Download Chapter 27 Section 4 Winning The war

Chapter 27 World War I
» Imperialism – the domination by one country of the
political, economic, or cultural life of another country.
» Economic interests: Industrial Revolution required
access to natural resources (rubber, petroleum, etc).
Also needed new markets
» Political & military interests: Steam powered merchant
ships and naval vessels needed coaling stations and
supply depots. They needed colonies for national
security. Colonies = increased prestige world wide.
» Humanitarian goals: Many were concerned for the
third world countries – missionaries, doctors, etc. felt it
their duty to spread the blessings of western civilization
and Christianity.
» Social Darwinism: Many felt that the West was racially
superior. European races, they claimed, were superior
to all others and the conquering and destruction of
weaker races was natural.
» “White Man’s Burden” was belief that Western powers
needed to introduce benefits of Western society to
non-white cultures
» Mungo Park and
Richard Burton mapped
the Niger, Congo and
Nile Rivers.
» Missionaries – They came after an area was
explored – built schools, clinics, and churches.
Most saw Africans as children who needed their
guidance. They wanted them to reject their
culture and adopt western civilization.
» The best known was Dr.
David Livingstone who
spent 30 years traveling
Africa trying to help the
people.
» In 1869 journalist Henry
Stanley went to central
Africa looking for
Livingstone. In 1871 found
him in today’s Tanzania.
» King Leopold II of Belgium hired Stanley to
explore the Congo River Basin – Publically
talked of bringing Christianity and civilization to
the area
» This set off a mad grab for colonies in the rest
of Africa commonly referred to as the
“Scramble for Africa” with France and Britain in
the lead.
Berlin Conference – 1884- European leaders
met to work out the land grab. They wanted
to avoid bloodshed among themselves. No
Africans were invited.
»
˃
˃
˃
Recognized Leopold’s private claim to the Congo
Free trade on the Niger and Congo Rivers
Can have no claims unless you set up a government office in
area
» The Congo – Belgium
(King Leopold II)
exploited the area for
its copper, rubber, &
ivory
» Treated the people
almost like slaves
resulting in a severe
population decline.
» 1830s invaded and
conquered Algeria
» cost thousands of lives both
French and African.
» The late 1800s pushed into
Tunisia and established
colonies in West Africa
» took parts of west and
East Africa, Egypt and
the Sudan
» In Southern Africa they
pushed the Boers out
and in 1815 took the
Cape Colony
˃ Many Boers moved
north
» In the late 1800s gold and diamonds were
discovered in the Boer territory
˃ the British moved in—Cecil Rhodes
» the results 1899-1902 the Boer War
» late 1800s a new ruler Menelik
II comes to power
» will modernize his country and
army and therefore was able
to repel Italy in 1896
» Results: After all is done only
Ethiopia and Liberia remain
independent in Africa
» In 1910 the British united the Cape Colony and
the Boer Republic into the Union of South
Africa
˃ creating a white run constitutional
government commonly called apartheid–
ended in 1993.
» Late 1700s British merchants made huge profits
by trading Indian opium for Chinese tea and
thus created an unfavorable balance of trade
˃ gold and silver now going out of China.
˃ The Chinese government outlawed the drug
˃ In 1839 the Opium War started – modern
British navy easily defeated the Chinese
military
» 1842 – Treaty of Nanjing
˃ British got a large indemnity –
payment for losses in the war
˃ They got the island of Hong
Kong
˃ China had to open 5 more
ports to foreign trade
˃ British citizens in China had
extraterritoriality – the right
to live under their own laws &
tried by their own courts
» Boxer Rebellion – 1899 – The Righteous and
Harmonious Fists was name that Chinese called
themselves (supported by empress)
˃ Called Boxers by the West
» They wanted to rid China of all foreigners.
» 1900 they attacked foreigners all across China.
Chapter 27 World War I
» “I shall not live to see
the Great War but you
will see it, and it will
start in the east” –
+ Otto Von Bismarck
» In the early 1900s there were serious efforts to
end war forever. At this point Europe had
enjoyed a century of relative peace.
» There was the Women’s International League
for Peace and Freedom – the members were
believers in pacifism – the opposition to all war.
» In 1896 – the first modern Olympic Games were
held in Athens Greece.
» 1899- the first Universal Peace Conference was
held in the Netherlands—created the Hague
Tribunal – a world court to settle disputes
between nations
» tensions had been building in Europe for 50 years—
International Anarchy each nation pursued policies
without regard for the wishes or interests of its
neighbors
» nationalism will play a part in bringing about World
War I
˃ nations came to believe that their nation was superior to all other nations
˃ nationalism was strong among the newly united countries.
» nationalism also came into
play between France and
Germany
» France was still very bitter by
its defeat at the hands of the
Germans in 1871.
