Download Unit 5: 20th Century Crises

 The 20th Century is the time period from 1901 to 2000.
 Today, we are living in the 21st Century (2001-2100).
 A century lasts for 100 years.
th
20
Century: A Time of
Change
 New technologies and industrialization, beginning in the
1890s, created the backdrop for what would be the 20th
century.
 Light bulb, automobiles, telephones
 20th century inventions would include airliners, radio,
television, computers, frozen food, the internet, and the
mobile telephone.
The World Stage
 Europe
 Great Britain was at the height of its power.
 Germany and Italy grew in power as they had formed
unified nations in the late 19th century.
 Competition for land, military strength, and economic
power.
Asia and Africa
 Partially under control of European imperial nations.
 Exceptions: China and Japan are independent.
 Russo-Japanese War, ending in 1905, proved the power of
“inferior nations” should not be tested (Russia had
attempted to take over land in Asia; Russia defeated by
Japan).
The United States
 In the late 1800s, the United States was already becoming a
world power.
 At the turn of the 20th century, immigration led to a boom
in industry.
 The rise of cities (urbanization) in America.
 The United States’ power began to challenge the great
powers of Europe (particularly France, Britain, and
Germany).
Main Causes of WWI
M
A
I
N
ILITARISM
LLIANCES
MPERIALISM
ATIONALISM
Militarism
 Militarism: aggressive preparation for war
 Germany had set up an army reserve system by
1890. Britain had always depended on its navy
so they were not alarmed by ground troops. In
1897 Germany began building a sea power
which alarmed Britain.
 Italy, Japan, and the US quickly joined the naval arms
race.
 Conscription: a military draft
Alliances
 By 1907 there were two major alliances in Europe.
 Triple Entente (The Allies) consisted of France,
Britain, and Russia.
 Triple Alliance consisted of Germany, AustriaHungary, and Italy. (Italy never fought with the
Triple Alliance. Germany, Austria-Hungary and the
Ottoman Empire would become the Central Powers
during WWI)
Imperialism
 The building of empires led to competition between
European powers.
 Example: France had lost Alsace-Lorraine previously
to Germany. France wanted it back.
Nationalism
 Nationalism: devotion to the
interests and culture of
one’s nation or ethnicity
 Russia viewed themselves as
the protector of the Slavic
people including the Serbs of
Serbia.
 Serbia was under control of
Austria-Hungary making Russia
and Austria-Hungary rivals.
MAIN Causes of WWI “4 Square”
Create a 4-square titled “MAIN Causes of World War I.”
In each section, define one of the main causes and draw a
picture that represents the word being defined.
You must use color.
Starter
1.
Which cause of
WWI does the
political
cartoon
illustrate?
2.
Use the
textbook to
briefly explain
the events
shown in the
picture. (Hint:
This is the
actual
“spark” that
began the war.)
Assassination Sparks War
 The Balkans were
considered the “powder
keg of Europe.”
 Austria-Hungary had
taken control of
Bosnia (a Slavic
nation) in 1878 and
blamed Serbia for
interfering with their
rule in Bosnia.
 June 1914—
Assassination of
Archduke Franz
Ferdinand and his wife
Sophie in Sarajevo
(capital of Bosnia)
 Gavrilo Princip, a
Bosnian Serb and a
member of a
nationalist group
(The Black Hand)
murdered the
archduke.
Domino Effect Leads to World War
 July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
 July 29, 1914 Czar Nicholas II of Russia calls for mobilization
 August 1, 1914 Germany declared war on Russia

Enacted Schliefflen Plan: two front war against both France and Russia (the
two had an alliance dating back to 1894); action would be taken on France first
while holding off Russian troops; after defeating France, the Germans would
focus on Russia
 August 3, 1914 Germany declared war on France

To invade France, Germany would have to travel through neutral Belgium.
 August 4, 1914 Great Britain declared war on Germany for violating
Belgian neutrality
Starter Apri
Allies During WWI
 The Allies




Great Britain
France
Russia
Italy (switches to this side
May 1915)
 US (joins in 1917)
 Central Powers




Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Italy (switches to the
Allies in May 1915)
Germany’s Two-Front War
 Western Front




War in France
Stalemate
Trenches
Troops held in virtually
the same position for 4
years
 Eastern Front



War on Russia
Serbia eliminated from
war in 1915
German and Austrian
success in the east
helped them focus on
the west.
Trench Warfare—on the
Western Front
World War I: Trench Warfare — History.com Photo Galleries
New Technologies
 WWI Firsts — History.com Video
 Evolution of the war plane:




