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Transcript
World War I The “Great War” Mr. Weiss World History MAIN Causes of WWI Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism Cause: Militarism All major nations wanted a large army in response to nationalism, imperialism and the perceived threats from other armies Cause: Alliances Caused many countries to join fighting once war had begun Before the war: Triple Alliance and Triple Entente Later: Central Powers and Allied Powers Cause: Imperialism Desire for increased territory and wealth led to competition over colonies Cause: Nationalism Desire to prove national greatness led to rivalries between great powers Highly nationalistic ethnic groups were calling for independence (e.g., Serbians, part of Slavic ethnic group) What is a catalyst? The Catalyst: Background Ottoman Empire had declined and some Balkan countries were now independent Austria took over (annexed) Bosnia and Herzegovina, part of Slavic ethnic group Serbia, also Slavic, resented Austrian aggression; wanted large Slaviccontrolled region The Catalyst Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary – Serbian nationalist group, Black Hand, wanted Bosnia freed from Austria – 19-year-old Gavrilo Princip of the Black Hand killed the Archduke on June 28, 1914 The Catalyst Leads to War –Austria wanted to punish Serbia and set demands; most agreed to, but not enough –Austria declares war against Serbia on July 28, 1914 War Spreads July 28—Russia (also Slavic) mobilized troops to the Austrian border Aug 1—Austria’s ally Germany saw this as a threat and declared war on Russia War Continues to Spread Aug 3—Germany declared war on France, Russia’s ally Aug 4—after Germany attacked neutral Belgium, to get to France, Britain declared war on Germany The Schlieffen Plan First—attack France to the west Second—attack Russia to the east Worked well to start: in Paris by Sept 3 Intended to keep Germany from having to fight on two fronts at the same time The Schlieffen Plan Count Von Schlieffen Kaiser Wilhelm II Alliances Before the War Triple Alliance: – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Triple Entente: – France, Russia, Britain Alliances Shift After War Starts Central Powers –Germany, Austria-Hungary –later, Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire (wanting to regain lost territories) Allied Powers (the Allies) –Great Britain, France, Russia –soon Japan, and later Italy –also Serbia, Greece, Romania, etc. –much later, the U.S. (1917) Europe in 1914 “Short” war goes long German plan worked well to start: in Paris by Sept 3 Battle of the Marne— began on Sept 5, after 8 days of battle, German offensive was stopped Russians soon attacking Germany in the east – the Schlieffen Plan has failed Stuck in the trenches Example of trench warfare – Battle of Verdun in Feb 1916—each side lost more than 300,000 men Trenches on the Western Front New technology of war Machine guns Poison gas Grenades Armored tanks Larger artillery: canons Submarines Airplanes armed with machine guns Western Front Mostly in France, near German border 500 miles of trenches dug in France Trench warfare No Man’s Land—the uninhabited land between the rows of trenches STALEMATE—”stuck”, nobody makes any real progress Eastern Front Along Russia’s borders with Germany and Austria-Hungary Fewer trenches, more mobile and more brutal than western front Russians always short of supplies Russia’s Role Russia’s huge population provided plenty of soldiers to send to the front Russia kept Germany from winning the war by occupying them in the east, dividing forces “Global” war Every continent throughout the GLOBE Fighting over colonies Also colonial subjects served their European masters Who’s Fighting? Middle East (Arab nationalists helped Britain) Asia (Japan took German colonies; India fought for Britain) Africa (English & French wanted German land) Americas: Brazil, Canada and later, U.S. Australia (fighting for British) “Total” War Every country involved devoted its TOTAL resources to the war effort Governments took over factories, etc. Life on the Home Front Rationing in Europe – Limiting the amount of daily supplies that people could buy (gasoline, sugar, etc.) – On a volunteer basis in U.S. Propaganda – Persuading the population to support the war Women worked in factories & on farms replacing men who had gone to fight U.S. Enters the War U.S. policy of isolationism had kept it out of the war, though they helped Allies Unrestricted submarine warfare by Germans sank British and U.S. ships, including passenger ships (Lusitania) U.S. Enters the War cont. Zimmerman Note—US learned of German telegram offering Mexico US territory if it joined Germany US entered war on April 2, 1917 Took a year to get 2 million US soldiers over Russia’s Problems WWI had contributed to problems in Russia and helped cause revolution “Bloody Sunday” – January 22, 1905 200,000 workers and their families went to the Czar with a petition demanding better working conditions and a national assembly. Generals ordered troops to fire on the crowd. 1,000 wounded, several hundred dead. Strikes and violence erupted across the country. Eventually, the Czar created the Duma (Parliament) and gave new freedoms. (He took away the Duma after 10 weeks). Demonstrated a need for reform in Russia. Russia’s Problems Russian Revolution of March, 1917 led to fall of Czar Nicholas II New provisionary government does not leave war, this led to resentment and… Russia Leaves the War Bolshevik Revolution of Nov, 1917 led to Communist takeover of Russia Bolshevik leader Lenin signed peace treaty with Germany in November, 1917 –Treaty of Brest-Litovsk The Final Act With Russia out, Germany could focus on Western Front BUT…arrival of US troops and exhaustion of German army and supplies led to defeat of Germany Fighting Ends Central Powers signed the Armistice (end to fighting)— Nov 11, 1918 11pm on 11-11-1918. Today we call it Veteran’s Day. Treaty of Versailles Allied Powers met to create a post-war treaty at the Palace of Versailles Started on Jan 18, 1919 & signed on June 28, 1919 (5 years after assassination) Big 4: US, France, Britain, Italy (Japan virtually shut out) The Fourteen-Point Plan Woodrow Wilson’s proposal for peace – End to secret treaties – Freedom of seas – Reduce national armies and navies – Self-determination for colonial peoples – “just” peace (no harsh punishment) – League of Nations In the End… Britain & France agreed to League of Nations but not the rest of Wilson’s plan The U.S. Congress does NOT approve the League of Nations and does not join. Without the U.S. joining the League it is not able to wield much power. In the End… Germany was punished: –“War guilt” clause, Germany to pay $33 billion over 30 years to Allies ($407 billion in 2008 money) –Lost lots of territory –Restrictions on German military The Result 4 Empires Ended: Russian, German, Ottoman, AustrianHungarian Ex-colonies administered by League; colonies angry at treatment by Europe More Results Japan and Italy angry—gained little Germany left virtually destroyed, broke, in debt, embittered…ready for Hitler 20 years later These harsh restrictions left Germany devastated and led to political and economic instability. SPOLIER ALERT! This eventually leads to World War II. Total Costs 8.5 million soldiers died 21 million soldiers wounded 1918 flu epidemic killed as many as 50 million – Made worse by wartime conditions Total Costs cont. A generation “lost” Farmland, homes, & villages destroyed Total cost in 1918 dollars: $338 billion (about $4 trillion in today’s money)