» Wanted Alsace-Lorraine
» Germany and France will
almost go to war over Morocco
» In the Balkans Russia was sponsoring Pan
Slavism – a powerful nationalistic movement
designed to unite all of the Slavic peoples under
Russian influence.
» In this region Serbia was one of its strongest
supporters.
» Caused tensions with Austria-Hungary
» Colonial rivalries over the search for raw
materials, new markets, and status
caused tensions to rise
» Russia and Great Britain almost go to war over
Persia (Iran)
» Manchuria (oil) caused Japan and Russia to go
to war—Russo-Japanese War 1904
» militarism or the
glorification of armed
strength dominated the
thinking of many
European leaders before
World War I - strong
military states usually got
what they wanted
» military expenditures' increased 300% in
Europe in late 1800s
» a naval rivalry between Germany and Britain
became intense
» Two –power standard stated that Britain could
defeat any two nations combined navy’s
» great powers in Europe during this time were
Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Germany,
France, Italy, and Russia—all will become
embroiled in World War I
» the alliance system was drawn up to keep the peace
in Europe - it will actually be one of the reasons for
the outbreak of WWI
» German chancellor Otto von Bismarck united
Germany by warfare and then tried to keep the
peace in Europe
» France seen as the biggest threat to Germany-keep
France from having allies
» Germany DOES NOT want to fight a two-front war
» 1879 Germany signed the Duel Alliance with A-H
which was a military alliance
» Bismarck followed this alliance with the Triple
Alliance in 1882 when Italy
was added to the Duel Alliance
» Bismarck set up the Three Emperor’s League which
brought Russia, A-H and Germany together
» Three-Emperor’s League collapsed-Germany and
Russia signed Reinsurance Treaty
» Great Britain following policy of “splendid
isolationism”—will not be dragged into conflict on
European continent (first alliance will be with Japan)
» 1894—France and Russia sign alliance after William II
did not re-up Reinsurance Treaty
» 1904 Great Britain and France signed the Entente
Cordiale which was a friendly understanding or
agreement between the nations (this was not a
military alliance)
» 1907 Great Britain, France, and Russia signed the
Triple Entente
» Central Europe was now divided into two
armed camps
˃ the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and
Italy)
˃ the Triple Entente (Great Britain, France, and Russia)
» 6 nations would go to war if a fight broke out
between two countries involved in the alliance
system
» in Eastern Europe the Balkans was known as the
"powder keg of Europe”
» Serbia was a nation made up of Slavic people. Serbia
wanted to rule all of the Slavs in the Balkan region
» Ottoman Empire known as the “sick man of Europe”
had become weak
» nationalistic movements in the Balkans also
threatened the Austria-Hungary Empire
» Russia was more than willing to support Serbia
against Austria-Hungary because they wanted ports
on the Mediterranean Sea
» 1912—First Balkan War—Serbia, Bulgaria,
Montenegro and Greece defeated Ottoman Empire—
1913 start of Second Balkan War—Bulgaria defeated
by Serbia, Greece, Romania, Montenegro and
Ottoman Empire
» William II caused further tension when he began
negotiations with the Ottoman Empire to bring them
into the Triple Alliance which would extend German
influence into the Balkans
» Germany planned to build a railroad through the
Balkans to Constantinople then to Baghdad
» Russians and British saw this as a threat to their
goals which brought the two countries closer
together
» by 1914 a warlike mood had spread over
Europe
» all countries except Britain kept large standing
armies
» generals wanted to try their plans of war
˃ new weapons needed to be tried out
» many felt the war would not last six months
» civilians had forgotten the horrors of war
˃ would be a romantic and heroic adventure
» June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo the
heir to the Austria-Hungary
throne, Archduke Francis
Ferdinand and his wife,
Sophie, were assassinated by
Gavrilo Princip -member of
the Black Hand, secret Serbian
nationalist society
» Austria-Hungary was determined to punish Serbia
» Germany promised to back Austria-Hungary-gave AH a “blank check”
» Austria-Hungary Empire (Leopold von Berchtold)
drew up an ultimatum or final set of demands with
approval of Francis Joseph-if Serbia did not meet the
demands within 48 hours then the result would be
war
» July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on
Serbia
» Russia vowed to stand behind the Serbs and
Czar Nicholas II ordered mobilization of the
Russian forces
» Germany demanded that Russia cancel
mobilization but Russia ignored the ultimatum
» Germany declared war on Russia on August
1,1914 and France on August 3,1914
» the Germans had developed a war plan known
as the Schlieffen Plan
˃ this plan called for a lightning attack against France while Russia was
slowly mobilizing
» almost the entire Germany army would attack
France by going through neutral Belgium to
knock her out of the war quickly
» Belgium was a neutral nation with its neutrality
guaranteed by Britain
˃ Britain insisted that Germany observe
Belgian neutrality
» German troops crossed into Belgium anyway
and on August 4, 1914 Britain declared war on
Germany
» battle lines drawn- the Central Powers were
made up of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey
(Ottoman Empire) -Bulgaria will join in 1915
» the Allied Powers included Britain, France,
Russia, Italy [will join nine months later after
negotiating a secret deal], Japan [six weeks
later], United States [1917], and some 32 other
countries
Chapter 27
Section 3
» throughout August of 1914 1.5 million German
soldiers tramped through Belgium
into northern France
» met by a similar size force made up mostly of
French soldiers with a small contingent of
British forces
» they will form the battle line that becomes
known as the Western Front the initial German
advance was successful and
reached the outskirts of Paris
» Battle of the Marne saved
France and stopped the
German advance
» Allied troops led by Gen.