Scouting to spot enemies
Attack of ground troops
Handheld pistols, then mounted guns
Development of antiaircraft
Selling the War
 Propaganda: ideas spread to influence public opinion for or
against a cause
 In WWI, primarily posters.
 pro-nation or anti-enemy
British
German
United States
The Last Year
 1917: Allies seemed to be losing on the Western Front and
Russia had dropped out of the war.
 March 1918, German commander Ludendorff tried to
break the stalemate on the Western Front.
 AMERICAN TROOPS ARRIVE IN 1918
 September 1918, Ludendorff says the war was lost.
 William II was forced to step down
as ruler of Germany. The new
government led by German Social
Democratic Party declared that
Germany would become a
democratic nation.
 Armistice signed in November
1918
1917
aka Communist Revolution
aka Bolshevik Revolution
the Bolsheviks
 small Marxist group
 Marxist: those who believed
in the ideas of Karl Marx
(communism)
 wanted to change life in
Russia
 leader = Vladimir Lenin
 goal = overthrow czar
Russia & WWI
 Czar Nicholas II hoped war would
unite Russia & stop talk of
revolution
 patriotism increased rapidly,
people rushed to join the military,
but slow progress in the war led
to more unrest
Russia & WWI
 Russia was not ready for war
 Russia lacked:




factories/supplies
transportation system
modern equipment
competent military leaders
Revolution Begins
 March 8, 1917  Petrograd, Russia
 unhappy citizens marched
 police & soldiers were sympathetic
 the Duma (Russia’s legislature) defied Nicholas II
 March 15, 1917  Nicholas II forced to abdicate
(leave the throne)
Temporary
Government
 Duma established temporary
government under Alexander Kerensky
 many Russians didn’t like this
government
 Continued involvement in war
 Bolsheviks wanted basic changes
Bolshevik Revolution
 mid-1917  Kerensky’s government still fighting
against the Central Powers in WWI
 Russian army was weak & collapsed
 November 1917  Bolshevik Red Guard attacked
Kerensky’s government
Bolshevik Revolution
 Kerensky’s government didn’t put up much of a fight
 Lenin established radical communist program
 private ownership = illegal
 land redistributed to peasants
After the Revolution
 Lenin wanted to end
involvement in war
 Leon Trotsky was sent to
negotiate with Central Powers
 Signing of the Treaty of BrestLitovsk
 Russia lost much land to
Central Powers because of
lack of strong military and
dropping out of the war
Civil War
 some Russians disliked the negotiations & their
results (therefore, some opposed the new
government)
 Bolsheviks and their supporters= “Red Army”
 opponents of Bolsheviks = “White Army”
 army leaders
 political opponents
 wealthy Russians
*France & United States supported White Army (due to Red
Scare)
Starter
 Using the World History Workbook and your notes, answer the
following questions.
1. What are the 4 MAIN causes of WWI?
2. What event served as the spark that caused the war to begin?
3. Which country declared war first to begin World War I?
4. When did the US get involved in World War I?
5. Explain what life was like in the trenches.
6. The fighting on the Western Front was considered a stalemate.
Where is the Western Front?
7. What is a stalemate?
Making“Peace”
 January 1919, representatives from the Allied nations met in
Paris, France to finalize the peace settlements—Paris Peace
Conference.
The “Big Four” at the Conference
 Georges Clemenceau of France: France wanted strip
Germany of all weapons, require them to make
reparation payments, and create a “buffer zone”
between the two countries.
 David Lloyd George, Prime Minister Great Britain:
British wanted Germany to pay for the entire war
 Woodrow Wilson of the US: Wilson wanted to create
a lasting peace through a judicial body that would
prevent future wars (The League of Nations)
 Vittorio Orlando of Italy
Treaty of Versailles
 Final peace settlement of WWI
 5 separate treaties signed with defeated nations (Germany,
Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey)
 The treaty declared:
 Germany was responsible for starting war (war guilt clause)
 Germans would have to pay $33 billion in reparations to the
Allies
 Germany would return Alsace-Lorraine to France (other
portions of Germany would be given to Poland)
 Broke up the Ottoman Empire creating new independent
nations
Issues with Treaty of
Versailles
 Germany not present at the
Peace Conference; they
accept the treaty because
they have to
 Russia did not benefit from
the treaty (fear of
communism)
 The US never joined the
League of Nations (appears
a failure because the US
president formed the plans
for the organization
The Red Scare
 After Russia became communist, they became the USSR
(Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) in 1922.
 This was the first communist nation ever.
 Many of the Western democracies feared that communism
would spread worldwide.
 Thousands of suspected communists were arrested
 The KKK in the US targeted suspected communists along
with African Americans, Native Americans, Asians, Catholics,
and Jews.
“Roaring 20s”
 The Western democracies experiences some kind of recovery
and new prosperity during the 1920s.
 The US flourished as people spent their money freely on the
new “easy credit” system.
 Radio, movies, and spectator sports became popular as people
had more money to spend on leisure time.
 The assembly line made production faster.

Ford’s Model T became affordable for the average American in the
late 1920s
The Rise of Dictators
 Benito Mussolini of Italy came to power in 1922. As Prime
Minister and leader of the Fascist Party, Mussolini supported
the Catholic Church and gained support from mostly the
middle-class industrialists and large land owners.
 Joseph Stalin of the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
came to power in 1929. As the General Secretary and a
member of the Communist Party, Stalin gained most of his
support from the Communist party officials.
 Adolf Hitler of Germany came to power in 1933. As
Chancellor and leader of the Nazi Party, Hitler gained most of
his support from the industrial leaders, military, and appointed
government officials.
After World War I
 What were the results of the Paris Peace Conference
and the Treaty of Versailles?
 The Great Depression began in Europe in 1924. A
depression is a period of low economic activity and
rising unemployment.
 The Great Depression officially hit the US in 1929 with the
Stock Market Crash (October 29, 1929/Black Tuesday)
 Franklin D. Roosevelt became president of the US in 1932 and
initiated his New Deal (active government and intervention)