âe soutces s Refer baclt to Source 8.51. What criticism does Aristotle make of the democratic changes? a What are the aduantages and, disad,uantages d,emocracy as outlined by Plutarch? t ) Why is Socrates critical of Pericles? Do you consid,er tJrcse criticisms to be of justifi,ed,? CONCLUSION By the middle of the Sth century Athens had become a radical democrac¡ in which sovereignt¡ or ultimate control over state affairs, rested with the masses. The Athenians, through the initiatives of reformers such as Kleisthenes, Ephialtes and Pericles, had transferred the bulk of their political decision making to bodies made up of ordinary citizens-the Boule, the Ekklesia and the jury courts. Although most of the great states- nary people were able and competent to carry out rou- men of this period were wealthy men, the use of lot and the rule against two terms ensured that Atheniar.', institutions gave effective expression to the politica tine government. will of the d,etnos.