Joseph Joffre
» both countries dug
trenches (Trench Warfare)
which will stretch from the
Swiss border to the shores
of the North Sea (600
miles)
» because of trench warfare very little land will
change hands in between the trenches was
area known as "no man's land" which was
dotted with mines and barbed wire
» The war became a war of attrition the slow
wearing down process in which each side tries
to outlast the other
» whistles would blow directing troops to go
"over the top" across wide open areas and
slaughter
» Results: stalemate on the Western Front
» the automatic machine gun was the deadliest
weapon mowed down troops advancing across
“no man's land”
» poison gas (chlorine and mustard gas) first used
by the Germans choked and blinded victims
» the tank was an ineffective weapon early in the
war (tended to bogged down) but was used
more effectively in latter part of the war.
» in the air zeppelins (dirigible) were used to
scout out enemy positions and to bomb targets
» The airplane was introduced first for scouting
and observing troop movements
˃ later in war pilots dropped bombs on troops
˃ airplanes also became involved in "dog
fights"
between individual planes
» greatest German ace was Baron Manfred von
Richthofen or the Red Baron
» Greatest American ace was Eddie Rickenbacker
» on the sea the most important weapon was the
submarine (u-boats)
˃ sank ships bringing food and materials to warring
countries
˃ Germans used the submarine more effectively than
any other nation
» the Russians now entered the war (mobilized quicker
than Germany had expected)
» first major battle between the Russians and Germans
was at Tannenberg in East Prussia—German troops
commanded by Gen. Paul von Hindenburg
˃ the Russians suffered a humiliating defeat
» Russians will suffer terrible loses
˃ many Russian soldiers went into battle without
weapons (pick up weapons of dead comrades)
» the Western Front also saw terrible loses in
battles
˃ in the Battle of Verdun (Feb.1916)
the French suffered 540,000 casualties while
the Germans losses exceeded 430,000 (over
700,000 died)
˃ the Battle of the Somme (July 1916) was the bloodiest
battle fought in history at the time the Allies lost 794,000
men while the Central Powers lost 538,888 men
+ this was the first battle that saw the use of tanks
(ineffective)
» the Italian Front opened in 1915 this front did
not help the Allies very much
» first major battle was a disaster for the Italians
» the Austrians crushed the Italians at Caporetto
» the Gallipoli Campaign was started because the
Allies were trying to bring much needed
supplies to Russians
» the British and French tried to capture
Constantinople by way of the Dardanelles
» the Turks with help from the Germans pinned
Allies down
˃ after 10 months and 200,000casualties the Allies
withdrew
» British colonel T.E. Lawrence
(Lawrence of Arabia) united Arab
leaders against
Ottoman Empire causing the
eventual defeat of the empire
» in Asia and Africa things went better for the
Allies
» Japan took over German possessions in China
and captured many German Pacific island
colonies
» the British and French conquered most of
Germany's possessions in Africa
» the major naval battle was the Battle of Jutland
which was not a decisive victory for either side
but the German fleet never again ventured out
of Baltic Sea
Chapter 27 Section 4 Winning The war
» countries quickly learned that warfare in the 20th
century required the commitment of the entire
country total war, the channeling of a nation's
entire resources into a war effort was required
˃ all countries with the exception of Britain instituted the
draft
» governments borrowed huge sums of money to pay
the cost of the war rationed certain items (gasoline,
food, boots), forbid strikes, and set prices
» many countries controlled
public opinion through the use
of censorship
» both sides also used
propaganda, the spreading of
ideas to promote a cause or
damage an opposing cause
» Allied (British) propaganda was
very effective in influencing the
American public
˃ called the German soldier
a Hun
» women will play a major part in the war
» women replaced men in the work force
keeping the national economies going
» some joined women's branches of the
armed services
˃ nurses shared the dangers on the front lines
˃ great impact on the future of women,
especially gaining the right to vote
» Russian government was unable to cope with
food and other shortages
» poor leadership in the army and disasters on
the battlefield
» situation will lead to the downfall of Czar
Nicholas II, the last of the Romanov's to rule
Russia
» Czar’s wife Alexandra under the influence of
Rasputin, a monk—son Alexis had hemophilia
» in March 1917 bread riots led to the March
Revolution which forced Nicholas II to abdicate and a
provisional government was set up
