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Human Anatomy Nervous System and Special Senses (1) Neuron: Cell body, dendrite, axon, myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier, Nissl bodies, mitochondria, Nucleus, Endoneurium, axon hillock, terminal axon, terminal branches (2) Identify in Brain and Spinal cord: Cerebral hemispheres Diencephalon Brain stem Cerebellum Gray matter- non myelinated axons White matter- myelinated axons Pia mater (inner) Arachnoid (middle) Subarachnoid space Dura mater (outer) Subdural space (3) Superficial features of the brain: Gyri (plural), girus(singular)= Twisted ridges on the brain surface Sulci- shallow furrows or grooves on surface of cerebral hemisphere Central Sulcus, Precentral gyrus Postcentral gyrus Parieto-occipital sulcus Lateral sulcus Fissure- deep furrow Longitudinal Fissure= down center of brain separates right and left hemisphere Lateral Fissure= separates temporal lobe Transverse Fissure= separates cerebellum (4) Lobes of the Brain (part of the cerebrum) Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Insula (5) Other brain components: Corpus callosum, Septum pellucidum, Fornix Thalamus Hypothalamus Intermediate mass of thalamus Interventricular foramen Anterior commisure Pineal gland Mammillary body Pituitary gland Optic Chiasma Optic nerve Choroid plexus (2 places) Pons Medulla Oblonganta Cerebellum, arbor vitae Brainstem Olfactory tract Olfactory bulb Basal nuclei (Basal Ganglia) Caudete nucleus (body), Tail of caudate nucleus Head of caudete nucleus, Amygdala Lentiform Midbrain Corpora quadrigemina Cerebral aqueduct (6) Ventricles of the brain (spaces were cerebral-spinal fluid flows) Lateral ventricle Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle Lateral aperture 6. Ventricles of the brain (spaces were cerebral-spinal fluid flows) Median aperture Central canal Anterior horn Inferior horn Posterior horn (7) Posterior view of brainstem Thalamus Third ventricle Pineal body (gland) Corpora Quadrigemina Superior colliculus Inferior colliculus Superior cerebellar peduncle Middle cerebellar peduncle Inferior cerebellar peduncle Fourth ventricle Choroid plexus Midbrain Pons Medulla Oblongata (8)Twelve Cranial view (inferior brain) Olfactory nerve (I)-to nose, for smell Optic nerve (II)- to eyes, for seeing Oculomotor nerve (III)- to eye muscles- eye motion Trochlear nerve (IV)- to superior oblique, eye motion Vagus nerve (X)-visceral, cardiac, skeletal muscle movement Accessory nerve (XI)-movement and sensory of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid Hypoglossal nerver (XII)- to tonguecontrol speech and swallowing (9) Spinal cord regions anterior to posterior **review the landmarks of a vertebrae Anterior (ventral) root Anterior gray horn (ventral) Anterior white column/funiculus Anterior median fissure Gray commissure Lateral white column/funiculus Lateral gray horn Central canal Posterior white column/funiculus Posterior median sulcus Posterior (dorsal) gray horn Posterior (dorsal) root Posterior (dorsal) root ganglion Spinal nerve (both lateral sides) Rootlets (both anterior & posterior sides ***know which side carries sensory vs. motor neurons. Trigeminal nerve (V) –to muscles involved in mastication Extending from spinal nerve: Dorsal and ventral ramus Rami communicantes Sympathetic ganglion Abducens nerve(VI)-to eye muscle (lateral rectus), eye motion (10) Ascending and descending pathways **identify from book diagram Facial nerve (VII)-to facial, scalp, and neck muscle, taste buds Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)transmit sound and equilibrium Glossopharyngeal never (IX)-salivary gland,taste Descending (efferent/motor) fasciculi 1. Tectospinal 2. vestibulospinal 3. Lateral corticospinal 4. Ventral corticospinal 5. Rubrospinal Ascending (afferent/sensory) fasciculi 1. Gracilis 2. Cuneatus 3. Ventral spinothalmic 4. Lateral spinothalmic 5. Dorsal spinocerebellar 6. Ventral spinocerebellar 7. spinotectal. (11)Peripheral Nerves Cervical Nerves Throracic Nerves Lumbar Nerves Sacral Nerves Coccygeal Nerves Intercostal Nerves Cervical Plexus Brachial Plexus Musculocutaneous Median Ulnar Radial Axillary Lumbar Plexus Femoral Obturator Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Iliohypogastric Ilioinguinal Genitofemoral Sacral Plexus Sciatic nerve Superior gluteal Inferior gluteal Posterior femoral cutaneous Pudendal Cauda Equina Conus Medullaris Filum Terminalis (12) Parts of the eye: Muscles of the eye (6) Retina (rods/cones)- photoreceptors Optic nerve Blind spot (optic disc) Choroid (blood vessels) Sclera Ora Serrata retinae Anterior & posterior segment Vitreous chamber Vitreous humor Aqueous humor Cornea Pupil Iris Lense Ciliary body (muscle) (13) Parts of ear: External auditory canal (meatus) Auricle (lobule and helix) Tympanic membrane (ear drum) Middle ear Mallelus Incus Stapes semicircular canal cochlea- mechanoreceptors vestibulocochlear nerve (14) Anatomy of the Cochlea 1. Choclear nerve 2. Spiral Ganglion 3. Spiral Lamina 4. Modiolus 5. Vestibular membrane 6. Cochlear duct (Scala media) 7. Helicotrema 8. Scala vestibule 9. Scale Tympani 10. Vestibular membrane 11. Stria vascularis 12. Basilar membrane 13. Spiral organ of corti Supporting cells Outer hair cells Hair Tectoral membrane (15) Anatomy of the Cochlea Inner hair cell Afferent nerve fibers Fibers of cochlear nerve (16) Parts of the nose: Olfactory bulb Cibriform plate (ethmoid bone) Olfactory receptors (chemoreceptors) Olfactory hair (18) Taste buds: Circumvallate papilla (has taste buds) In the taste bud: taste pore Gustatory hair Supporting cells Gustaory receptor (chemoreceptor) Nerve fibers Areas of taste: sweet: tip of tongue Salty: along sides, sour: lateral posterior, bitter: posterior of tongue (17) Touch receptors: All touch receptors are located in the skin Free nerve endings (pain, heat, and cold) Meissner’s corpuscle (touch, light pressure, vibration) Merkel Discs (light touch) Krause’s end bulb (touch, light pressure) Ruffini’s corpuscle (pressure) Root hair plexus (hair movement) Pacinian corpuscle (deep pressure, stretch) Proprioceptors Models to study for the test 1. Brain models- there are three different brain models, make sure to see all three and be able to identify the three major brain parts, their own landmarks, and meninges. 2. Spinal models- there are three different spinal cord models with varying degree of complexity. Be able to identify the areas of the spinal cord, around the spinal cord (including meninges) and the structures exiting the spinal cord 3. Vertabrae and sacrum- this model shows the spinal cord within the spinal column, the spinal nerves, and other spinal cord structures. 4. The neuron- (2 models) the long large model shows you the three parts of a neuron a small one focuses on the synaps 5. muscle fiber- focus on neuromuscular junction 6. Skin model- will be able to see some skin receptors 7. Ventricles- be able to identify the ventricles and choroid plexus 8. Ear model- twp different one 9. Eye models- small, large, purple 10. Flat nose model 11. Flat nerve guy 12. Dissected sheep/cow eye and sheep brain Slides- nerve ls & cs, spinal cord, and other slides in box