» Alexander Kerensky- the provisional government will
continue to fight the war
» V.I. Lenin will organize the Bolshevik Party with
the help of Leon Trotsky
» Lenin political philosophy based on the works of
Marx
» in November of 1917 the Bolsheviks began to
take power from the provisional government in
1918 the Bolsheviks will rename themselves
Communist
» one of the first things that Lenin did was remove
Russia from the war-signed the Treaty of BrestLitovsk which was very harsh on the Russians
˃ Russia lost a third of its people
˃ 90% of its coal mines, and all its great oil fields
˃ Germany could now concentrate more on the Western
Front
» at first most Americans viewed the war as a
European affair US should remain neutral
(isolationism)
» the Germans practiced unrestricted submarine
warfare
» the British passenger liner Lusitania was sunk
by a German U-boat killing over 1200 people
including 128
Americans
» the sinking of the Lusitania and the death of
128 Americans caused public opinion to turn to
Allies
» influenced by propaganda and stories of
atrocities, horrible acts against innocent people
» in January 1917 the German foreign minister,
Arthur Zimmermann sent a telegram to the
German ambassador to Mexico instructing him to
try to get the Mexicans to attack the US
» in exchange for their attack the Mexican gov’t
would receive New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona
» British intercepted telegram and gave it to the US
government
˃ American public was outraged and anti-German feelings
ran throughout the country
» President Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to
declare war on Germany on April 2, 1917
˃ Congress declared war on April 6,1917 bringing the US into World War I
» American forces will not play a major role in the war
until 1918 but will have a huge impact on the moral
of the Allied soldiers
» American forces under the command of Gen. John
“Black Jack” Pershing
» Germany wanted to end the war before the full
impact of the American soldiers could be felt
» launched a huge offensive during the spring and
summer of 1918
» the offensive will almost be successful but will be
stopped with the help of American troops at
Chateau-Thierry—French Gen. Foch was commander
of Allied forces
» the Central Powers began to collapse at this
time
» Bulgaria surrendered in Sept. 1918 followed
shortly by the Ottoman Empire in Oct.
» the Austrians surrendered on Nov. 3,1918
» the Germans signed the armistice, an
agreement to end the fighting, on Nov. 11,1918
Chapter 27 section 5 Making the Peace
» World War I was the costliest war ever fought,
there was an estimated 10 million military dead
and 21.2 million wounded
» civilian casualties were nearly as high about 20
million
» This does not include the estimated 20 million
who died from the 1917-1918 influenza
pandemic
» The war also did an estimated 300 to 400 billion
dollars in damages to Western Europe.
˃ About 3 trillion 6 hundred billion in U.S. dollars as of 2005
» the treaty was drawn up by the "Big Four"
˃
˃
˃
˃
1) United States- Woodrow Wilson
2)France- Georges Clemenceau
3) Italy- Vittorio Orlando
4) Great Britain- David Lloyd George
˃ France wanted revenge and security plus the return
of Alsace-Lorraine
˃ Britain wanted control of German colonies in Africa
˃ Italy wanted Austrian lands it had been promised
when it joined the Allied effort
˃ Wilson wanted the League of Nations set up based
on his Fourteen Points which would bring "peace
without victory"
» Germany had to admit responsibility for causing the war
Article 231 known as the "war guilt clause”
» Germany had to pay a huge reparations, payment for war
damages— about $32 billion
˃ roughly equivalent to $393.6 Billion US Dollars as of 2005
» Germany was forbidden to have military forces
» the Rhineland was occupied by Allied forces,
» Germany was reduced in size
» Ger. colonies made into mandates, territories that
were administered but not owned by members of
League of Nations
» Fr. and G.B. received Ger. colonies in Africa
» Japan received mandates in the Pacific
» Middle East--Iraq, Lebanon, Palestine, Transjordan,
and Syria became Fr. and British mandates
» WW I saw the destruction of the German, Russian,
Ottoman, and A-H empires
» several new nations were formed including
Poland, Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia,
Yugoslavia, Lithuania, Latvia, Finland, and
Estonia
» Germany is humiliated by the harsh terms of
the Treaty of Versailles
˃ Germany will plot its revenge
» In addition Japan and Italy are not satisfied
either
» The treaty fails to address the issues in the
Balkans
» The League of Nations is formed but it is never
strong partly because the United States Senate
refuses to allow the U. S. to join
» The Treaty will lay the ground work for the next
world war